ENGLISH REVIEWER

1. The basic purpose of a research paper is to .

A. explain D. narrate
B. describe E. illustrate
C. inform F. persuade

2. The first step in writing a research paper is to .

A. narrow your subject to refine your topic D. find sources

B. choose a subject E. take notes
C. develop a research question F. write a thesis statement

3. A good research topic is one that is .

A. general or vague D. limited or focused

B. easy, uncomplicated E. only c and d
C. of interest to the researcher F. only a and b

4. The most common way to conclude a research paper is to .

A. restate the main idea

B. restate the principal arguments supporting the main idea
C. supply necessary background information
D. all of the above
E. only a and b
F. only b and c

5. A Works Cited list includes .

A. all the sources you read for the paper
B. all the sources you know of about your topic
C. all the sources you used for the paper
D. both print and non-print sources
E. both c and d
F. all of the above

6. What purposes are accomplished by the introduction to a research paper?

A. It provides background information and key terms.

B. It grabs the reader's attention.
C. It presents the main idea, or thesis statement.
D. all of the above

7. This research term provides a tentative explanation or answer for a phenomenon under
investigation.
 A. reliability B. hypothesis C. sampling D. validity

8. It is the systematic process of collecting and analyzing information in order to increase

our understanding of the information of the phenomenon which are of concern or
interest.

A. research B. variables C. theory D. concept

9. It is a term used in research that abstractly describes and names an object, a

phenomenon, or an idea.

A. research B. variables C. Theory D. concept

10. It is an organized body of concepts and principles intended to explain a particular

phenomenon.

A. research B. variables C. Theory D. concept

11. It is a term in research called any quality of person, group subject, event, condition or
emotion that varies or takes on different values.

A. variable B. sampling C. hypothesis D. theory

12. This is a part of research that consists of assumptions, hypotheses, definitions, or a

synthesis of a set of theories serving as the theoretical backbone of the investigation.

A. Statement of the Problem C. Scope and Limitation of the

B. Theoretical Framework Study
D. Background of the Study

13. This part of the research paper tells the purpose and importance of the research.

A. Gap of the Problem C. Significance of the Study

B. Introduction D. Abstract

14. This section of the research focuses only on results that are related to the research or
problem.

A. Abstract B. Introduction C. Methodology D. Title

15. It uses a style or format to cue authors where it supports the background of the study
of your research.

A. Literature Cited B. Methodology C. Abstract D. Introduction

16. All the tools used in the research should be seen in this part.

A. References B. Introduction C. Title D. Methodology

17. This kind of research is used to describe variables and examine relationships among
variables.

A. Qualitative Method C. Quantitative Method

B. Experimental Design D. Grounded theory

18. This design of a qualitative method focuses on the experiment/s that are a part of the
variables.

A. Phenomenology B. Experimental C. Correlation D. Descriptive

19. This method of research refers to the meaning, concepts, definitions, characteristics,
metaphors, symbols and descriptions of things.

A. Qualitative Method C. Concepts

B. Theory D. Quantitative Method

20. It is a problem that needs to be solved through research.

A. Scope and Limitation of the Study

B. Background of the Study
C. Gap of the Study
Problem of the Study

Importance of research

 Research is important to inform action and make informed decisions

 It is used to prove a theory and contribute to developing knowledge in a field or study
 Research is required for professionals and non-professionals alike

Definition of research

 Research is a systematic and scientific procedure of data collection, compilation,

analysis, interpretation, and implication pertaining to any problem
 It involves the quest for answers to unsolved problems

Types of research methods

 Research methods can be broadly divided into quantitative and qualitative categories
 Quantitative research describes, infers, and resolves problems using numbers and
emphasizes the collection of numerical data
 Qualitative research is based on words, feelings, emotions, sounds and other non-
numerical and unquantifiable elements
Technical terms used in research

 In this module, we will learn about the technical terms used in research
 We will also learn about the uses and format of a proper research

References

 Bajpai, N. (2011). Research Methodology.

 Picknell, G. (2021). Qualitative Research.

Research

 Collecting data and information, learning and finding new things

 Systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to understand phenomena
under study
 Examples include action research, thesis, dissertation, and case study

Terms used in research

 Concept: abstractly describes and names an object, phenomenon, or idea

 Theory: organized body of concepts and principles intended to explain a particular
phenomenon
 Quantitative Method: method that focuses on numbers, objective hard data, and
statistical analysis
 Qualitative Method: method that uses words instead of numbers, focuses on feelings,
and utilizes interviews, archived written information, and observations
 Variables: any quality of a person, group, subject, event, condition, or situation that
varies or takes on different values
 Hypothesis: logical supposition, reasonable guess, or educated conjecture
 Sampling: process of selecting participants who are representatives of a larger
population

Writing a research paper

 Successful research paper fulfills the objective of increasing readers' knowledge of a

given subject
 Accurately, concisely, and comprehensively presents information on the topic
 Includes elements such as choosing a topic, conducting research, determining
methodology, organizing thoughts, formulating arguments or interpretations, citing
sources, writing the first draft, and applying necessary revisions

Examples of concepts
  Income: P5,000 - P8,000
 Age: 18 y/o - 20 y/o
 Education Level: High School Graduate, College Graduate, Post Graduate
 Number of Siblings: 3 siblings in the family, 4 or more siblings in the family

Examples of theories

 Theory of relativity
 Atomic theory
 Theory of evolution
 Quantum theory

Examples of variables

 Age
 Sex
 Business income and expenses
 Country of birth
 Capital expenditure
 Class grades
 Eye color
 Vehicle type

Example of hypothesis

 "Test anxiety decreases as a result of effective study habits."

Example of sampling

 Choosing the names of 25 employees out of a hat in a company of 250 employees

SMART Criteria for Research Paper Writing

 A research paper should be Specific and focus on a particular research question

without deviating to unrelated topics or subjects.
 It should contain Measurable and proven research with cited sources and related
literature.
 A research paper must provide an Attainable thesis statement that answers the
research question and contributes to the knowledge of the given subject.
 It should be Realistic and objective, presenting interpretations, arguments, or
evaluations based on valid evidence from reliable sources.
  A research paper should have a defined Time frame, specifying the limits,
timeframes, and focus of the required work, including the scope and limitations of
the research paper.

Narrowing Down a Research Topic

 By demographic characteristics: narrow down the research topic by age group,

occupation, ethnic group, gender, etc.
 By relevant issues: identify key issues related to the topic and turn your opinion into
a thesis statement or research question.
 By location: focus on a specific country, province, city, or type of environment (rural
vs. urban).
 By timeframe: decide whether to study recent events or a historical time period, and
the relevance of the information's currency.
 By causes: take the perspective of looking for causes of an issue being researched.

Sources:

 "Mine Boy Quizzes". 2021. Gradesaver.Com.

Expanded definition is used to define technical terms with a very detailed explanation,
sometimes, with the use of examples and visuals. Expanded definitions are usually found
in academic texts (Gonzales, et al., 2017).

Here are ways on how to expand a definition into a paragraph:

1. Expanding by Giving an Example

Speed is a concept that marks our time. Everybody is in a hurry to go somewhere.

Industry is constantly demanding new inventions that will speed up production so that
the constant cry of the bosses to the workmen is speed it up! The maker of automobiles
boasts of the newest type of a car which is faster than the old model. Shoppers push
and shove each other all about the counters. All are in a hurry to get something. People
who are going to school, shop, or office rush breathlessly to do important tasks, they
gulp their food and swallow it in haste. Restless “hunters of fun” crowd into places of
entertainment. Most of these people cannot sit still. At a movie, they tap their feet or
finger in impatience. Yes, speed is the word of the day (Gorgon, et al., 2010).

By studying the paragraph above, can you identify the word being defined? Can you
also give examples that were stated to expand the definition of speed being “a concept
the marks our time”?

2. Expanding by Comparing and Contrasting

Speed is a concept that marks our day. Sluggishness is out. Speed is demanded by
industry which is constantly on look-out for new inventions. Sluggishness is penalized,
especially in industries where compensation depends upon output. Speed is the
 attractive come-on for short-term courses in cooking, computerizing, sewing, diving,
learning a new language, and others. The slower long-term courses are not so
appealing. Instant coffee is usually preferred to coffee that needs to be boiled. Yes,
speed is the word of the day (Gorgon, et al., 2010).

Looking at the given example, identify which is speed compared to in the given
definition. How is speed different from sluggishness?

3. Expanding by Describing a Process

The process of speeding up in a vehicle begins with the setting of the gear level to the
first gear. This moves the vehicle from a stationary to a slow speed of about less than
ten kilometers per hour (kph). Gradually you shift the gear to the next, pressing the
accelerator pedal at the same time to attain a speed between 10-30 kph. You pick up
more speed by shifting gears to the next higher levels at speed beyond 30 kph. To do
this, however along with the shift or fourth gear, ever-increasing pressure must be
exerted on the accelerator. The only time
you lift your foot from the accelerator is when you shift gears, so that you can step on
the clutch pedal simultaneously with the shifting. After releasing the clutch pedal, you
immediately step on the accelerator pedal while picking up speed. Maximum speed is
attained once you shift to the fourth, or in the case of some vehicles, the fifth gear, at
which you travel at speeds of 80 kph or above (Gorgon, et al., 2010).

Steps in conducting research

 Research is often conducted using the hourglass model structure of research

 The hourglass model starts with a broad spectrum for research, focusing in on the
required information through the method of the project
 It then expands the research in the form of discussion and results

Definitions of research

 Research is "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of

knowledge"
 It involves the collection, organization, and analysis of information to increase
understanding of a topic or issue
 A research project may be an expansion on past work in the field

Types of research

 Scientific research: systematic way of gathering data and harnessing curiosity,

provides scientific information and theories for the explanation of the nature and the
properties of the world, makes practical applications possible
 Artistic research: creative works are considered both the research and the object of
research itself, offers an alternative to purely scientific methods in research in its
search for knowledge and truth
  Historical research: comprises the techniques and guidelines by which historians use
historical sources and other evidence to research and then to write history
 Documentary research: use of outside sources, documents, to support the viewpoint
or argument of an academic work

Forms of Research

 Research is funded by public authorities, by charitable organizations and by private

groups, including many companies
 Scientific research can be subdivided into different classifications according to their
academic and application disciplines

Key concepts in historical research

 Identification of origin date

 Evidence of localization
 Recognition of authorship
 Analysis of data
 Identification of integrity
 Attribution of credibility

Key issues in documentary research

 Types of documents and our ability to use them as reliable sources of evidence on the
social world
 Analysis of the documents in documentary research would be either quantitative or
qualitative analysis (or both)

Steps in conducting research

 Identification of research problem

 Literature review
 Specifying the purpose of research
 Determining specific research questions
 Specification of a conceptual framework, sometimes including a set of hypotheses
 Choice of a methodology (for data collection)
 Data collection
 Verifying data
 Analyzing and interpreting the data
 Reporting and evaluating research
 Communicating the research findings and, possibly, recommendations
Explanation of the steps

 Identification of research problem: This is the first step in conducting research,

where you identify the problem that you want to solve or the question that you want
to answer.
 Literature review: This step involves reviewing existing research and literature related
to the research problem. It helps you understand what has already been done and
identify gaps in the current knowledge.
 Specifying the purpose of research: This step involves clearly stating the purpose of
your research. It should answer the question "Why are you conducting this
research?"
 Determining specific research questions: This step involves specifying the questions
that you want to answer through your research. These questions should be specific,
measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART).
 Specification of a conceptual framework: This step involves specifying the theoretical
framework that will guide your research. It may include a set of hypotheses that you
will test through your research.
 Choice of a methodology: This step involves choosing the methodology that you will
use to collect data. It may include surveys, experiments, interviews, or other
methods.
 Data collection: This step involves collecting data using the methodology that you
have chosen. It may involve gathering data from participants, observations, or other
sources.
 Verifying data: This step involves checking the data for accuracy and completeness. It
may involve cleaning the data, checking for errors, and ensuring that it is complete.
 Analyzing and interpreting the data: This step involves analyzing the data to answer
the research questions. It may involve statistical analysis, thematic analysis, or other
methods.
 Reporting and evaluating research: This step involves reporting the findings of your
research. It may include writing a research report, presenting your findings at a
conference, or publishing your research in a journal.
 Communicating the research findings and, possibly, recommendations: This step
involves sharing your research findings with others. It may include communicating
your findings to stakeholders, policymakers, or the general public. You may also
provide recommendations based on your findings.

1. Research is the systematic investigation ______ studies materials and sources to

establish facts and reach new conclusions.
A. who B. that C. which D. what

2. Hypothesis is a statement ______ a research sets out to prove or disprove. A. who

B. which C. whoever D. that

3. A questionnaire is a research instrument ______ consists of a set of questions. A.

that B. which C. whoever D. whichever
 4. Respondents are those individuals ______ have been invited to participate in a
particular study and have taken part in the study.
A. who B. which C. whose D. that

5. A citation is a reference of sources _______ you consulted and obtained

information from while writing your research paper.
A. that B. which C. whoever D. whichever

6. An opinion is a belief or judgment ______ falls short of absolute conviction,

certainty, or positive knowledge.
A. who B. that C. whose D. what

7. A literature review is a comprehensive study and interpretation of literature

_______ addresses a specific topic.
A. who B. which C. whose D. what

8. Applied Research refers to the study ________ helps solve practical problems using
scientific methods.
A. who B. that C. whose D. what

9. Qualitative research is a process _________ focuses on inquiry.

A. who B. that C. whose D. what

10. Case study is a research method ____ focuses on the circumstances, dynamics
and complexity of a single case, or a small number of cases.
A. who B. which C. whoever D. whichever

Defining Terms

 A term is the word or phrase being defined, and is the subject of the sentence in a
definition.
 The verb used in a definition should agree with the subject, both in number (singular
or plural) and form.
 A general class or category should be included in the definition to give the reader a
clear understanding of the term.
 Differentiating characteristics should be introduced with relative pronouns and a
dependent clause to clearly distinguish the term from others in its general class.

Defining Relative Pronouns

 Defining relative pronouns include "that", "which", and "who" and are used to
introduce the differentiating characteristics of a term in a definition.
 These relative pronouns help in the transition from the independent clause (term and
class) to the subordinate clause (differentiating characteristics).
Examples of Definitions

 An abstract is a brief statement of essential information contained within a document

or presentation.
 Statistics is a form of mathematical analysis that uses quantified models.
 A dependent variable is a variable that varies due to the impact of the independent
variable.
 Research questions are questions that you include in the body of your work.

Note:

 Be careful with terms that end with "s" but are singular in form, such as "statistics".
 Also, be aware of words that are plural in form but do not end with "s", such as
"data".
 When a phrase comes between the subject and the verb, remember that the verb still
agrees with the subject, not the noun in the phrase following the subject of the
sentence.

Defining Relative Pronouns: "that" vs "which"

 "That" is used to introduce a clause that gives information essential to the

understanding of the noun being referred to.
 "Which" is used to introduce a clause that can be eliminated without losing essential
information about the noun being referred to.
 For example: "The applied research, that uses scientific methods, aims to solve
practical problems." In this sentence, "that" is used because the clause "using
scientific methods" is essential to understanding what the applied research is.
 On the other hand, "The theoretical framework, which may be based on theory or a
specific conceptual model, underpins the research study." In this sentence, "which" is
used because the clause "which may be based on theory or a specific conceptual
model" can be eliminated without losing the meaning of the sentence. The sentence
would still convey that the research study is underpinned by a theoretical framework.

Note:

 "That" is used for restrictive clauses, which are clauses that cannot be eliminated
without changing the meaning of the sentence. "Which" is used for non-restrictive
clauses, which are clauses that can be eliminated without changing the meaning of
the sentence.

1. Which of the following is NOT a part of a definition?

A. term C. grammar
B. distinguishing characteristics D. general class

2. In writing your term and general class in an independent clause, what agreement
should you follow?
 A. pronoun- antecedent C. subject- complement
B. subject- verb D. verb- modifier

3. Which of the following is NOT a defining relative pronoun?

A. which B. that C. who D. why

4. What relative pronoun should be used in the statement “Balance of power refers to
the theory ______ military conflict can be avoided if both sides have roughly
equivalent military power.”?
A. which B. that C. who D. why

5. What relative pronoun should be used in the statement “Norms are rules and
expectations of conduct _______ either prescribes a given type of behavior or forbids
it.”?
which B. that C. who D. why