ASSIGNMENT NO.

02

COURSE:
PROFESSIONALISM IN TEACHING (8612)

SUBMITTED TO:
Sobia Noreen
SUBMITTED BY:
Zareena BiBi

Student ID: 00000137230

Level: B.Ed.(1.5 years)
Submission Date: 03-04- 2023

ALLMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY

ISLAMABAD

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 Intellectual Property Statement

By submitting this assignment, I declare that this

is my original work and that it is free of
plagiarism. I accept that the assignment may be
checked for plagiarism using electronic other
means and that it may be transferred and kept in a
database for data- matching purposes to the
detection of plagiarism. I work on this assignment
and learn a lot.

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CONTENT PAGE:

QUESTION NO.01

Explain concept of career development what are the steps of

successful career development.

Career Development

 Introduction and Meaning

 Importance of Career Development
 What is successful career development?

Steps of Successful Career Development

 Planning
 Self-awareness
 Professional Opportunities
 Take Action and Try Options
 Reflect and Evaluate

QUESTION NO.2

Describe situation of Pakistan with reference to provision of free

education and right to education.

 Situation of Pakistan
 Education gadget of Pakistan
 RIGHT TO EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN:
 Analysis of training device in Pakistan

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  Problems
 Conclusion

QUESTION NO.3

Examine competencies of prospective teachers in open and

distance learning (ODL) Also discuss role of AIOU in teacher
education.

 Open and Distance learning

 Introduction
 The Aim of Research
 Strategies
 Role of AIOU in Teacher Education

QUESTION NO.4

Comment how social context influence teaching Learning process.

 SOCIAL CONTEXT
 Objectives
 IMPORTANCE OF THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF TEACHING
AND LEARNING
 The Social Context of School Learning
 State Of Knowledge
 The Social Nature of Knowledge Acquisition

QUESTION NO. 5

What ethical issues are associated with the teachers? Why are
these associated with teachers?

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  Professionalism in teacher Education
 Professional Ethics
 WHY Teaching is called Professional?
 Criteria for Professionalism
 Professional Ethics For Teachers
 Ethical Issue Pertaining to Education

References

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QUESTION NO. 1

Explain concept of career development what are the steps of

successful career development.

ANSWER:

The career development is the procedure of conversion of private profession

plan into action which will reap career goals. There are 3 key heroes who share
duty for an employee’s profession development- the worker, the corporation,
and the manager.

A career improvement system consists of a variety of components for use within

the organizations. In order to boom the performance of the device, the HR
mangers should have complete information approximately these tools
considering they play a role of representative whilst employees and supervisors
use this machine. Plus, they're responsible for designing and growing an
powerful career improvement machine for their company.

Career Development – Introduction and Meaning:

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According to Edwin Filippo, “A profession is sequence of separate but related
work activities that provide continuity, order and that means to a person’s life.”
It isn't always simply a sequence of work-related studies, but includes a
sequence of well sequenced role experiences main to an growing level of
obligation, fame, power and rewards. It represents an organized path taken by
means of an character throughout time and area.

A profession path is the sequential pattern of jobs that paperwork a career.

Career dreams are the future positions one strives to attain as a part of a career.
Career planning is the system with the aid of which one selects profession
dreams and the course to those goals.

Career improvement involves those non-public upgrades that a person

undertakes to obtain a personal career plan. Career control is the method of
designing and implementing desires, plans and strategies to permit the agency,
to fulfill worker desires even as permitting individuals to achieve their career
dreams.

The profession development entails the method of conversion of personal career

plan into movement in order to obtain career goals. There are 3 key heroes who
share obligation for an employee’s career development- the worker, the
organization, and the supervisor.

The fundamental and essential responsibility of career development lies with the
employees simplest few crucial guide can be provided with the aid of managers
and organization. Generally there are six principal errors which would come in
the way of employee all through career development programmes as identified
by using E. D. Beta.

Career development is vital for enforcing profession plans. It includes activities

undertaken by means of the character employees and the employer to meet
profession aspirations and process necessities. An important requirement of
profession improvement is that each employee must take delivery of his/her duty
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for improvement as all development is self-development.

It is necessary to perceive opportunities and constraints in the winning

environment. This will help you to consciousness your efforts on applicable
areas and avoid irrelevant or obsolete factors in the task market. Some of the
questions that must be considered for placing initial profession targets. Setting
preliminary career targets

1. Do I really want to train? If so, what do I need to gain as a instructor?

2. What are my gift strengths? Will they be utilized in teaching?

3. What are my gift weaknesses? Are they probable to make teaching very hard?

4. What are the connections between my profession and my non-public

lifestyles? Are they like minded?

5. What is the very best priority in my existence at present? (For example, is it

to teach a particular challenge, to live within the equal area, to be close to
family?)

6. Will I need promoting? If so, why? If no longer, why not?

Importance of Career Development:

Teaching profession is a very hard and worrying as the trainer is worried with
the minds of the scholars. Teacher, as a professional, come upon a variety of
challenges in their paintings lifestyles. In order to cope with those demanding
situations efficaciously and to perform the expert obligations in an effective
way, teachers have to undergo through a pre-planned profession development
procedure.

Career improvement is non-stop and systematic process. It isn't simply a fixed

of unrelated random activities. It has clear dreams and goals. On the premise of
those
desires, content material and substances are selected for career improvement.
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When instructors are trying to meet the professional standards for instructors (see
segment 5.Four of this bankruptcy), they must go through professional
development.

What is successful career development?

A successful career development strategy first requires a foundation that focuses

on various alignments —between employer and employee goals and desires,
between employees and their jobs, between company strategy and employer
goals, and between employee performance and practical outcomes.

Steps of Successful Career Development:

Five-Step Career Decision Making Process:

The profession choice-making procedure is ongoing at some point of your

expert life and as your profession progresses, you can locate yourself the use of
this procedure again. There are instances you may sense frustrated as in case
you aren't any toward finding route than while you started out. If you’re going
via the system, you are making development. Each location you discover takes
you in the direction of the options which can be an amazing in shape.

Planning:

For a success career improvement, right planning is first maximum critical step.
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Planning includes setting objectives to your career i.e., what do you need to reap
in next 05 years in terms of personal and/or expert development? Personal
development may also encompass your interpersonal and intrapersonal abilities
while professional development may also encompass similarly training,
situation matter and pedagogical understanding and abilities .

For example, in case you need to get better training or some refresher courses
for pedagogical strategies or a few quick publications for updating your subject
remember knowledge or some persona improvement workshop. You can
finalize one or more objectives relying on your possibilities.

Another critical a part of planning is to think about feasible ways to gain your
targets? A refresher path, similarly training, studying related books, in search of
steering of a senior colleague as a mentor, meetings, seminars, membership of
professional business enterprise body e.g., Asia-Pacific Regional Network for
Early Childhood (ARNEC), Kappa Delta Pi (KDP), Online Learning
Consortium (OLC), ASCD: Supporting Educators Yesterday, Today and
Tomorrow.

Self-awareness:

Second essential step is to realize your strengths and weaknesses. It can be

related to individual (intrapersonal i.e., self-control, integrity, emotional
intelligence and so forth.) talents, interpersonal (listening, verbal exchange,
negotiation, helping, being concerned, cooperation, collaboration) skills and
technical or process- related capabilities (i.e., command on issue count and
pedagogical capabilities). National Professional Standards for instructors in
Pakistan needs understanding, talents and mind-set related to a variety of areas
(mentioned in element in phase 5.Four of this chapter).
Whenever, a trainer plans for his/her profession development, he/she ought to
direct his/her struggles for career improvement keeping in mind those
requirements. This step is likewise known as self-awareness (Donnelly, 2002).
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Professional Opportunities:

The next step is to enhance in your weak areas via adopting appropriate
strategies/possibility e.g., in case you want to update your pedagogical abilities,
whether or not you may move for any of one, a few or all of alternatives such as
refresher direction, or examine relevant papers and books, and attend a seminar
or training workshop.

Another manner to become grasp in sure abilities is to volunteer for those tasks
e.g., if you assume which you are vulnerable in budgeting, take responsibilities
related to budgeting for an occasion. This can help you to learn the regions in
that you are missing. However, overcoming weaknesses in talents and
experiences calls for time, dedication and effort.

An critical point for making use of a professional opportunity is which you want
to be selective about which opportunity you may avail. Not all professional
opportunities may be a sensible decision to take. You want to suppose ask 3
questions from your self:

i. Are you equipped for the possibility? In other phrases, do your ability set and
experience ensure an affordable chance of achievement inside the position?
Ii. Does the location make a contribution drastically to additional expert
improvement, particularly in precedence regions you have already recognized for

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career development? Iii. Would the placement result in different possibilities
later, both immediately or circuitously?

Take Action and Try Options:

Now it’s time to strive out those profession alternatives and benefit some enjoy,
via internships, element-time jobs at Yale, and revel in with pupil organizations.
For example, campus publications want writers in addition to staff to manage
finances, increase multimedia, create illustrations and take photographs, oversee
layout and format, control printing and distribution, maintain web sites, solicit
sponsorship, and generate advert revenue.

Reflect and Evaluate:

During and after an revel in, take time to evaluate and reflect.

What become exciting? What turned into no longer?

Were there factors of the revel in that had been difficult and elements in that you
excelled?

Was it the paintings itself, or perhaps something to do with the human beings
that made it fun?

If you’re taking time to mirror, you’re also mastering extra approximately the
kind of paintings and environment you'll locate most gratifying.

Career development is a non-stop system. Further, it is also a long time method

comprising of at least three years or greater. It is a versatile technique in which
you constantly assess what your desires are, where you're with recognize on
your goals, and plotting new strategies and instructions for your career.

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QUESTION NO.2

Describe situation of Pakistan with reference to provision of free

education and right to education.

ANSWER:

Situation of Pakistan:

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The gadget of education includes all institutions which can be involved in
delivering formal training (public and personal, for-profit and nonprofit, onsite
or virtual guidance) and their schools, college students, physical infrastructure,
resources and rules. In a broader definition the gadget also includes the
institutions which are at once involved in financing, handling, running or
regulating such establishments (like authorities ministries and regulatory bodies,
critical checking out businesses, textbook forums and accreditation forums).
The guidelines and policies that guide the person and institutional interactions
within the set up also are part of the training gadget.

Education gadget of Pakistan:

The education system of Pakistan is made from 260,903 institutions and is

facilitating forty one,018,384 college students with the help of 1,535,461
teachers. The device includes 180,846 public institutions and eighty,057
personal institutions. Hence 31% educational institutes are run with the aid of
personal zone even as 69% are public institutes.

Analysis of education gadget in Pakistan:

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Pakistan has expressed its commitment to promote education and literacy in the
united states of america by training rules at home degree and getting worried
into international commitments on training. In this regard countrywide training
rules are the visions which recommend strategies to boom literacy charge,
capability building, and beautify facilities in the faculties and educational
institutes. MDGs and EFA programmes are global commitments of Pakistan for
the promoting of literacy.

A review of the education system of Pakistan suggests that there has been little
change in Pakistan’s colleges for the reason that 2010, whilst the 18th
Amendment enshrined training as a fundamental human proper within the
constitution. Problems of get admission to, quality, infrastructure and inequality
of possibility, stay endemic.

RIGHT TO EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN:

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Development of responsible, capable and aware people and societies is now not
feasible with out provision of tutorial facilities. Education isn't simplest
important for each baby however it's far their basic right as a result it is the
number one obligation of state to enable its residents to get admission to
schooling. Many nations has constituted by way of laws that training is the
primary and fundamental right of each person.

Article 37 B of the charter of Pakistan said: “the nation shall do away with
illiteracy and provide loose and compulsory secondary education inside
minimum possible time”.

18th Amendment 2010:

In 2010, government of Pakistan has additionally included Right to Education

(RTE) through Article 25 A of the 18th amendment. Amendment to the
constitution is the first step and it is essential to make law for its right
implementation in the united states.

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The statement of Article 25 A is as follows: “The State shall offer loose and
compulsory schooling to all kids of the age of five to 16 years in such way as
may be determined through law”.

RTE is identified for the reason that Universal statement of Human Rights
(1948) in its article 26 and UNESCO has adopted it as free and obligatory
primary training for kids from 1951. Education for All (EFA) is every other
international motion and a worldwide dedication for providing simple first-rate
training to all kids, young people and adults.

Pakistan is one of the signatories of EFA among 164 countries and government
of Pakistan pledged to reap all 6 dreams of EFA to be met via 2015. The year
2015 has passed and this dream nonetheless but to return true in Pakistan as we
are some distance at the back of in accomplishing the desires of EFA.

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Pakistan is also devoted to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
of schooling via the year 2015 however this dedication could not be fulfilled
correctly in Pakistan.

According to UNESCO there are numerous benefits of education:

literacy is a human proper and it is also a device of human, social and private
development. Literacy competencies are at the heart of simple education for all.
Basic literacy capabilities are crucial for decreasing the fee of child mortality,
success of gender equality in training and other fields, eradicating poverty,
controlling over populace increase, and making sure sustainable improvement
of the united states.

Sen (1989) states that quality basic education allows kids to have literacy skills
of lifestyles and for continuous newcomers or lifelong learners. It is likewise
determined that if determine are literate they would send their kids to school,
literate individuals are capable of get entry to greater instructional opportunities.

All of the educational policies emphasized loose and compulsory schooling for

youngsters in Pakistan but it couldn't be achieved in its real spirit. Now primary
and secondary schooling in Pakistan is loose but there are serious worries over

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its
great. Annual Status of Education Reports (ASER) claimed that the excellent of
basic education in Pakistan is depressing in the light of students’ performance in
English, Urdu and Mathematics.

Analysis of training device in Pakistan:

Pakistan has expressed its dedication to promote training and literacy inside the
country by way of training rules at home stage and getting worried into
worldwide commitments on education. In this regard countrywide schooling
policies are the visions which suggest techniques to growth literacy price,
capacity constructing, and beautify facilities in the colleges and academic
institutes. MDGs and EFA programmes are global commitments of Pakistan for
the merchandising of literacy.

Issues:

A) MDGs and Pakistan:

Due to the troubles in education gadget of Pakistan, the united states is lagging
at the back of in achieving its MDGs of education. The MDGs have laid down
dreams for schooling area:

Goal 2: The purpose 2 of MDGs is to attain Universal Primary Education

(UPE) and by using 2015, youngsters anywhere, boys and ladies alike, can be
capable to finish a full course of number one schooling. By the year 2014 the
enrolment statistics show an increase inside the enrolment of college students of
the age of three-sixteen 12 months even as dropout fee reduced. But the want
for growing enrolment of students stays excessive to achieve MDGs goal.
Punjab is leading province smart in internet primary enrolment price with sixty
two% enrolment. The enrolment rate in Sindh province is 52%, in Khyber
Pakhtonkhawa (KPK) 54% and number one enrolment rate in Baluchistan is

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forty five%.

Goal three: The aim three of MDGs is Promoting Gender Equality and
Women Empowerment. It is aimed toward putting off gender disparity in
number one and secondary schooling with the aid of 2005 and in all stages of
education no longer later than 2015. There is a stark disparity among male and
girl literacy costs. The national literacy price of male changed into 71% at the
same time as that of female become forty eight% in 2012-thirteen. Provinces
stated the same gender disparity. Punjab literacy fee in male turned into 71%
and for females it was 54%. In Sindh literacy price in male changed into seventy
two% and woman forty seven%, in KPK male 70% and females 35%, even as in
Balochistan male 62% and female 23%.

B) Education for All (EFA) Commitment:

The EFA goals awareness on early life care and training consisting of pre-
education, common primary training and secondary training to young people,
adult literacy with gender parity and high-quality of schooling as crosscutting
thematic and programme priorities.

EFA Review Report October 2014 outlines that in spite of repeated coverage
commitments, primary schooling in Pakistan is lagging in the back of in
achieving its goal of ordinary primary schooling.

C) Vision 2030:

Vision 2030 of Planning Commission of Pakistan looks for an educational

environment which promotes the wondering mind. The intention underneath
Vision 2030 is one curriculum and one national examination device beneath
country duty. The strategies charted out to obtain the purpose included:
Increasing public expenditure on schooling and abilties generation from 2.7% of
GDP to five% through 2010 and seven% by 2015.
 Re-introduce the technical and vocational circulate inside the last years of
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 secondary colleges.
 Gradually growth vocational and technical schooling numbers to 25-30%
of all secondary enrolment by using 2015 and 50 consistent with cent
with the aid of 2030.
 Enhance the scale and quality of education in preferred and the scale and
great of clinical/technical education in Pakistan in particular.

Problems:

The problems cause the comprehension of the issues which can be confronted
within the development of schooling gadget and advertising of literacy. The
have a look at outlines seven essential troubles such as:

1) Lack of Proper Planning: Pakistan is a signatory to MDGs and EFA

desires.
2)Social constraints: It is essential to recognize that the problems which prevent
the provision of training aren't just due to issues of control by authorities but a
number of them are deeply rooted inside the social and cultural orientation of the
humans.

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2) Gender gap: Major factors that restrict enrolment quotes of girls encompass
poverty, cultural constraints, illiteracy of mother and father and parental issues
about safety and mobility in their daughters.

3) Cost of training: The monetary fee is better in personal faculties, but

those are positioned in richer settlements handiest.

4) War on Terror: Pakistan’s engagement in battle against terrorism

additionally affected the promotion of literacy marketing campaign.

5) Funds for Education: Pakistan spends 2.4% GDP on schooling. At

countrywide degree, 89% education expenditure contains of present day fees
including instructors’ salaries, whilst simplest eleven% comprises of
improvement expenditure which isn't always sufficient to elevate quality of
education.

6) Technical Education: Sufficient attention has not been paid to the

technical and vocational education in Pakistan. The quantity of technical and
vocational schooling institutes is not enough and many are disadvantaged of
infrastructure, teachers and tools for training. The population of a country is one
of the most important elements of its countrywide strength. It can grow to be an
asset once it's miles skilled.

Conclusion:

The device of education includes all establishments which might be involved in

turning in formal education (public and private, for-income and nonprofit, onsite
or digital instruction) and their faculties, college students, physical
infrastructure,
resources and policies. In a broader definition the device additionally includes
the establishments which are immediately involved in financing, handling,
running or regulating such establishments (like authorities ministries and
regulatory bodies, central trying out corporations, textbook boards and
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accreditation boards). The guidelines and regulations that guide the character and
institutional interactions inside the installation also are a part of the schooling
device.

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QUESTION NO.3

Examine competencies of prospective teachers in open and

distance learning (ODL) Also discuss role of AIOU in teacher
education.

ANSWER:

Open and Distance learning:

Teacher education and open and distance learning (ODL) are one at a time
complex and critically crucial fields of endeavors. Used together, they have got
the ability to enhance the effective, green and equitable provision of schooling
and to maximize access to such provision by way of various classes of
disadvantaged newbies.

Why is it so vital to use ODL to layout, put in force, evaluate and beautify
teacher schooling? A beneficial starting point is the aspiration of Education for
All(articulated in declarations in Justine, Thailand, in 1990, and in Dakar,
Senegal, in 2000), and observed by using a stated international commitment to
attaining Universal Elementary Education (Daniel 2009; Dyer 2009).
Distance Education is a new, global generation-primarily based training to
facilitate smooth, instantaneous studying and interplay for communicators,
teachers, and students in education applications.

Distance Education can offer mass-schooling for all of us. It leads human beings
to learn in my view and shifts duty for studying from teachers to students. It
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enables scholar choice of publications and content material to reflect their
desires and motivations. It gives creative and qualified ideas and facts to inspire
college students from diverse backgrounds.

To be powerful, distance training packages want to redefine the jobs of teachers

and students inside the getting to know-coaching process.

Introduction:

Technology changes every life fashion and human hobby to end up speedy,
international, and time-crucial. The computer helps speedy get right of entry to
beneficial information. Social, international, cultural, and academic
competitiveness are stimulated by means of instructional technology that
definitely affect style, period and approach of mastering for organizations and
people. Technology influences wherein we research. Distance learning in
homes, workplaces, and libraries complement classical gaining knowledge of in
school rooms (Clark, 2001).

Distance Education refers the interactive, academic process between

scholar and instructor separated via bodily distance (Harry et al., 1993,
p.32). It adapts to person variations and the way students react to media.
Personality, highbrow abilities, cognitive and mastering patterns are crucial
issues in distance education (Harry et al., 1993).

Distance schooling is increasing hastily as it profits international attractiveness

through students, instructional institutions, enterprise organizations, and the
general public at large. It makes education on hand to underserved populations,
and bendy in becoming into complicated existence, schedules, and obligations of
nowadays novices. The best of Distance Education is not in query, and
consciousness has moved beyond defining what it's far to determining what it
may do.

Instead of visiting to wait regularly scheduled instructions at a instructor-

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targeted campus, students can get admission to net courses sincerely
everywhere. Despite the physical distance between college students and
teachers, communique technologies offer many possibilities for interplay. These
identical communication technology facilitate rapid dissemination of recent
ideas in disciplines which includes science and era. Distance studying is a
effective impact for alternate and worldwide implementation in all disciplines.
Pedagogy in traditional institutions of mastering has been tormented by distance
training.

For societal development; schooling must be a frontrunner in imparting clean

get admission to understanding, effective approaches to study, and increase
opportunities for qualified human beings. Distance training allows human
beings to learn in my opinion at any time or area. They study from laptop
assisted programmes, interactive multimedia, and net discussions rather than
from lectures and lecture room techniques of coaching. Distance Education is
truly associated with the aid of the discovery of reality for gaining antithesis
facets of the mind to get the exact understanding (Willis, 2002).

Distance educators refer to three distinct programs of computers inside the

off-campus look at surroundings:

 Computer Managed Instruction,

 Computer Aided Learning,
 Computer Conferencing.
Computer Managed; Instruction facilitates management and administration of
the learning procedure. It presents possibilities for digital counselling of college
students, online registration, institutional report retaining, assessment, and
monitoring scholar development.

Computer Aided Learning includes software applications to teach students

one- of-a-kind topics and ideas thru pre-dependent and programmed substances.
Courseware either replaces or dietary supplements material that students are

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anticipated to analyze through different media (print, video, audio cassette).
Lesson formats variety from tutorials to simulations. Students also can use
Internet assets for exploration and research.

Computer Conferencing makes use of the digital community to enables

individuals to speak through computers on the same time (synchronous) or
delayed time (asynchronous), either as a collection or between two people.
Typical formats encompass e mail, bulletin board, threaded discussion, net
assembly (with the possibility of audio, video, and shared “blackboard” shows),
and databases.

Distance Education calls for alternative learning system, roles of teacher

and college students (Clark, 2001). People roles in distance education may
be categorized in four subtitles;

1. Students: In distance schooling, college students have role to research. In

that technique, pupil has hard and specific roles in accordance to conventional
gaining knowledge of system.

2. Teacher: The primary role of the teacher is the design of the direction and
setting the needs of college students. Teacher has function to guide the scholars.

3. Designer Groups: These folks determine dreams, content, transport

systems, interplay, and assessment. Usually it's miles a team of challenge count
number professionals, educators, instructional designers, and manufacturing
employees. They design the cyber and virtual surroundings for the powerful
teaching and getting to know.

4. Directors: In the all institutes, there are people who direct planning,
implementation, and evaluation of the training technique.

Interdependence, distance and interaction with the jobs of college students

and instructors. There are 3 kinds of interplay in the distance schooling:

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  Learner-content interaction
 Learner-teacher interaction
 Learner-learner interplay

These three types of interactions play a key position in distance schooling. As in

face-to-face conversation, they percentage ideas thru electronic mail and
chatting (Harry et al., 1993).

In precise, distance training is evolving based on changing economical and

social contexts. Knowledge has turn out to be one of the maximum crucial
financial forces; knowledge is swiftly increasing and its useful lifestyles time
becomes increasingly more shorter. To live to tell the tale inside the
marketplace, corporations want to trade, to train and retrain their hired;
unemployed workers also need to be retrained. Investing in the human assets
appears to be the best manner for a sustainable development (Mario and Heinz,
2001).

The pace of change, the want for lifelong mastering, and diminishing
educational budgets are pressuring educational establishments to create
alternative efficient methods to research thru distance education.

The Aim of Research:

Distance Education is a shape of training in which direction content material is
brought and interaction supplied via the technologies and methodologies of the
Internet. The on-line environment allows human beings to interact with others
asynchronously or synchronously in collaborative environments; to advantage
access to faraway multimedia databases for active, resource-based totally
studying; and to manage self-paced, individualized studying in a flexible way.
Moreover, the Internet allows students to enroll in guides from everywhere inside
the global at almost any time.

There is a brand new imaginative and prescient evolved at some point of the
past 15-20 years, strongly influenced with the aid of the social and cognitive
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sciences. The educational machine now focuses on studying in preference to on
coaching. The awareness of mastering concept has changed to gaining
knowledge of patterns and notion. Knowledge is taken into consideration as
socially constructed via action, communique and reflection regarding rookies
(Huebner and Wiener, 2001).

If we turn to the six desires of Education for All as mentioned within the Dakar
Framework for Action (UNESCO 2000), we understand some of the complexity
of the demanding situations facing efforts to gain the ones desires:

1. Expanding and enhancing complete early youth care and schooling, specially
for the most inclined and disadvantaged kids;

2. Ensuring that with the aid of 2015 all youngsters, in particular women,
children in difficult occasions and people belonging to ethnic minorities, have
get right of entry to and entire unfastened and obligatory primary training of
precise exceptional;

3. Ensuring that the studying needs of all young people and adults are met thru
equitable get right of entry to to suitable learning and life abilties applications;
Achieving a 50% improvement in ranges of person literacy via 2015,
particularly for women, and equitable access to fundamental and continuing
schooling for all adults;

4. Eliminating gender disparities in primary and secondary schooling by2005,

and accomplishing gender equality in education by means of 2015, with a focus
on ensuring ladies’ complete and equal get entry to to and success in simple
education of proper high-quality; and

5. Improving all elements of the satisfactory of education and making sure

excellence of all in order that diagnosed and measurable learning consequences
are executed by means of all-in particular in literacy, numeracy and important
life abilities.”

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Strategies:

While it's far crucial not to see ODL as a panacea which could redress existing
socio-economic inequities and political instability effortlessly, the opportunities
for large-scale instructional provision afforded by way of facts and verbal
exchange technology (ICT) and other technology deserve to be diagnosed and
considered carefully. Moreover, it is not most effective the technological
measurement this is vast:

ODL is designed to break the call for face-to-face attendance at unique

institution, which locations extra obstacles in the way of streamlined get entry to
such education. This form of learning is therefore intimately connected to
efforts to democratize educational provision. Again, enthusiastic and active
teachers are wished, both as contributors in and as purveyors of ODL.

Thus, it's miles essential to strengthen and make bigger current instructor
schooling structures in particular in developing nations if they may be to cope
with the cutting-edge and projected shortfalls in teacher deliver appropriately
and thereby facilitate the attainment of the dreams of Education for All via 2015.

All of this reinforces the ability cost of ODL for instructor training, and
certainly most governments in Africa and other growing nations apprehend the
opportunities of ODL in supporting to deal with the excessive instructor gaps
inside the irrespective nations. This is in part because the studies of many
advanced and developing international locations have shown that, if nicely
prepared and managed,

ODL can permit international locations to teach a larger range of teachers in a

shorter time and with decrease expenses than can conventional campus-
primarily based trainer education.

The paintings of Robinson and Latched (2003) and the global case research on
the usage of ODL for trainer schooling in Peroration et al. (2007) indicate that
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ODL is increasingly being used to:

 provide price-effective pre-provider and in-service teacher education;

 aid faculty-based totally pre-carrier and continuing expert improvement
programmers for instructors;
 upgrade unqualified instructors and permit qualified teachers to collect
better coaching qualifications;
 offer instructors in far off or rural areas with get entry to to expert
training, thereby assembly their persevering with expert development
desires; and
 Ensure short dissemination of statistics to huge numbers of instructors
about curriculum improvements, new teaching methodologies and
practices, and new expert standards for coaching.

This photo illustrates both the complexity and the urgency of improving the
intersection between trainer education and ODL.

Role of AIOU in Teacher Education:

This review of the growing literature on teacher training and ODL in mixture
highlights several ability synergies among these two domain names. These
synergies cluster around efforts to locate revolutionary and sustainable solutions
to longstanding troubles of policy-making and provision, as well as to deploy
relationships and technologies as successfully as possible to create new
opportunities for novices who may in any other case be unnoticed.

However, there also are big divergences among these domains, inclusive of an
ongoing assumption that trainer training should be enacted via face-to-face
mastering, and issues about programme exceptional and the credibility of
specific qualifications.

The juxtaposition and interdependence of those synergies and divergences must

be saved firmly in thoughts for those dedicated to embracing ODL in teacher

29
education.

*** ***

QUESTION NO.4

Comment how social context influence teaching Learning

process.

ANSWER:

SOCIAL CONTEXT:

It has been proved from researches that the effectiveness of colleges the
satisfactory of the gaining knowledge of surroundings is the thing affecting
pupil getting to know and results this is maximum conveniently modified.
It suggests the variables such as cognitive and motivational capacities, socio-
monetary heritage, social and cultural capital are out of manipulate by the
instructors and college.

Objectives:

1. Trace the scope of social context in teaching profession

30
IMPORTANCE OF THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF TEACHING AND
LEARNING:

 Social interactions between student and instructors

 Good trainer encourages contacts between students and school,
 Develops mutuality and collaboration amongst college students,
 Uses lively studying techniques,
 Gives brief feedback,
 Emphasizes in time of completion of challenge,
 Communicates high expectations, and
Respects man or woman variations and different approaches of gaining
knowledge

Social interactions between scholar and teachers make a contribution to create

wholesome learning process and it has implications for each student
development and instructor development. Numerous researchers have found that
the teacher- pupil courting could have nice consequences on scholar
development, academic achievement, and cognitive improvement,
determination in higher education, college students ‘personality improvement,
and educational aspirations (Pascarella, 1980; Terenzini & Pascarella, 1980
Volkwein, King, and Terentini. 1986). . Teacher-scholar interplay is more
substantial if it's far connected with college students’ improvement.

Social context provide the possibilities for meaningful advisement,

improvement of friendships, and trying out of ideas and abilities. Latest
evaluations of the literature that purpose to discover the principles underlying
coaching and getting to know have authenticated the significance of the social
context. An early pioneer Rogers (1969) observed that the facilitation of
meaningful getting to know based totally upon certain attitudinal traits which
exist within the personal courting between the instructor and the learner.

31
32
Rogers (1969) argued that studying does not simplest rely on the trainer’s
leadership abilities, mastery of content, planning capabilities, integration of era,
programmed getting to know and books. It indicates, there has been growing
popularity of the significance of the social context.

The key characteristics of successful coaching fall clearly into primary

categories wherein the interpersonal relation and readability of presentation
(Lowman, 1984). The literature on coaching and learning offers them about
same weight in their impact on coaching effectiveness. Seven principles of
properly exercise in undergraduate training had been extracted from fifty years
of research on coaching and getting to know.

These seven principles showed that accurate instructor encourages contacts

among students and college, develops mutuality and collaboration amongst
students, uses active learning techniques, offers short remarks, emphasizes in
time completion of assignment, communicates high expectations, and respects
man or woman variations and different approaches of getting to know.

Many of those trendy concepts are related to the social context of coaching and
studying. This look at supported via the American Association for Higher
Education and the Education Commission of the States (Chickering & Gamson,
1989).

The Social Context of School Learning:

Whereas the previous chapter reviewed cognitive components of literacy and

content gaining knowledge of, this bankruptcy examines studies related to a
diffusion of social factors worried in school getting to know. It is clear that
children can also arrive at school prepared to research in a number of
exceptional approaches.

33
One way is to have excessive stages of language, emergent literacy, and
international understanding acquired at home or in preschool. Equally essential,
though, is readiness within the emotional, social, and motivational geographical
regions: the ability to evolve to the new constraints of the study room, the social
abilities which are wished to participate successfully in lecture room discourse,
and the vanity and experience of corporation required to paintings hard and
analyze intentionally.

School learning is a social in addition to a cognitive manner, one influenced by

way of the relationships among student and trainer and amongst students.
Furthermore, what youngsters research at school is not solely academic content;
faculties are designed to make kids effective citizens who're respectful of the
range of their society.

While there has been a exquisite deal of research at the social and motivational
determinants of college achievement for mainstream children, interest to these
subjects with reference to language-minority kids has centered extra on issues of
mismatch among the social regulations these kids carry from domestic and
people that acquire inside the classroom. In this bankruptcy, we identify a
number of the

34
salient subject matters in studies on social elements as related to educational
success for language-minority youngsters.

State Of Knowledge:

This section critiques the findings of studies on social factors in college gaining
knowledge of in five regions: the social nature of knowledge acquisition, the
problem of differential treatment of ethnic minority college students, cultural
differences in the motivation to obtain, kid's social and organization
relationships, and parental involvement in children's faculty mastering.

The Social Nature of Knowledge Acquisition:

Were we to awareness most effective on troubles examined within the preceding

bankruptcy, which include the nature of expertise throughout concern be
counted, the diverse kinds of knowledge learners possess, and the manner prior
understanding impacts the purchase of recent know-how, we would be ignoring
a essential component of school gaining knowledge of: the reality that
maximum gaining knowledge of takes place in a social context wherein person
moves and understandings are negotiated by way of the participants of a
collection. There are theoretical views at the locus of this negotiation.

Negotiating How to Talk:

The method of negotiating the manner classroom contributors will communicate

approximately situation be counted is of challenge for researchers from a
sociocultural angle due to the fact participation in located cultures of exercise is
thought to be an essential influence on an man or woman's educational overall
performance.

35
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 1997. Improving
Schooling for Language-Minority Children: A Research Agenda. Washington,
DC: The National Academies.

*** ***

QUESTION NO.5

What ethical issues are associated with the teachers? Why are
these associated with teachers?

ANSWER:

Ethics are concerned with the moral philosophy or codes practiced with the
useful resource of someone or group of humans.

Ethics a fixed of ethical standards: concept or system or moral values. The place
handling what is good and horrible.

36
PROFESSIONALISM IN TEACHER EDUCATION:

Profession:

The idea of profession is composed in a machine of moral concepts expressible

as responsibilities or responsibility (David, 2012).

37
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS:

Professional ethics are proper standards of personal and company conduct, rate
and guiding thoughts, Code of expert ethics are frequently mounted through
expert organization.

Professional ethics is conceived as a further theoretical issue in guides of expert

schooling,

CRITERIA FOR PROFESSIONALISM:

 Professions provide an essential public provider.

 They involve a theoretically in addition to practically grounded
information.
 They have a amazing ethical measurement ethical size which requires
expression in a code of practice.
 They require employer and law for functions of recruitment and
Professional practitioners require a excessive diploma of person
autonomy or independence of judgment for effective workout.

WHY TEACHING IS CALLED PROFESSION?

38
Teaching is referred to as career because of:

 Its social obligation

 Social prestige
 Community name for
 Social provider
 Transformation of values and traditions.

TEACHING PROFESSIONALISM:

Teacher professionalism is what teachers definitely exercise. These practices

involve:

 Transfer of understanding
 Presentation of content material
 Facilitating getting to know
 Developing skills in tracking and enhancing gaining knowledge of
 Ability to exert instructional judgment

Professional Ethics For Teachers:

Teachers play a big role in student’s lives, and shape a chief influencing element
for them right from the childhood. They, with the help of chalk and board, can
assist students expand creativeness on the way to help them to color their
personal global. Regarded as the noblest career of all, these educators can lay
the inspiration of your existence. Apart from presenting instructional
information, these mentors also are responsible for inculcating beneficial
lifestyles instructions of their students.

To set a wonderful instance, teachers have to observe an moral code of

behavior to show professionalism. Those ethics make sure that those
educational courses continue to be impartial at the same time as doing their
task and fulfill

39
their objective of supplying uncompromising training. Professional ethics
determines their obligations toward the scholars.

GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF ETHICS IN TEACHING:

 Justice
 Care
 Utilitarianism
 Critique
 Virtue

ETHICAL ROLE PERTAINING TO THE ROLE OF TEACHER

 Moral Person
 Moral Educator
 Student Teacher Relationship
 Self Awareness

40
  Fairness and Care

ETHICAL ISSUE PERTAINING TO EDUCATION:

Right to Education:

Due to the significance of education in Islam, The Holy Prophet (PBUH) stated:
“Getting knowledge is obligatory to each Muslim man and woman”. It is the
ethical responsibility of presidency and concerned government to offer
opportunities for college students.

Should Teacher Students be Friends?

Schooling is the act of interacting people with each one of a kind toward the
mutual goal. Nowadays, the renowned philosophy of schooling leads in the
direction of the friendship relationships of pupil trainer.

To What Extent Help is Required?

This problem is more huge this is extra required in courting of principals,

instructors and college students.

Communication:

Communication is the coronary heart of any instructional machine whether it is

carried in lecture room or past the school room. Being well mannered and
humble can uplift the ethical environment of colleges.

Conflict Management:

Conflicts can be effortlessly resolved, with the resource of adopting ethical

frameworks.

Professional Ethics for Teachers:

Following ethical standards should be determined by the teachers.

41
Being with the students:

They are entrusted with the position of supplying a quality schooling to all
college students inside the classroom. As part of ethics, they can't showcase
favoritism toward any unique student or maybe display discrimination in
opposition to any of them. He/she have to engage with the scholars in the
correct way without taking any benefit. They ought to hold minimum contact
with students outside the college premises, and if want arises, it should be
related to a few college event or feature.

Safety for all students:

Apart from making the novices recognize the basics of different topics, it's miles
the teacher’s duty to ensure college students’ safety by means of gaining their
consider. They should recognize wishes of each individual student and report
incidences of harassment and bullying that arise in the college premises. Also, if
there is a strong doubt of forget or abuse at home, or whilst a student discloses
this kind of case, then it should be immediately notified to the right government
even supposing the worried scholar refrains from this type of action.

Commitment toward the career:

Anyone who aspires to work in this discipline have to apprehend ethics related
to this profession. They need to constitute correct information approximately
their qualifications, certifications of undertaken publications or workshops and
required licenses. Representing misleading information just to get entry into this
career can shatter your possibilities to a fantastic volume. The instructors must
file the development of college students and be truthful in giving grades for
tests. Manipulating it or purposefully reconstructing student responses can land
them with fraudulent prices as a result leading to loss of activity.

Cooperating with colleagues:

42
To provide a secure environment inside the faculty, all instructors,
administrator’s and non-coaching personnel that should collaborate to give a
wealthy mastering revel in for the freshmen. Every trainer related to the
institution must adhere to the recommendations set with the aid of directors.
They ought to endure in thoughts to observe expected guidelines; but,
unreasonable it is able to occur to create a proper instance in front of students
and no longer disrespect the authorities.

In case of disagreement with a colleague over any trivial problem or a subject,

the educators ought to type out their differences in private. They should no
longer communicate negatively for his or her fellow employees and hold
appropriate relationships with them. In addition to this, the academics must hold
private and expert lifestyles distinctive and abstain from indulging in any adult
behaviors.

Interaction with dad and mom and network:

Apart from colleagues, the educators must interact in nice interactions with
parents or guardians for the child’s future. In case of difficult mother and father,
the conferences must be performed underneath the supervision of administrator
or with the assist from other teachers. They need to not deliver into unduly
demands by means of mother and father.

Teachers may be appeared as a guiding light as they play an essential position in

shaping the lifestyles of many people. They are robust function fashions and
want to have a rational conduct towards the students. Following above ethics
will help them in being independent of their field and do the job certainly with
professionalism.

*** ***

References:

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 Feng, F. (2011) A study on school leaders Ethical Orientations in Taiwan,
Ethics & Behavior, Ethics & Behavior, and 21:4,317-331. DOI:
10.1080/10508422.2011.585599
 Frel in, A. Exploring Relational Professionalism in Schools. (2013).
Sense Publishers.
 William, D. & Lee, C. (2004). ‘Teachers developing assessment for
learning: impact on student achievement’, Assessment in Education. 11.
49-65.
 Billson. J. M. (1982). In Search of the Silken Purse: Factors in Attrition
Among First Generation Students. College and University, 58, 57-75.
 Bingham, C. W. &Sidorkin, A. M. (Eds) (2004). No education without
relation. New York: Peter Lang.
 Brady, L. (2006). Collaborative learning in action. Frenchs Forest,
Sydney: Pearson Education Australia.
 Brophy, J. E. and Good, T.L. (1974). Teacher-student relationships. New
York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
 Umar, A. (2004). Editorial. Journal of Open Learning and Teacher
Education 1(1): i–iii.
 UNESCO (2002). Teacher Education Guidelines: Using Open and
Distance Learning –Technology, Curriculum, Cost, Evaluation.
UNESCO: Paris.
 Shein, P. P., and Chiou, W. B. (2011). Teachers as Role Models for
Students’ Learning Styles. Social Behavior and Personality. 39(8), pp.
1097-1104.

*** ***

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