Factorization using cross multiplication method
Yue Kwok Choy
1. One variable
Most readers are familiar with the cross multiplication method shown below:
(a) 10x2 – 17x – 20 (b) 8x2 – 30x + 7
= (2x – 5)(5x + 4) = (4x – 1)(2x – 7)
2. Two variables
The method can be extended to two variables. Compare the following examples with those in
one variable:
(a) 10x2 – 17xy – 20y2 (b) 8x2 – 30xy + 7y2
= (2x – 5y)(5x + 4y) = (4x – y)(2x – 7y)
3. Biquadratics
The same principle applies to biquadratics:
(a) 10x4 – 17x2 – 20 (b) 8x4 – 30x2 + 7
= (2x2 – 5)(5x2 + 4) = (4x2 – 1)(2x2 – 7)
= (2x + 1)(2x – 1)
(2x2 – 7)
4. Two variables with constant terms in factors
Factorize : E = 2x2 + 2y2 – 5xy + 7x – 5y + 3
(i) Form a quadratic function in x:
E = 2x2 – (5y – 7)x + (2y2 – 5y + 3)
(ii) Factorize the last term:
E =2x2 – (5y – 7)x + (2y – 3) (y – 1)
(iii) Use cross multiplication again, but you have to deal with variable.
You have to take care of the coefficient of x-term in E:
1 [–(y – 1)] + 2 [–(2y – 3)] = – (5y – 7)
E = [x –(2y – 3)] [2x –(y – 1)]
= (x – 2y +3) (2x – y +1)
1
5. Three variables
With more twists, the cross multiplication method can be applied to three variables.
(a) Factorize : E = 2x2 + 2y2 + 15z2 + 5xy – 13yz – 11zx
(i) Form a quadratic function in x:
E = 2x2 + (5y – 11z)x + (2y2 – 13yz+ 15z2)
(ii) Factorize the last term:
E = 2x2 + (5y – 11z)x + (2y – 3z)(y – 5z)
(iii) Use cross multiplication again, but you have to deal with variables y and z.
You have to take care of the coefficient of the x-term in E:
1(y – 5z) + 2(2y – 3z) = (5y – 11z)
E = [x + (2y – 3z)] [2x + (y – 5z)]
= (x + 2y – 3z) (2x + y – 5z)
(b) Factorize : E = 2x2 + 2y2 + 12z2 – 5xy + 10yz – 11zx
(i) Form a quadratic function in x:
E = 2x2 – (5y – 11z)x + (2y2 +10yz+ 12z2)
= 2x2 – (5y – 11z)x + 2(y2 +5yz+ 6z2)
(ii) Factorize the last term:
E = 2x2 – (5y – 11z)x + 2(y + 2z)(y + 3z)
(iii) Use cross multiplication again, but you have to deal with variables y and z.
There are several possible cross multiplications. The correct one is shown below.
You have to take care of the coefficient of the x-term in E:
1(y +3z) – 22(2y – 3z) =– (5y – 11z)
E = [x – 2(y + 2z)] [2x – (y +3z)]
= (x – 2y – 4z) (2x – y – 3z)
Exercise Factorize the followings
2
1. 3x – 7x – 6 2. 16x2 – 12x – 10 3. 36x4 – 229x2 + 25
4. 6x2 – 3xy + 11x – 4y + 4 5. 10a2 + 3b2 + 17ab – 22a – 7b + 4
6. 4x2 + 2xy – 2y2 + 13xz – 5yz + 3z2 7. 3x2 – 2xy – 20xz + 14yz – 7z2
Answers
1. (3x + 2)(x – 3) 2. 2(2x +1)(4x –5) 3. (3x –1)(3x + 1)(2x – 5)(2x + 5)
4. (2x –y + 1) (3x + 4) 5. (5a + b –1)(2a+3b – 4) 6. (x +y +3z)(4x –2y +z)
7. (3x –2y +z) (x –7z)
2
