Computing as Utility

Grid Computing
Web Services in the Cloud

What is Cloud Computing?

History of Cloud

 Concept of cloud computing dates to the 1950s, when large-scale mainframe

computers were seen as the future of computing which were accessible via thin
clients/terminal computers, often referred to as "static terminals", because they
were used for communications but had no internal processing capacities.

 Cloud computing found its origin in the success of server virtualization and the
potential to run IT more efficiently through server consolidation

 The first scholarly use of the term “cloud computing” was in a 1997 lecture by
Ramnath Chellappa.

 In late1990’s Oracle and EMC offered early private cloud solutions, however
cloud computing started getting prominence from 2007.
 Architecture

National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) Visual Model of Cloud Computing Definition
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Goals and Benefits

 Reduced Investments and Proportional Costs

 Increased Scalability
 Increased Availability and Reliability
Risks and Challenges
 Increased Security Vulnerabilities
moving data to the cloud mean responsibility over data security becomes shared with
the cloud provider. The extent to which the data is secure is now limited to the control
and policies applied by both cloud consumer and cloud provider

 Reduced Operational Governance Control

 Risks and Challenges
 Limited Portability Between Cloud Providers
 Risks and Challenges
 Multi-Regional Regulatory and Legal Issues

Third-party cloud providers will frequently establish data centers in affordable

or convenient geographical locations. Different countries will have different
laws pertaining to Industry or government regulations that specify data
privacy and storage policies. For example, some UK laws require personal
data belonging to UK citizens to be kept within the United Kingdom.

Another potential legal issue pertains to the accessibility and disclosure of

data. Countries have laws that require some types of data to be disclosed to
certain government agencies or to the subject of the data.
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Main differences between Grid & Cloud
Grid computing Cloud computing
What? Grids enable access to shared computing power Clouds enable access to leased computing
and storage capacity from your desktop power and storage capacity from your desktop

Who provides the Research institutes and universities federate their Large individual companies e.g. Amazon and
service? services around the world through projects such as Microsoft and at a smaller scale, institutes and
EGI-InSPIRE and the European Grid Infrastructure. organisations deploying open source software
such as Open Slate, Eucalyptus and Open
Nebula.

Who uses the service? Research collaborations, called "Virtual Small to medium commercial businesses or
Organisations", which bring together researchers researchers with generic IT needs
around the world working in the same field.

Who pays for the Governments - providers and users are usually The cloud provider pays for the computing
service? publicly funded research organisations, for example resources; the user pays to use them
through National Grid Initiatives.

Where are the In computing centres distributed across different The cloud providers private data centres which
computing resources? sites, countries and continents. are often centralised in a few locations with
excellent network connections and cheap
electrical power.
Why use them? - You don`t need to buy or maintain your own large - You don`t need to buy or maintain your own
computer centre - You can complete more work personal computer centre - You can quickly
more quickly and tackle more difficult problems. - access extra resources during peak work periods
You can share data with your distributed team in a
secure way.
What are they useful Grids were designed to handle large sets of limited Clouds best support long term services and
for? duration jobs that produce or use large quantities of longer running jobs (E.g. facebook.com)
data (e.g. the LHC and life sciences)

How do they work? Grids are an open source technology. Resource Clouds are a proprietary technology. Only the
users and providers alike can understand and resource provider knows exactly how their cloud
contribute to the management of their grid manages data, job queues, security requirements
and so on.
Benefits? - Collaboration: grid offers a federated platform for - Flexibility: users can quickly outsource peaks
distributed and collective work. - Ownership : of activity without long term commitment -
resource providers maintain ownership of the Reliability: provider has financial incentive to
resources they contribute to the grid - guarantee service availability (Amazon, for
Transparency: the technologies used are open example, can provide user rebates if availability
source, encouraging trust and transparency. - drops below 99.9%) - Ease of use: relatively
Resilience: grids are located at multiple sites, quick and easy for non-expert users to get
reducing the risk in case of a failure at one site that started but setting up sophisticated virtual
removes significant resources from the machines to support complex applications is
infrastructure. more difficult.

Drawbacks? - Reliability: grids rely on distributed services - Generality: clouds do not offer many of the
maintained by distributed staff, often resulting in specific high-level services currently provided by
inconsistency in reliability across individual sites, grid technology. - Security: users with sensitive
although the service itself is always available. - data may be reluctant to entrust it to external
Complexity: grids are complicated to build and use, providers or to providers outside their borders. -
and currently users require some level of expertise. - Opacity: the technologies used to guarantee
Commercial: grids are generally only available for reliability and safety of cloud operations are not
not-for-profit work, and for proof of concept in the made public. - Rigidity: the cloud is generally
commercial sphere located at a single site, which increases risk of
complete cloud failure. - Provider lock-in:
there’s a risk of being locked in to services
provided by a very small group of suppliers.

When? The concept of grids was proposed in 1995. The In the late 1990`s Oracle and EMC offered early
Open science grid (OSG) started in 1995 The EDG private cloud solutions . However the term cloud
(European Data Grid) project began in 2001. computing didn't gain prominence until 2007.