30 TIME-VARYING AND TIME-HARMONIC ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS

17. S. V. Marshall, R. E. DuBroff and G. G. Skitek, Electromagnetic Concepts and Applications, Fourth
Edition, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1996.
18. D. K. Cheng, Field and Wave Electromagnetics, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1983.
19. C. R. Paul and S. A. Nasar, Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill, New
York, 1998.
20. L. C. Shen and J. A. Kong, Applied Electromagnetism, Third Edition, PWS Publishing Co., Boston,
MA, 1987
21. N. N. Rao, Elements of Engineering Electromagnetics, Fourth Edition, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs,
NJ, 1994.
22. M. A. Plonus, Applied Electromagnetics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1978.
23. A. T. Adams, Electromagnetics for Engineers, Ronald Press, New York, 1971.
24. M. Zahn, Electromagnetic Field Theory, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1979.
25. L. M. Magid, Electromagnetic Fields, Energy, and Waves, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1972.
26. S. Seely and A. D. Poularikas, Electromagnetics: Classical and Modern Theory and Applications,
Dekker, New York, 1979.
27. D. M. Cook, The Theory of the Electromagnetic Field , Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1975.
28. R. P. Feynman, R. B. Leighton, and M. Sands, The Feynman Lectures on Physics: Mainly Electromag-
netism and Matter, Volume II, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1964.
29. W. R. Smythe, Static and Dynamic Electricity, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1939.
30. J. A. Stratton, Electromagnetic Theory, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 2007.
31. R. E. Collin, Field Theory of Guided Waves, IEEE Press, New York, 1991.
32. E. C. Jordan and K. G. Balmain, Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems, Second Edition,
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1968.
33. R. F. Harrington, Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1961.
34. J. R. Wait, Electromagnetic Wave Theory, Harper & Row, New York, 1985.
35. J. A. Kong, Theory of Electromagnetic Waves, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1975.
36. C. C. Johnson, Field and Wave Electrodynamics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1965.
37. J. D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1999.
38. D. S. Jones, Methods in Electromagnetic Wave Propagation, Oxford Univ. Press (Clarendon), Lon-
don/New York, 1979.
39. M. Kline (Ed.), The Theory of Electromagnetic Waves, Interscience, New York, 1951.
40. J. Van Bladel, Electromagnetic Fields, Second Edition, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 2007.

PROBLEMS

1.1. Derive the differential form of the continuity first octant with three edges coincident with
equation, as given by (1-6), from Maxwell’s the x , y, z axes and one corner at the origin.
equations 1-1 through 1-4. Each side of the cube is 1 m long.

1.2. Derive the integral forms of Maxwell’s 1.4. An infinite planar interface between media,
equations and the continuity equation, as as shown in the figure, is formed by having
air (medium #1) on the left of the inter-
listed in Table 1-1, from the corresponding
face and lossless polystyrene (medium #2)
ones in differential form.
(with a dielectric constant of 2.56) to the
1.3. The electric flux density inside a cube is right of the interface. An electric surface
given by: charge density qes = 0.2 C/m2 exists along
(a) D = âx (3 + x ) the entire interface.
The static electric flux density inside the
(b) D = ây (4 + y 2 )
polystyrene is given by
Find the total electric charge enclosed inside
the cubical volume when the cube is in the D2 = 6âx + 3âz C/m2
 PROBLEMS 31

Determine the corresponding vector: Determine the corresponding vector:

(a) Electric field intensity inside the (a) Magnetic flux density in the air medium.
polystyrene. (b) Magnetic polarization in the air
(b) Electric polarization vector inside the medium.
polystyrene. (c) Magnetic field intensity in the magnetic
(c) Electric flux density inside the air material.
medium. (d) Magnetic flux density in the magnetic
(d) Electric field intensity inside the air material.
medium. (e) Magnetic polarization in the magnetic
(e) Electric polarization vector inside the air material.
medium. Leave your answers in terms of ε0 , µo .
Leave your answers in terms of εo , µo .
1.6. A static electric field of intensity/strength Eo
qes is established inside a free-space medium as
shown below. The static electric field inten-
sity is oriented at an angle of 30◦ relative to
x the principal z axis. A semi-infinite dielec-
Polystyrene tric slab of relative permittivity of 4 and
Air
eo, mo 2.56eo, mo relative permeability of unity is immersed
into the initially established static electric
y z field, as shown below.
Determine the:
#1 n #2 (a) Total electric field intensity E1 and
total electric flux density D1 within the
dielectric slab. Leave your answers in
Figure P1-4 terms of Eo , εo , µo , and any constants.
(b) Angle θ (in degrees).
1.5. An infinite planar interface between media,
as shown in the figure, is formed by having
air (medium #1) on the left of the interface E1, D1
and lossless magnetic material (medium #2)
Eo, Do
(with a relative permeability of 4 and rela- 30° q
tive permittivity of 2.56) to the right of the z z
30°
interface. eo, mo Eo, Do
The static magnetic field intensity inside the eo, mo 4eo, mo
air is given by
H1 = 3âx + 9âz A/m Figure P1-6

1.7. A static magnetic field of field inten-

x
sity/strength Ho is established inside a free-
space medium as shown on the next page. The
static magnetic field intensity is oriented at an
Magnetic material
Air angle of 30◦ relative to the principal z axis.
2.46eo, 4mo
eo, mo A semi-infinite magnetic slab of relative per-
meability of 4 and relative permittivity of 9 is
y z immersed into the initially established static
magnetic field, as shown on the next page.
Determine the:
#1 #2 (a) Total static magnetic field intensity H1
and total static magnetic flux density B1
within the magnetic slab. Leave your
answers in terms of Ho , εo , µo and any
constants.
Figure P1-5 (b) Angle θ (in degrees).
32 TIME-VARYING AND TIME-HARMONIC ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS


c b
H1, B1 E = âz − + (3z 2 − h 2 )
h 6ε0
Ho, Bo
30° q where c and b are constants. Assuming the
z
30°
z medium within the cylinder is free space,
eo, mo Ho, Bo find the total charge enclosed within the
eo, mo 9eo, 4mo cylinder.
1.10. The static magnetic field on the inside part
Figure P1-7 of the surface of an infinite length dielec-
tric cylinder of circular cross section of
radius a = 4 cm and of magnetic material
1.8. A dielectric slab, with a thickness of 6 cm with a relative permittivity and permeability
and dielectric constant of 4, is sandwiched of εr = 4, µr = 9 is given by
between two different media; free space to
the left and another dielectric, with a dielec-
H = âρ 3+ âφ 6 + âz 8 A/m at ρ = 4− cm
tric constant of 9, to the right. If the electric
field in the free-space medium is at an angle
of 30◦ at a height of 3 cm at the lead- The cylinder is surrounded on the outside
ing interface, as shown in the figure below, with air. Refer to Figure 3-4 for the cylindri-
determine the: cal coordinate system and its units vectors.
(a) Angle α (in degrees, as measured from Determine the:
the normal to the interface) the electric (a) Magnetic flux density on the inside part
field will make in the dielectric medium of the surface of the cylinder (ρ = 4−
to the right of the center slab. cm; magnetic material).
(b) Height h (in cm) the electric field will (b) Magnetic field on the outside part of the
have at the trailing interface. cylinder surface (ρ = 4+ cm; air).
(c) Magnetic flux density on the outside part
of the cylinder surface (ρ = 4+ cm; air).
Free er = 4 er = 9
space
a=?
z
30° h=?
3 cm 6 cm
4 cm y

Figure P1-8
x
1.9. The electric field inside a circular cylinder
of radius a and height h is given by
er , mr
z

Figure P1-10
a
1.11. The instantaneous electric field inside a
source-free, homogeneous, isotropic, and
h linear medium is given by

 = [âx A(x + y) + ây B (x − y)] cos(ωt)

y
Determine the relations between A and B .
x
1.12. The magnetic flux density produced on its
Figure P1-9 plane by a current-carrying circular loop of
 PROBLEMS 33

radius a = 0.1 m, placed on the xy plane at plane of the loop. Determine the correspond-
z = 0, is given by ing radiated magnetic field at large distances
from the loop (r ≫ a).
10−12
= âz cos(1500πt) Wb/m2 1.17. A time-varying voltage source of v(t) =
1 + 25ρ
10 cos(ωt) is connected across a paral-
where ρ is the radial distance in cylindrical lel plate capacitor with polystyrene (ε =
coordinates. Find the: 2.56ε0 , σ = 3.7×10−4 S/m) between the
(a) Total flux in the z direction passing plates. Assuming a small plate separation of
through the loop. 2 cm and no field fringing, determine at:
(b) Electric field at any point ρ within (a) f = 1 MHz
the loop. Check your answer by using (b) f = 100 MHz
Maxwell’s equation 1-1. the maximum values of the conduction and
displacement current densities within the
1.13. The instantaneous magnetic flux density in
polystyrene and compare them.
free space is given by
1.18. A dielectric slab of polystyrene (ε =
= âx Bx cos(2y) sin(ωt − πz ) 2.56ε0 , µ = µ0 ) of height 2h is bounded
+ ây By cos(2x ) cos(ωt − πz ) above and below by free space, as shown
in Figure P1-18. Assuming the electric field
where Bx and By are constants. Assum- within the slab is given by
ing there are no sources at the observation  = (ây 5 + âz 10) cos(ωt − βx )
points x , y, determine the electric displace- √
ment current density. where β = ω µ0 ε, determine the:
(a) Corresponding magnetic field within the
1.14. The displacement current density within a slab.
source-free (!i = 0) cube centered about (b) Electric and magnetic fields in free
the origin is given by space right above and below the slab.
!d = âx yz + ây y 2 + âz xyz
Each side of the cube is 1 m long and the
medium within it is free space. Find the dis-
placement current leaving, in the outward y
direction, through the surface of the cube.
e0, m0
1.15. The electric flux density in free space
h 2.56 e0, m0
produced by an oscillating electric charge
placed at the origin is given by h 2.56 e0, m0 x

10−9 1 z e0, m0
" = âr cos(ωt − βr)
4π r 2
√ Figure P1-18
where β = ω µ0 ε0 . Find the time-average
1.19. A finite conductivity rectangular strip,
charge that produces this electric flux den-
shown in Figure P1-19, is used to carry
sity.
electric current. Because of the strip’s lossy
1.16. The electric field radiated at large distances nature, the current is nonuniformly dis-
in free space by a current-carrying small cir- tributed over the cross section of the strip.
cular loop of radius a, placed on the xy plane The current density on the upper and lower
at z = 0, is given by sides is given by
cos(ωt − β0 r) ! = âz 104 cos(2π×109 t) A/m2
 = âφ E0 sin θ , r ≫a
r
√ and it rapidly decays in an exponential fash-
where E0 is a constant, β0 = ω µ0 ε0 , r ion from the lower side toward the center by
6
is the radial distance in spherical coordi- the factor e −10 y , or
nates, and θ is the spherical angle measured
6
from the z axis that is perpendicular to the ! = âz 104 e −10 y cos(2π×109 t) A/m2
34 TIME-VARYING AND TIME-HARMONIC ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS

A similar decay is experienced by the cur- source-free dielectric medium is given by

rent density from the upper side toward the # $
2 !π "
center. Assuming no variations of the cur- # = âφ cos z cos(4π×108 t)
rent density with respect to x , determine the ρ ℓ
total current flowing through the wire. Find the following:
(a) Electric field intensity within the dielec-
tric.
(b) Surface current density !s at the con-
ductor surfaces at ρ = a and ρ = b.
(c) Displacement current density !d at any
point within the dielectric.
y (d) Total displacement current flowing
through the circumferential surface of
0.5 mm the resonator.
5 mm x
z 1.23. Using the instantaneous forms of Maxwell’s
equation and the continuity equations listed
Figure P1-19 in Tables 1-1 and 1-4, derive the correspond-
ing time-harmonic forms (in differential and
1.20. The instantaneous electric field inside a integral forms) listed in Table 1-4. Use def-
conducting rectangular pipe (waveguide) of initions (1-61a) through (1-61f).
width a is given by
!π " 1.24. Show that the electric and magnetic fields
 = ây E0 sin x cos(ωt − βz z ) (1-61a) and (1-61b) can be written, respec-
a
tively, as in (1-67a) and (1-67b).
where βz is the waveguide’s phase constant.
Assuming there are no sources within the 1.25. The time-harmonic instantaneous electric
field traveling along the z -axis, in a free-
free-space-filled pipe determine the:
space medium, is given by
(a) Corresponding instantaneous magnetic % ! π "&
field components inside the conducting (z , t) = âx Eo sin (ωt − βo z ) +
pipe. 2
(b) Phase constant βz . where Eo is a real constant and βo =
√
The height of the waveguide is b. ω µo εo .
(a) Write an expression for the complex
1.21. The instantaneous electric field intensity
spatial electric field intensity E(z ).
inside a source-free coaxial line with inner
(b) Find the corresponding complex spatial
and outer radii of a and b, respectively, that
magnetic field intensity H(z ).
is filled with a homogeneous dielectric of
(c) Determine the time-average Poynting
ε = 2.25ε0 , µ = µ0 , and σ = 0, is given by
vector (average power density) Save .
# $
100 1.26. An electric line source of infinite length and
 = âρ cos(108 t − βz )
ρ constant current, placed along the z axis,
radiates in free space at large distances from
where β is the phase constant and ρ is the the source (ρ ≫ 0) a time-harmonic com-
cylindrical radial distance from the center of plex magnetic field given by
the coaxial line. Determine the:
(a) Corresponding instantaneous magnetic e −j β0 ρ
H = âφ H0 √ , ρ≫0
field #. ρ
(b) Phase constant β. √
where H0 is a constant, β0 = ω µ0 ε0 , and ρ
(c) Displacement current density !d .
is the radial cylindrical distance. Determine
1.22. A coaxial line resonator with inner and the corresponding electric field for ρ ≫ 0.
outer conductors at a = 5 mm and b = 20
1.27. The time-harmonic complex electric field
mm, and with conducting plates at z = 0
radiated in free space by a linear radiating
and z = ℓ, is filled with a dielectric with element is given by
εr = 2.56, µr = 1, and σ = 0. The instan-
taneous magnetic field intensity inside the E = âr Er + âθ Eθ
 PROBLEMS 35

wavelength, find the:


cos θ 1
E r = E0 2
1+ e −j β0 r (a) Conductivity.
r j β0 r
 (b) Dielectric constant.
β sin θ 1 1 of the medium within the box.
Eθ = jE0 1+ − e −j β0 r
2r j β0 r (β0 r)2
1.30. A time-harmonic electromagnetic field in
where âr and âθ are unit vectors in the free space is perpendicularly incident upon
spherical directions r and θ , E0 is a con- a perfectly conducting semi-infinite planar
√
stant, and β0 = ω µ0 ε0 . Determine the cor- surface, as shown in Figure P1-30. Assum-
responding spherical magnetic field compo- ing the incident Ei and reflected Er complex
nents. electric fields on the free-space side of the
1.28. The time-harmonic complex electric field interface are given by
radiated by a current-carrying small circular Ei = âx e −j β0 z
loop in free space is given by
Er = −âx e +j β0 z

sin θ 1 where √
E = âφ E0 1+ e −j β0 r β0 = ω µ0 ε0
r j β0 r
determine the current density Js induced on
where âφ is the spherical unit vector in the surface of the conducting surface. Eval-
the φ direction, E0 is a constant, and uate all the constants.
√
β0 = ω µ0 ε0 . Determine the correspond- x
ing spherical magnetic field components.
1.29. The complex electric field inside an e0, m0
infinitely long rectangular pipe, with all four
vertical walls perfectly electric conducting, Incident s=∞
as shown in Figure P1-29, is given by
!π " !π " y
E = âz (1 + j ) sin x sin y z
a b Reflected
Assuming that there are no sources within
the box and a = λ0 , b = 0.5λ0 , and µ = µ0 ,
where λ0 = free space, infinite medium
Figure P1-30

z 1.31. The free-space incident Ei and reflected Er

fields of a time-harmonic electromagnetic
b
field obliquely incident upon a perfectly
a conducting semi-infinite planar surface of
Figure P1-31 are given by
Ei = ây E0 e −j β0 (x sin θi +z cos θi )
Er = ây E0 Ŵh e −j β0 (x sin θi −z cos θi )

y
Reflected e0, m0 s = ∞

qi
z
x qi y

Incident

Figure P1-29 Figure P1-31

36 TIME-VARYING AND TIME-HARMONIC ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS

√
where E0 is a constant and β0 = ω µ0 ε0 . transmitted (Et ) electric fields are given,
Determine the coefficient Ŵh . respectively, by
1.32. For Problem 1.31, determine the: Ei = âx E0 e −j β0 z
(a) Corresponding incident and reflected
magnetic fields. Er = âx Ŵ0 E0 e +j β0 z
(b) Electric current density along the inter-
Et = âx T0 E0 e −j βz
face between the two media.
1.33. Repeat Problem 1.31 when the incident and determine the coefficients Ŵ0 and T0 . E0 is
√ √
reflected electric fields are given by a constant, β0 = ω µ0 ε0 , β = ω µ0 ε.

Ei = (âx cos θi − âz sin θi ) 1.37. When a time-harmonic electromagnetic field

is traveling in free space and is obliquely
× E0 e −j β0 (x sin θi +z cos θi ) incident upon a flat surface of distilled water
(ε = 81ε0 , µ = µ0 ), it creates a reflected
Er = (âx cos θi + âz sin θi )
field on the free-space side of the interface
× Ŵe E0 e −j β0 (x sin θi −z cos θi ) and a transmitted field on the water side of
√ the interface. Assume the incident, reflected,
where E0 is a constant and β0 = ω µ0 ε0 . and transmitted electric and magnetic fields
Determine the coefficient Ŵe by applying the are given by
boundary conditions on the tangential com-
ponents. Ei = ây E0 e −j β0 (x sin θi +z cos θi )
1.34. Repeat Problem 1.33 except that Ŵe should Hi = (−âx cos θi + âz sin θi )
be determined using the boundary condi- '
ε0
tions on the normal components. Compare × E0 e −j β0 (x sin θi +z cos θi )
the answer with that obtained in Problem µ0
1.33. Explain. Er = ây Ŵh E0 e −j β0 (x sin θi −z cos θi )
1.35. For Problem 1.33 determine the: Hr = (âx cos θi + âz sin θi )
(a) Corresponding incident and reflected '
magnetic fields. ε0
× Ŵh E0 e −j β0 (x sin θi −z cos θi )
(b) Electric current density along the inter- µ0
face between the two media. # ' $
−j β0 x sin θi +z ε
ε
− sin2 θi
1.36. A time-harmonic electromagnetic field trav- Et = ây Th E0 e 0

eling in free space and perpendicularly inci- # '

ε0
'
ε0
$
t 2
dent upon a flat surface of distilled water H = −âx 1 − sin θi + âz sin θi
(ε = 81ε0 , µ = µ0 ), as shown in Figure P1- ε ε
'
36, creates a reflected field on the free-space '
ε
( ε
−j β0 x sin θi +z ε − sin θi
2
)
side of the interface and a transmitted field × Th E0 e 0
µ0
on the water side of the interface. Assum-
ing the incident (Ei ), reflected (Er ), and

Reflected Incident qi qi
Incident Reflected

e0, m0 y
e0, m0
e = 81e0 x
Transmitted e = 81e0 y x
m = m0
m = m0 Transmitted
z
z qt

Figure P1-36 Figure P1-37

 PROBLEMS 37

√
where E0 is a constant and β0 = ω µ0 ε0 . surface of the PEC (y = 0, on the free space
Determine the coefficients Ŵh and Th by part of the PEC), are given by
applying the boundary conditions on the tan-
gential components. Evaluate all the con- Hincident (on surface of PEC)
stants. 1
= (−âx cos θi + âz sin θi )
1.38. Repeat Problem 1.37 except that Ŵh and 377
Th should be determined using the bound- Hreflected (on surface of PEC)
ary conditions on the normal components.
1
Compare the answers to those obtained in = (−âx cos θi − âz sin θi )
Problem 1.37. Explain. 377
Find the total electric current density Js
1.39. Repeat Problem 1.37 when the incident, induced on the surface of the PEC.
reflected, and transmitted electric and mag-
netic fields are given by
Incident
Ei = (âx cos θi − âz sin θi ) field
Reflected
qi y
−j β0 (x sin θi +z cos θi ) field
× E0 e
' PEC (s = ∞) free space
i ε0
H = ây E0 e −j β0 (x sin θi +z cos θi ) x
µ0
Er = (âx cos θi + âz sin θi )
Figure P1-42
× Ŵe E0 e −j β0 (x sin θi −z cos θi )
'
ε0 1.43. The time-harmonic complex field inside a
Hr = −ây Ŵe E0 e −j β0 (x sin θi −z cos θi )
µ0 source-free conducting pipe of rectangu-
 '
ε0
'
ε0 lar cross section (waveguide), shown in
t 2
E = âx 1 − sin θi − âz sin θi Figure P1-43 filled with free space, is given
ε ε
'
by
ε 2
( )
−j β0 x sin θi +z ε − sin θi
!π "
× Te E0 e 0 E = ây E0 sin x e −j βz z ,
'
a
ε 2
( )
−j β0 x sin θi +z ε − sin θi
'
t ε 0 ≤ x ≤ a, 0 ≤ y ≤ b
H = ây Te E0 e 0
µ0

Ŵe and Te should be determined using the

boundary conditions on the tangential com-
ponents.
y
1.40. Repeat Problem 1.39 except that Ŵe and
Te should be determined using the bound-
ary conditions on the normal components.
b e0, m0
Compare the answers to those obtained in
Problem 1.39. Explain.
a x
1.41. For Problem 1.16 find the: z
(a) Average power density at large dis-
tances. Figure P1-43
(b) Total power exiting through the surface
of a large sphere of radius r(r ≫ a). where *
# $2
λ0
1.42. A uniform plane wave traveling in a free βz = β0 1 −
2a
space medium is incident at an oblique angle
θi upon an infinite and flat perfect electric E0 is a constant, and β0 = 2π/λ0 =
√
conductor (PEC, σ = ∞). The normalized ω µ0 ε0 . For a section of waveguide of
incident and reflected magnetic fields at the length l along the z axis, determine the:
38 TIME-VARYING AND TIME-HARMONIC ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS

(a) Corresponding complex magnetic field. conducting pipes (waveguides) of different

(b) Supplied complex power. cross sections. One such cavity is that of
(c) Exiting complex power. rectangular cross section that is enclosed on
(d) Dissipated real power. all six sides, as shown in Figure P1-46. One
(e) Time-average magnetic energy. set of complex fields that can exist inside
(f) Time-average electric energy. such a source-free cavity filled with free
Ultimately verify that the conservation-of- space is given by
energy equation in integral form is satisfied !π " !π "
for this set of fields inside this section of the E = ây E0 sin x sin z
waveguide. a c

1.44. For the waveguide and its set of fields of such that
Problem 1.43, verify the conservation-of- '! "
energy equation in differential form for any 1 π 2 ! π "2
ω = ωr = √ +
observation point within the waveguide. µ0 ε0 a c
1.45. The normalized time-harmonic electric field where E0 is a constant and ωr is referred to
inside an air-filled, source-free rectangu- as the resonant radian frequency. Within the
lar pipe/waveguide of infinite length and cavity, determine the:
with cross-sectional dimensions of a and b, (a) Corresponding magnetic field.
whose four walls (left-right, top-bottom) are (b) Supplied complex power.
perfect electric conductors (PEC, σ = ∞), is (c) Dissipated real power.
given by (d) Time-average magnetic energy.
(e) Time-average electric energy.
Ex = cos(βx x ) sin(βy y)
Ultimately verify that the conservation of
Ey = sin(βx x ) cos(βy y) energy equation in integral form is sat-
isfied for this set of fields inside this
where βx and βy are real constants. For non- resonant cavity.
trivial(nonzero) fields, determine all possible
values of βx in terms of a, and βy in terms
of b.
y

s=∞
b e0, m0 x

x c
z b
a

Figure P1-45 a
z
1.46. At microwave frequencies, high Q resonant
cavities are usually constructed of enclosed Figure P1-46