Brief History of Project Management?

• Project management has been practiced since early civilization.

• Until the beginning of twentieth century civil engineering projects were actually treated as projects
and were generally managed by creative architects and engineers.
• It was in the 1950s that organizations started to systematically apply project management tools and
techniques to complex projects, and it marked the beginning of the modern project management era.
• Two forefathers of project management are:
• Henry Gantt, called the father of planning and control techniques who is famous for his use of the Gantt chart as
a project management tool; and
• Henri Fayol for his creation of the five management functions which form the foundation of the body of 4
knowledge associated with project and program management.
• Project management became recognized as a distinct discipline arising from the management discipline.
•
What is Project – Definition

o In the broadest sense, a project is a specific, finite task to be accomplished. Any activity that results in a
deliverable or a product.
o Projects always begin with a problem. The project is to provide the solution to this problem.
o When the project is finished it must be evaluated to determine whether it satisfies the objectives and goals.
Project VS Operations?
Project Definition
o A project is "a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result."
o Operations Definition
o Operations, on the other hand, is work done in organizations to sustain the business.
NB: Projects are different from operations in that they end when their objectives have been reached or the project has
been terminated.
Project Attributes
o A project has a unique purpose.
o A project is temporary.
o A project is developed using progressive elaboration or in an iterative fashion.
o A project requires resources
o A project should have a primary customer or sponsor.
o A project involves uncertainty.
Project Constraints
o projects need to be performed and delivered under certain constraints.
o A constraint is any limitation or risk that must be accounted for over the duration of the project life cycle.
o These constraints have been listed as:
o scope,
o time, and
o cost
o These are referred to as the Project Management
Triangle

Project Management Triangle

o The time constraint: refers to the amount of time available to complete a project.
o The cost constraint: refers to the budgeted amount available for the project.
o The scope constraint: refers to what must be done to produce the project's end result.
NB: One side of the triangle cannot be changed without impacting the others.
Project Management Triangle
o Another approach to project management is to consider the three constraints as finance, time and human
resources.
 o If you need to finish a job in a shorter time, you can allocate more people at the problem, which in turn will
raise the cost of the project, unless by doing this task quicker you reduce costs elsewhere in the project by
an equal amount.

Time
o Time is estimated using several techniques, and some are:
o identifying tasks needed to produce the deliverables and documenting them in a work breakdown structure
or WBS.
o The work effort for each task is estimated and those estimates are rolled up into the final deliverable
estimate
What is Work Breakdown Structure
o A work breakdown structure (WBS) is an outcome-oriented analysis of the work involved in a project that
defines the total scope of the project
o It is a foundation document in project management because it provides the basis for planning and managing
project schedules, costs, and changes

Cost
o Cost to develop a project depends on several variables including :
o labor rates,
o material rates,
o risk management,
o plant (buildings, machines, etc.),
o equipment, and
o profit.
NB: When hiring an independent consultant for a project, cost will typically be determined by the consultant's or firm's
per diem rate multiplied by an estimated quantity for completion.

Scope
o Scope is requirement specified for the end result or is what a project is supposed to accomplish
o A major component of scope is the quality of the final product.
o The amount of time put into individual tasks determines the overall quality of the project..
o Some tasks may require a given amount of time to complete adequately, but given more time could be
completed exceptionally. Over the course of a large project, quality can have a significant impact on time
and cost or vice versa.

What is Management?
o Management can be defined as all activities and tasks undertaken by one or more persons for the purpose
of planning and controlling the activities of others in order to achieve objectives or complete an activity that
could not be achieved by others acting independently.
o Management functions can be categorized as
o Planning
o Organizing
o Staffing
o Directing
o Controlling

Management Functions
o Planning
Predetermining a course of action for accomplishing organizational Objectives
 o Organizing
Arranging the relationships among work units for accomplishment of objectives and the granting of
responsibility and authority to obtain those objectives
o Staffing
Selecting and training people for positions in the organization
o Directing
Creating an atmosphere that will assist and motivate people to achieve desired end results
o Controlling
Establishing, measuring, and evaluating performance of activities toward planned objectives

WHAT IS PROJECT MANAGEMENT?

•is "the application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities to meet the project requirements."
o Project management is a system of
o management procedures,
o practices,
o technologies,
o skills, and
o experience
that are necessary to successfully manage a project.

NOTE (NB)
o management is critical in assuring the success of any substantial activity.
o Areas of responsibility for the person handling the project include planning, control and implementation.

Software Project Management

o Concerned with activities involved in ensuring that software is delivered:
o on time
o on schedule
o in accordance with the requirements of the organization developing and procuring the software
o A project manager is the one who is responsible for establishing a communication in between the project
team and the user, and must be a good communicator

Features of projects
• Projects are often carried out by a team of people who have been assembled for that specific purpose. The activities
of this team may be coordinated by a project manager. B
* Project teams may consist of people from different backgrounds and different parts of the organization. In some
cases project teams may consist of people from different organizations. B
o Project teams may be inter-disciplinary groups and are likely to lie outside the normal organization
hierarchies. B
o The project team will be responsible for delivery of the project end product to some sponsor within or outside
the organization.
o NB: The full benefit of any project will not become available until the project as been completed.