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MV T Forint and Div Curl

The document discusses the mean value theorem for multiple integrals. It provides the definition of the theorem, which states that for a continuous function over a compact and path-connected domain in high dimensional space, the integral of the function over the domain equals the volume of the domain times the function value at some point in the domain. The document then gives a sketch of the proof and notes that the result can be generalized to smooth manifolds. It also discusses a similar result for surface integrals and defines the divergence and curl of vector fields through geometric interpretations involving limits of surface and volume integrals.

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sung joo kim
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20 views3 pages

MV T Forint and Div Curl

The document discusses the mean value theorem for multiple integrals. It provides the definition of the theorem, which states that for a continuous function over a compact and path-connected domain in high dimensional space, the integral of the function over the domain equals the volume of the domain times the function value at some point in the domain. The document then gives a sketch of the proof and notes that the result can be generalized to smooth manifolds. It also discusses a similar result for surface integrals and defines the divergence and curl of vector fields through geometric interpretations involving limits of surface and volume integrals.

Uploaded by

sung joo kim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Mean value theorem for the multiple integral

———————————————————————————————————————————-
Chamchi

As below, we learned Mean value theorem for (single variable) integral when we were in high school.

Theorem) Let f : [a, b] → R be a continuity. Then, the following holds.


Z b
dxf (x) = (b − a)f (c) for some c ∈ [a, b].
a
Now, some of you want to generalize above result for the high dimensional space.
For that, the domain of the continuity needs some conditions as follows.
MVT for multiple integrals)ZLet f : U → R be a continuity where U ⊂ Rn is compact, path-connected.
Then, the following holds. dn xf (x) = V ol(U )f (x0 ) for some x0 ∈ U .
U

In here, the sketch of proof will be given only. It is important to figure out this clearly.
The key idea is using the path-connectivity.

Sketch of Proof)

[Step 1] As f : U → R is a continuity on the compact set U , it achieves the global minimum and the
global maximum at some two points x1 , x2 respectively.

[Step 2] The path-connected property of U implies the existence of the path in U from x1 to x2 .
Now, we can get a new continuity g as the composition of f and the representation of above path.
Clearly, g achieves its global minimum and global maximum as global extremes of f .

[Step 3] On U , f is between its extremes and we have an inequality. Now, integrate that on U
and divide all parts by the volume of U . From the result in Step 2, IVT yields that g achieves the
integration of f on U . □

This fact can be generalized on the smooth manifold clearly.

1
Now, we investigate the geometric intuition behind the divergence and the curl.

In the vector calculus course or 2nd semester class of the calculus, we learn the divergence and the
curl of C 1 vector field. Also, many texts explain intuitive picture of them through approximations
over specific region as you know.

We derive hidden intuition for the divergence and the curl through the geometric sense.

Like above, We can have similar result for the surface integration of vector fields as follows.

MVT for surface integrals) Let Φ : U → R3 be a C 1 vector field where U is an open subset of R3
containing the compact, path connected surface S,

Let
Z n be the unit normal vector field of S. Then, the following holds.
dσ · Φ = A(S)(Φ · n)(x0 ) for some x0 ∈ S.
S
In addition to, we need the following fact.

Fact) Let p be a member of R3 . Then, following hold.


(1) There exists a compact, solid region E ⊂ R3 with enclosing p and E can be contracted to p.

(2) For any unit vector n, there exists a compact, connected, oriented surface S ⊂ R3 enclosing p
with the unit normal vector n of S at p such that S can be contracted to p.

Above fact is clear since it is enough to use the ball and the disk in R3 with the center p. Now, we
get following:

Theorem) Let p be a member of R3 and let Φ : U → R3 be a C 1 vector field where U is an open


subset of R3 . Let E, S ⊂ R3 be the simply connected solid region, the simply connected and
compact, oriented smooth surface respectively. Now, assume that E, S have the smooth closed
boundary surface ∂E, the smooth boundary loop ∂S with positive orientations respectively and fix
the unit normal vector n of S at p.

Then, following hold. H


dσ · Φ
∂E
(1) (∇ · Φ)(p) = lim
V ol(E)→0 V ol(E)
H
∂S
dr · Φ
(2) (∇ × Φ) · n(p) = lim
A(S)→0 A(S)

In here, the detailed proof is not given. It is the direct application of the following hint.

Hint for proof) We just need to use MVT for integrals with the Divergence theorem, the Stokes’
theorem, above fact.

2
This theorem illustrates that the divergence and the curl of vector fields have the following geometric
interpretation.

[1] The divergence of the vector field measures the net rate outward flux per unit volume at p.

[2] The curl of the vector field measures the circulation (rotating rate of vector field) per unit area
around p.

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