[CHAPTER 1] MEASUREMENTS 15 Ans. 1.6 Ans. 1.7 Ans. Ans. ‘An old saying is that “A chain is only as strong as its weakest link”. What analogue statement can you make regarding experimental data used in computation? The analogous statement regarding experimental data used in computationsis “A result obtained from an experimental data used in computation is only as accurate as its least accurate reading”. The period of simple pendulum is measured by a stopwatch. What type of errors ae possible in the time period? When the period of a simple pendulum is measured by a stopwatch, the following types of errors are possible: 1, Systematic Error: The error due to the fault in the measuring instrument is called systematic error ic., zero error. 2, Personal Error: The error due to the faulty procedure of an observer is called personal error. Does dimensional analysis give any information on constant of proportionality that may appear in an algebraic expression? Explain. Dimensional analysis docs not give any information’ about the.constant of proportionality or dimensionless constant. For example The numerical value of this constant cannot determined by dimensional analysis. Write the dimer @ Pressure (i) Density (@ Dimensions of Pressure: F_ ma As P gar kg ms* 1-0 Unit ofP = “= kgm's > [P}= [ML'T?] Gi) Dimensions of Density: . Mass As Density = Volume ‘i kg 3 Unitofdensity = [3 = kem [Density!) = [ML™] The wavelength 2. of a wave depends on the speed V of the wave and its frequency f. Knowing that: [A] = (Lh h{v] = (LT"] and [tf] = (T"] Decide which of the following is correct, f = VA or f=[CHAPTER 1] MEASUREMENTS se Ans. In 1" case if f = VA where f is frequency. Its dimension is [T~'], V is speed, its dimensions are wT") 1. is the wavelength, its dimension is [ L ]. So, y= rye) y= wry Hence the equation f = VA is not dimensionally correct because left hand side dimension is not equal to right hand side dimension. Tn second case v aitied % 1. LT) So (l= Try y= (r} v Hence the equation f = x is dimensionally correct because left hand side dimensions is equal to right hand side dimension.[CHAPTER 1] MEASUREMENTS se Ans. In 1" case if f = VA where f is frequency. Its dimension is [T~'], V is speed, its dimensions are wT") 1. is the wavelength, its dimension is [ L ]. So, y= rye) y= wry Hence the equation f = vA is not dimensionally correct because left hand side dimension is not equal to right hand side dimension. Tn second case v ities % 1. LT] So (l= Try y= (r} Vv Hence the equation f = x is dimensionally correct because left hand side dimensions is equal to right hand side dimension.[CHAPTER 1} MEASUREMENTS 24 To Find (a) Seconds inone year = ? (b) Nanosecond in one year = ? (©) Years inonesecond = ? SOLUTION) (a) As we know that lyear = 365 days = 365 x 24x 3600 = 3.15 x 10” sec. Seconds in one year. = 3.15 x 10” sec. (b) As lyear = 3.1510’ 10’ nsec. »Sincelns = 10°%s 3.15 10'° nanosecond. 1s = 10°ns (c) As 1 year 3.15 x 10” sec. Sassen" = I second second = 0.317 x 10°’ years = 3.17 10° years Result (a) Number of seconds in one year = 3.15 x 107/8econds 3.15 x 10'° nanosecond 3.17 ¥ 10° years (b) Number of nanoseconds in one year (c) Number of years in one second PROBLEM 1.3) The length and width of arectangular plate are measured to be 15.3 cm and 12.80 cm, respectively. Find the area of the plate: Data Length of rectangular plate = L = 15.3cm Width of rectangular plate. =, W= 12.80 cm To Find Area of the plate. = A= ? SOLUTION\ As we know that Area = Length x Width = 15.3 x 12.80 = 195.84 cm? Result Area of rectangular plate =_A = 196 cm”[CHAPTER 1] MEASUREMENTS “0 PROBLEM 1.4) Add the following masses given in kg upto appropriate precision. 2.189, 0.089, 11.8 and 5.32. Data The given masses are 2.189, 0.089, 11.8 and 5.32 To Find Sum of masses upto appropriate precision SOLUTION\ Sum of masses = 2.189 + 0,089 11.8 + 5.32 19.398 19.4 kg Result Sum of masses upto appropriate precision = 919.4 kg PROBLEM 1 Find the value of *g’ and its uncertainty using D=2n aft from the following measurements made during an experiment. Length of simple pendulum / = 100 cm Time for 20 vibrations = 40.2 s Length was measured by a metre scale of accuracy upto 1 mm and time by stop watch of accuracy upto 0.1 s. Data Length of simple pendulum= 7 = 100cm = lm Time for 20 vibration = t = 40.25 . Z t 40.2 Time periody= T = 56). = “59° = 2.01 sec Least count of metrescale = 1mm= 0.1 cm To Find Acceleration due to gravity = g = ? SOLUTION| As we know that eee anf Squaring[CHAPTER 1] MEASUREMENTS 20 4nl Beer | Putting the values eee 43.14) x1 ~~ 2.01) _ 39.4384 ~ 4.04 g = 9.76 m/s* Since Uncertainty in length = 0.1m % uncertainty in length = 0.1% % uncertainty in time = O Or x100 Since oa = 0.005 secs = 0.25% Thus Total uncertainty in “g” = % uncertainty in time + 2(% uncertainty in time) = 0.1 + 2(0.25) = 01405 = 0.6% Thus Uncertainty in calculated value of g = a %0.97 = 0.06 m/s” Hence g = (9.76 +0.06) m/s Result Acceleration due to gravity = g = (9,76 +0.06) m/s* PROBLEM 1.6| What are the dimensions and units of gravitational constant G in the formula? P&P Data The given formula is Fe To Find Dimensions of G = ? Unit of G =? SOLUTIO: Now for dimensions mim, mm F =G[CHAPTER 1] MEASUREMENTS at Exr i ae Since F = ma _ max? m, xm 2 een? Unit of G = keris Xm B- KS m kgs? Dimensions of G = [M'L°T?] For unit of G g -~en. ~ mxm— kg.kg G = Nm’kg? Result Dimensions of G = [M'L°T?] Unit of G = N-m’/kg™ PROBLEM 1.7 Show that the expression v;= v; + at dimensionally correct, where V; is the velocity at t= 0, ais acceleration and Vj is the velocity at time t. Data ‘The given equation is Ve = Vi tat To Find Is the equation dimensionally correct = 2 SOLUTION\ Now Ve = Vitat In unit form m Ra, s ss m mim a a S LoLE,L i. ee Where 2 is constant so it is dimensionless L _L pusetaemate (LT'] = (LT!) ary = ry Result Hence the equation V¢= Vi + at is dimensionally correct.[CHAPTER 1} MEASUREMENTS 26 PROBLEM 1.8) The speed v of sound waves through a medium may be assumed to depend on (a) the density p of the medium and (b) its modulus of elasticity E which is the ratio of stress to strain. Deduce by the method of dimensions, the formula for the speed of sound. SOLUTIO.: As we know that the speed of sound depends upon the following two factors (i) Density p* and (ii) Elasticity Since Vv p*E? Vv = Constant x p*E” ni) Writing dimensions of quantities on both the sides. Dimensions of velocity v= [f] = (LT) ck M The dimensions of density p = [ojumnc ky Unitofp = A [p] = MLA) Stress F and Dimensions of elasticity E =/gne = ‘Where strain has no dimensions ma peels UnitofE = see ce} = BS = Mery Putting in equation (i), {LT-'] = Constant (ML“]' [ML'T?]> (LT “] = Constant x [M*L™"][M°L°T*] Constant x [M"? L3** 1] Comparing the exponents ForL = -3a—b= 1 ForT 2b = ForM a+b =0 As and[CHAPTER 1] MEASUREMENTS “oy 1 atz = 0 __i PD Putting the values in eq. (i) Vv = Constant x p17 BE!” 2 v = Constant x pe E : The formula for the speed of sound is E ; Result PROBLEM 1.9| SOLUTION\ ‘The given equation is E = me Writing the dimension of both sides Dimension of energy (E) = Work = Fed B e oe Unit of work, i eS « 8 3 2 m ker (W] = [MT] 7) 2 m kg Unit of mc” f} = a i} [me?] = [ML?T?] From eq. (i) and (ii) MUT?) = [ML?T?} Result Show that the famous “Einstein equation” E =me’ is dimensionally consistent. Hence the Einstein’s equation E = mc” is dimensionally consistent,[CHAPTER 1} MEASUREMENTS 30 PROBLEM 1.10) Suppose, we are told that the acceleration of a particle moving in a circle of radius r with uniform speed V is proportional to some power of r, say r", and some power of V, say V", determine the powers of r and v? SOLUTIO. According to statement, the acceleration of particle moving in a circle éan be writtenvas awry a Gemini ee @ Writing the dimension of both sides Dimensions of acceleration = [a] = [LT?] m= [L} Dimensions of velocity = [v] = [LT'] Putting in eq. (i) [LT?] = Constant x [LJ [LT '™ {LT?] = Constant x [L"] (2) [LT?] = Constant x [L"*™T™] Comparing the exponents Dimensions of radius = [r] n+m=1 —m m Putting in above n+2=61 n £ 1-2 m = -1 Putting in eq. (i) a = Constant x r'v? a= Constant x= Result The acceleration of a particle moves with velocity in a circle of radius r is si v a = Constant x