Mechanical Behaviour of Engineering

Materials

ME 352

Dr. G.M. Karthik

Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
IIT (BHU) Varanasi
 Syllabus
Unit I
• Introduction to Materials Selection and related factors such as design, processing and economics.
• Introduction to mechanical testing, elastic behavior, and viscoelasticity.
• Elements of plasticity, the flow curve, Strain hardening, Strain rate and temperature dependence of flow stress.
Unit II
• Plastic deformation, slip in crystals, dislocations, and dislocation motion, Twins.
• Strengthening mechanisms: grain boundary strengthening, solid solution strengthening, strengthening from fine particles and
Strain Hardening.
• Heat treatment processes, annealing, normalizing, tempering, quenching, hardening, surface hardening, age hardening, etc.
Unit III
• Fracture, types of fracture, brittle fracture, Griffith theory of brittle fracture of material, ductile fracture, notch effects,
Materials aspects.
• Fatigue, the S-N curve, low cycle fatigue, structural features, surface effects, and metallurgical variables.
• Creep, the creep curve, stress rupture test, structural changes, creep mechanisms, and superplasticity, Embrittlement,
residual stresses.
Unit IV
• Properties and applications of Engineering materials like steels (Plain carbon, HSLA, Microalloyed, Tool and Die steels), Cast
Iron, Brass, Bronze, Al base alloys, Ni and Ti base alloys
Unit V
• Introduction to mechanical behavior of Ceramics, polymeric materials (thermosets and thermoplastics, elastomers), and
composite materials.

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 Course Evaluation

• 30% Mid semester

• 40% End semester

• 30% Assignments (1 Open book quiz, 1 Presentation)

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 Reference Books

Title: Mechanical Metallurgy Title: Materials Science and Engineering Title: Mechanical Behavior of Materials

Author: George E Dieter Author: W D Callister Jr. & David G.R. Authors: Meyers, M.A. & Chawla, K.K.

Publisher: McGraw-Hill Book Company Publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Publisher: Cambridge University Press

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 Why to Study Mechanical Behavior?
Response of metals to forces or loads Mechanical Testing

Metal Forming

• Force that can be withstood by the structure?

• Minimum forces during forming?

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 Sliding by Slip

Because of the translation symmetry of the lattice crystal

structure is not disturbed after slip

Slip lines crossing without any deviation after

35% plastic strain in Hadfield steel
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 Slip plane and Direction
• In BCC structure
• Slip plane {110}, is not as dense a plane as in FCC {111} and HCP {0001}
• However, <111> slip direction is as closely packed as in <110> (FCC) and <11-20> (HCP)
• No having definitive slip plane – {110}, {211}, {321}

• 48 slip systems
• Higher shear
stresses are
required for slip
than for FCC – not
so closed-pack
planes

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 Wavy slip lines in BCC
as slip is occuring on several
planes {110}, {211}, {321}

Remember slip direction always – <111>

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 Slip in a perfect lattice
Slip direction • Shear stress is Zero when two plane of atoms are in its
initial position
• Shear stress is Zero when two plane of atoms moved an
Slip plane identity b
• Shear stress is Zero when atoms of top plane are mid way
between the atoms of bottom plane – symmetric
position
• In other positions, the atoms are attracted to the
nearest atom of other row – Shear stress is a periodic
function of displacement (Sine function )

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 Theoretical Shear Strength

Small values of displacement (x) – Hooks law can be applied

Shear modulus (G) of metals – 5 to 150 Gpa

Small values of x/b

Theoretical shear stress (τm) = 3 to 30 GPa

Combining the equations

Actual shear strength of single crystal

Assume b=a cubic crystal structure is – 0.5 to 10 MPa

Theoretical shear strength is 100 times greater than

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 Slip by Dislocation Movement
• Introduced because the theoretical shear strength is 100 times
greater than the experimental shear strength
• To prove:
• The stress required to move a dislocation is far smaller than
the theoretical strength of the material.
• The movement of a dislocation will create a slip step on a free
surface.

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 Slip direction

Slip direction

Slip plane Slip plane

Perfect lattice without any dislocations When there is a dislocation

- Atoms are in minimum energy - Atoms away from the dislocation are
positions still in minimum energy position
- When shear stress is applied to the - At the dislocation small movement of
crystal same force will oppose it the atom is required

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 Cottrell Theory
- Plastic deformation is the transition from
the slipped state to the unslipped state
- Energy barrier ∆E is required
- Slip region will grow with the advancement
of the interfacial region (dislocation)
- Minimum energy when the width (W) be
narrow
- Small (W) – lower is the interfacial
energy
- Wider (W) – lower is the elastic energy
(atomic position closer to its equilibrium
position)
- Equilibrium width (W) determined by
these opposing forces

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 Peierls-Nabarro Force
• Width of the dislocation is important as it will determine the force
required to move the dislocation
• This force is called as the Peierls-Nabarro Force
• Peierl Stress is the shear stress required to move the dislocation
through a crystal lattice along a direction

a is the distance between plane, b is the distance between the atoms, w is the dislocation width
Dislocation width appears in the exponential term - Peierl Stress is very sensitive
to the atomic positions at the core of the dislocations
Very difficult to know the width precisely – limited validity
The stress required to move a dislocation in a metal is low
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 Effect of alloying on the CRSS

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Burgers Vector (b), Tangent Vector (t)

Slip No Slip Tangent/line vector is a unit vector parallel

t (or) tangent to the dislocation line

Bergers Vector – represents the magnitude

t b and the direction of the Slip

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 Edge, Screw and Mixed Dislocations
• Relationship between the Bergers Vector band the Tangent Vector t

Elastic energy associated with the dislocation

Edge Dislocation b Perpendicular t
E = ½ (Gb2)

Screw Dislocation b Parallel t Depends on the shear modulus (G) and

the berges vector (b)

Mixed Dislocation b Angle t

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 Bergers Circuit

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 Motion of Dislocations

• Glide – (Edge, Screw, Mixed Dislocations)

• Cross slip – (Screw)
• Climb – (Edge)

• Edge and mixed dislocation (b) and (t) are not parallel – unique slip plane
• Screw dislocation (b) and (t) are parallel – any plane passing through the dislocation line can act as a
slip plane – nonunique slip plane
If the dislocation motion is confined to a slip plane - Glide

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 Glide

Edge and Screw dislocations the motion of the dislocation (Glide) is

perpendicular to the dislocation line

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• Edge dislocation – the shear stress direction and the motion of the
dislocation are in the same direction

Slip No Slip

τCRSS

b Dislocation Motion

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• Screw dislocation – the shear stress direction and the motion of the
dislocation (Glide direction) are in a perpendicular direction

Slip No Slip

τCRSS
b t

Dislocation Motion

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• Screw dislocation – the shear stress direction and the motion of the
dislocation (Glide direction) are in a perpendicular direction

Slip No Slip

τCRSS
b t

Dislocation
Motion

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• Screw dislocation – the shear stress direction and the motion of the
dislocation (Glide direction) are in a perpendicular direction

Slip No Slip

τCRSS
b t

Dislocation
Motion

• The τCRSS and the b are always in the same direction

Edge and Screw dislocations the motion of the dislocation (Glide) is
perpendicular to the dislocation line
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 Cross Slip

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 Cross Slip of Screw Dislocation

Slip No Slip

τCRSS
b t

Dislocation Motion

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 Cross Slip of Screw Dislocation

Slip No Slip

τCRSS
b t

Dislocation
Motion

Position Position
1 2

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 Cross Slip of Screw Dislocation

Slip No Slip

τCRSS Obstacle
b t

Dislocation
Motion

Position Position
1 2

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 Cross Slip of Screw Dislocation

Slip No Slip

τCRSS
b t
Dislocation
Motion

Position Position
1 2

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 Cross Slip of Screw Dislocation
Edge dislocation cross
slip is not possible as
the burgers vector and
the dislocation line are
perpendicular, so only
Slip No Slip parallel slip planes
The movement of a
dislocation from
one slip plane to a τCRSS
non-parallel slip
plane is called as
b t
cross-slip

Position Position
1 2 Dislocation
Motion
Position
3

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 Dislocation Climb

The movement of a edge dislocation to a parallel slip plane is called a Climb

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 Climb of Edge Dislocation

Slip No Slip

τCRSS

b Dislocation Motion

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 Climb of Edge Dislocation

Slip No Slip

τCRSS

b Dislocation Motion

1 2

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 Climb of Edge Dislocation

Slip No Slip

τCRSS
Obstacle
t

b Dislocation Motion

1 2

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 1 2 Slip plane 1
Glide

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 1 2 Slip plane 1
Glide

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 Slip plane 2

1 2 Slip plane 1
Glide

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 3

Slip plane 2
Climb

1 2 Slip plane 1
Glide

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 3 Glide 4

Slip plane 2
Climb

1 2 Slip plane 1
Glide

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 Vacancy

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 Atoms jump to a nearby vacancy

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 Climb UP

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 • Climb Up
• Shrinking of the extra half-plane
• Atoms move away from the dislocation
• Decrease in the vacancy concentration

• Climb Down –
• Extending the extra half-plane
• Atoms move towards the dislocation
• Increase in the vacancy concentration

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• Crystal Structures
• Miller Indices (Planes and Directions), different relationships
• Closed-pack planes and directions (Slip systems and their significance)
• Types of Defects
• Types of Dislocations
• Resolved shear stress
• Forces around the dislocation
• Force required to move a dislocation
• Elastic Energy around the dislocation
• Burgers vector, tangential vector their relationships, Berger circuit etc
• Dislocation ending locations
• Types of Dislocation motion

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