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Strains and Stresses around Di
Dislocations have
+ allong-range stress feld that can be
analysed using linear evasticty
= oituse strain energy stored in a large
voume
= no vanation with core positon relative
to-alomic sbucture
+ core within which the strains are too great
{0 be treated using linear etasticty
— Intense strain eneray stored in a small
voume
= may be large energy fluctuations with
core position
locations
The
last field controls how distocations react
{0 ‘olstant’ microstructural features witn their
own elastic stress fields
= other cislocations
= miseftting precipitates
= mis-fting solute atoms
- twins
= applied stresses
The core structure cantrols haw the dislocation
Interacts with he erystar's lattice & atomic
structure:
lslocation dissociation
core spreacing
movitty
cross-sip
ceefects on tne core (kinks ang jogs)
etails of interaction with point detects Elasticity - recap
Displacement vector stessiemsor ge, 2A
U= [Us Uy Us) » x
Gy, = 2Gey +44
Strain tensor
Dikatation, A: 26v
A= euch byt Eye (1-2v)
2 Elastic ener
dEg-3dV S945
ideye Bae Strain field of straight screw dislocation
“Recipe”
take a hollow cylinder, axis along z
~ cut on a plane parallel to the 2-25;
cisplace the fee surfaces by B in the Z-
Volume of shel, thickness 8 = 2xr.8r
Elastic energy of shall= Gb?
Inthe shell shown, a
° R,
tecstei- Tota easteeneroy = | dr
Gb" (R
ene)
Allotnersvesses and sans ae 20 peruntengtn ot
stecaton tne Strain energy of an edge dislocation
o.- 2.
Dati)
aty=0
5 sb
Y= Dative
Now imagine mating the dislocation by cutting on
green plane and dispiacing the two sides by relative b
oo
Bae
asplacement
Work done atx
1
2m
tale dane between are
ave
“ae sa
eo
aa"
“This must equal ne
elastic energy per unt
engin of the dlsiocaton. Core energy & total energy of dislocations
Wwe can estmate tne “core energy’ as
‘equvalentto about ene broken bond per atom
Spacing along the cote.
‘This wine about
(vacancy formaten enetayy(co-oran. no.)
spiny (1-36.91 (4-19) per 02-09 om
So range's kely tobe 0.5 —5 eV nm
52S alin
‘This energy is forthe relaxed state
te try ta move the dislocation, the cre
nergy Wl fuctate asthe dislocation goes
Tom one relaxed tate 1 the next ane
This isthe ogi ofthe "Peters ~ Nabarro
sfress—the minimum sttess to move the
‘Felocaion ine. (see later)
‘To estmate ne elaste energy
oo? {8
Fe artai le
We need values for R andr
‘reasonable’ valves are R ~ um, f~ tre
agate]
a
heal
“Typealy G= 50-120 GPa,
2-03nm
E, wile tn range t= nd
‘30 total energy of islecaion s tke o be
(just) dominated by the atuse elastic eneray —
Du energy fuctatons wll pend on the eae
team Force on a dislocation
Itseetion of usiocation tne moves by 6s, then within area
{801 all atoms “above” the sip plane are displaced by b
w.rL all nose ‘below
e -b si
e Force on dislocation (the “Peach-Koehler’ force) is defined
tb
Disiocation ne can oniy meaningtuly "the Ul stress tenser ¢ used, ten:
move norma tote ine vector
{Fe} (ox ty
F must be perpendicular to | rule oo
vi=| On
le} |. Force on an (edge) dislocation
It there is a high enough shear
stress component in the direction of
», ten the dslocation can gi.
I here is a dilatational stress
parallel to b then if temperature fs
high enough for vacancies to
‘tfuse to oF tom the asiocation, tt
will cio.
Inboth cases the apolied stress
does work in changing the shape ot
tne enysta
This is achieved by the mation of
the dislocation, wien responds as
i the stress 1s applying a force tot.
This “configurational force” is
fined by the rate of change of
energy ofthe system as the
‘ssiocation moves.
Edge: glide
=
ae
‘conservative motion’
Edge: climb
“non-conservative motion” Forces on dislocations
Dislocation motion ony has “meaning ‘Forces on dislocations can only act normal othe
rnarmal tthe ine veto. le vector
‘screw Mixed Loop
=H
a
vt yh ES. Dislocation line tension
The energy per unt length ofthe cistocation
line Is equivalent to a tne tension
Unit: = (Nm) = N
Sirengih ~ Gbe2
A straight disiocaton line vl exert an inward
‘orcs equal to tne ine energy length) on any
pinning points.
‘A curved dislocation line wll nave a tendency
{straighten itsef between any 1wo points, 28
this minimises line length and therefore energy.
(On small dislocation tine segment, length &T
Line tension exerts rorce
2(Gb"2 sinai2))
Goi snse >
L882
‘Applled shear stress exerts torce
bree a
GoFi6"2 = +b ROA
ba
‘These must balance:
Gp /2R
or if we only take component of +n direction of br
Stress requires to move a dislocation ine
Increases as is radius of curvature decreases. Forces between dislocations
Using arguments based on dislocation
energetics, itis easy to see that, for
dislocations of same ine veetor on the same
slp plane, dislocations with opposite b attract,
‘each other, dislocations with identical b repel
‘The elastic energies of the separated
dislocatons given apply strictly only as r= =.
‘As rdeereases, eneray changes towards the
‘overlap’ valves
Ths is one view ofthe reason forthe forces
between dislocations.
For more complicated situations, tis easier to
see the force as being due tothe local stress at
teach dislocation. Forces between screw dislocations
Dislocation 2 “eels” the siress field
of dislocation 1 (and vies versa),
Gb
ar
So force on dislocation 2 fiom
dislocaton IIs:
oo?
Qn
05, =6,
but this force acts in the radial drection
Force on dislocation 2 ftom disleeaton 1, resolved
onto the lide plane is
Go?
Fz c0sé
Dar
Fro
Aitematively, we can use the stress Feld
expressed in Cartesian co-ordinates
Gb__ax___Gbcose
Oya
Fo On axt+ay? Qn
Note that the shear tress acting to shear atoms
parallel to b above and below the gide plane is 0.
Gb? ax
2m AK? + ay? Forces between edge dislocations
Dislocation 2 “feels” the stress field of
dislocation 1 (and viee versa).
‘The important components of the
sirass field ae"
Gxy~ produces giide force on disin 2
gq ~ ploducas etm force on disin 2.
So glide force, resolved onto the slip pane. is:
Gb? _ ax(ax? ~ Ay?)
2n(T=V) (ax? + ay?F
‘ge =
03
03 Stable arrangements for edge dislocations
For like Burgers vectors:
ay: unstable equilrium
‘stable equilibrium
posite Burgers vectors:
= aay: stable equilibrium
Unstable equilibrium
Fora setof “opposite” Burgers vectors:
Fo like Burgers vectors:
Stable array is a planar
stack
‘A low angle tit boundary.
This atrangement has a
strong long-range stress
field
There are a large number of possible stable
snargement
aTatst tT a
att i
atatTst ay
Taper te “Ppa peri
“Tove sabe atanganents have minimal re
Fangesiess felts *¢8a Dislocations near free surfaces: image forces
., atound edge disiocation
dislocation 's near ree
surface, it produces stresses
in the surface plane that the
surface cannot support
‘Stroge field must be modified
by proseneo of fieo surface.
“The “tric’ is to intraduee a virtual dslecation (of opposite b)
‘which is the mirror image in the tee surface of the real one.
‘The combined sess feds ofthe real and image dislocations
reproduce the solution for the sites field ofthe dislocation
near the free surface.
Tho real dislocation ‘soe tho strass fild of tho image
dislocation and is attracted to the rae surface. Formation of a dislocation loop via the
Frank-Read mechanism. Figure adapted
from Allen and Thomas, Structure of
Materials, (Wiley, New York, 1999) p. 306.
* — Frank-Read Source
a) Moving dislocation is pinned.
b) Applied shear stress causes the
segment to bow out to a radius of
curvature (R). Recall:
r=(aGb)/R
¢) Bowing continues until R = 2/2.
Shear stress is maximum. Loop
begins to bend around upon itself.
Here:
r=(2aGb)/z «(Gb)/z
d) Loop expands spontaneously. This
continues until points C and D
which are dislocations of opposite
sign annihilate each other.
€) The loop grows while segment AB
repeats the process. tb
tttttt
Consider a dislocation
segment for which the
ends are “pinned.” An applied shear stress, 7,
causes the segment to
bow out to a radius of
curvature R.
r=(aGb)/R
‘Sip plane When a semicircular form
is obtained, R = 1/2, and
T= Tage
Tae = (Gh)/L
dislocation
Slip plano Now the loop begins to
bend around upon itself.
Sip plane Cont'd Cont'd
The segments at C and D
have opposite
line sense.
When they meet
‘they will annihilate.
dislogation The result of annihilation
at CD is a closed
outer loop
anda new
dislocation
‘segment AB.
Sip lahe The outer loop
expands.
Dislocation
segment AB goes
through the entire
process again
Sip lahe Frank-Read source in a Si crystal
[Fig. 8.6 from Hull & Bacon] (270) - Principal stip plane
A.B -Crossstipplne
S-Serew componest
E -Bége component
a
{adapted from J.R. Low and ROW. Guard, Acta
eval, 7 (1958) pp. 171-173]
Figure Schematic representation of dislocation
‘multiplication via double cross-slip,
+ Loops given off by a single source move
‘through the lattice.
+ Edge segments are restrained to a single slip
plane.
+ When a screw oriented segment of the loop
‘encounters an unfavorable local stress, it can
‘move off onto another plane untl it reaches a
position where the local stress allows it 10
move on a plane parallel t the original one.
“= The segment Iying on the new slip plane can
ow operate as a Frank-Read source and
‘generate new loops.
+= The process repeats. There are other types of Frank-Read sources
Fee abou |
Noe ttt Bacon
6a 6 6
Spiral propagation of a dislocation
adapted from Fig. 6.20, Roesler, Harders, & Baeker] Dislocation Pileups
+ When dislocations generated by sources approach obstacles on slip
planes, they often pile up. Suitable obstacles include:
— Grain boundaries
= Second phases
ile dislocations
+ Lead dislocation is acted on
by applied shear stress and
interaction forces (i.e., back
stress) from other dislocations.
+ # dislocations in pileup is:
Aatl katD
= or n=
Gb AGb
[For 1 source in center of grain]
where k= 1 for screw dislocations and (1-v) for edge dislocations.
(lead dislocation) = nr
n Dislocation pileups — cont’d
+ Pileup at a barrier causes a stress concentration at
the lead dislocation.
+ Pileups produce a back stress that acts to oppose
movement of additional dislocations along the slip
plane in the slip direction.
* The number of dislocations than an obstacle can
support depends on:
= Type of barrier
— Orientation relationship between slip plane and barrier
— Material
— Temperature Dislocation pileups — cont'd
+ Pileups can be overcome by:
ae rosea
— Cross-slip (screw dislocations) L
OY
— Climb (illustrated below) < Se a
— Generation of cracks.
root of dlceton motan =
25a
| Inlzoduction to Mechanical P of Mater
als, (Macmilan, New York, 1971) p.250, Dislocation-Point Defect Interaction
Vacancies and isolated solute atoms distort the crystal
lattice and can interact with dislocations.
Strain fields surrounding point defects are spherically
symmetric. They usually do not influence the motion of
screw dislocations.
Exceptions: interstitial carbon or nitrogen in BCC iron.
Combined operation of a number of dislocation sources
and dislocation-defect interactions are the basis for
work/strain hardening. The size effect
Interstitial solute
Big substitutional solute
‘Small substitutional solute
+ Solute atoms ‘stretch’ (ie, dilate) the lattice producing different
types of stress fields surrounding the solutes. ‘There is an interaction between the stress fields around solute atoms and the
stress fields around dislocations. This interaction is based on reducing the strain
‘energy associated with dislocations and solute atoms.
Using an edge dislocation in this example, the region above an edge disiocation
isin compression. The region below the core is in tension. Solute ators with
dilatational stress fields will interact with these regions to cancel out strain and
thus reduce the elastic strain energy of the system. Stress tensors for straight dislocations
solute screw
)
\ yA
\— Interaction —/ — _ No Interaction —/ Stress fields around solutes 3trengthening due to different defects
. [Material [Structure [Defect [ax]
+ FCC lattice ‘Symmetrical Defects
a ‘Saab [ar
te
— Substitutional solute: dilatational (hydrostatic) strain [ex te ‘Sustiutonat [6720
Fe bee ‘Substiutonal [G76
te
bee
— Interstitial solute: dilatational (hydrostatic) strain,
erst atm | 0
‘susttutonal [G70
* BCC lattice Nonsymmetrical Defects
— Substitutional solute: dilatational (hydrostatic) strain | fe tecnies
= Interstitial solute: distortional (shear) strain. This jou fe (easton |S
‘component is asymmetric! Fe te intestias [56 Dislocation-Point Defect Interaction
Differences in elastic modulus between solutes and the
lattice can lead to interactions with dislocations.
Point defects that are elastically softer than the matrix are
attracted to the dislocation line and visa versa.
An increase in point defect content around a dislocation is
called an impurity cloud/atmosphere.
Condensation of impurity atmospheres on dislocation lines
is one cause for upper yield points, strain aging and solid
solution strengthening.
