- Wind turbine performance analysis for energy cost minimization

The use of wind energy worldwide has overgrown in recent years to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Wind power is free, but the installation and maintenance of wind turbines remain very costly. The size of
the installation of the wind turbine is not only determined by wind statistics at a given location, but also
by turbine infrastructure and maintenance costs. The payback time of the turbine is dependent on
turbine energy costs. This study estimates the wind power generation capacity of Northern and
Southern Oman and discusses the selection of the most economical, efficient and reliable wind turbines
in Oman. HOMER Pro Software was used in this paper to evaluate the wind energy data in the north and
south of Oman and to provide well-informed guidance on the most suitable turbines for the power
needs of each area. Six different standard wind turbines were measured and compared in terms of the
cost of energy and performance. The simulation analysis reveals that the DW54 turbine is the best
possible turbine to generate electricity in northern Oman at $0.119/kW. Due to the difference in the
wind regime between the north and the south of Oman, the simulation showed that the Hummer
H25.0–200 kW turbine is the best option for south Oman with power generation at $0.070/kW. The
northern wind turbine plant can efficiently contribute to decarbonization of the energy sector in Oman,
with a potential reduction of CO2 emission approximately 19,000 tons/year in comparison to natural gas
and 28,000 tons/year in comparison to diesel. In the Southern Power Plant, carbon emissions are
reduced by 18,000 and 12,000 tons/year compared to diesel and natural gas.

https://sustainenergyres.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40807-020-00062-7

- ANALYSIS OF WIND POWER GENERATION WITH APPLICATION OF WIND TUNNEL ATTACHMENT

This study presents an empirical method for developing a new approach in which a wind tunnel
apparatus is used to improve the efficiency of power output by a smallscale wind turbine. A custom-
designed wind tunnel attachment was constructed to record, analyze, and interpret both incoming and
outgoing wind velocity readings. Moreover, the dissertation project addresses a significant issue
concerning the power generation of an experimental wind turbine while the wind tunnel is attached.
Wind power characteristics that indicate power output versus wind velocity were obtained by
performing a number of case studies. The case studies included normal operation of the experimental
wind turbine at variable wind velocity values with and without the proposed wind tunnel. The statistical
t-Test and One-way ANOVA analyses were performed to suggest whether or not the proposed approach
would be useful for wind turbine manufacturers to evaluate the degree that contributes to the
variability of renewable energy production. Besides, the results may be helpful to support educational
institutions in providing renewable energy awareness in Iowa and in the US by providing adequate
information for the selection and handling of the parameters that control the variability of the energy
needs.

https://scholarworks.uni.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=etd
 - Solar energy technology and its roles in sustainable development
Solar energy is environmentally friendly technology, a great energy supply and one of the most
significant renewable and green energy sources. It plays a substantial role in achieving sustainable
development energy solutions. Therefore, the massive amount of solar energy attainable daily makes it
a very attractive resource for generating electricity. Both technologies, applications of concentrated
solar power or solar photovoltaics, are always under continuous development to fulfil our energy needs.
Hence, a large installed capacity of solar energy applications worldwide, in the same context, supports
the energy sector and meets the employment market to gain sufficient development. This paper
highlights solar energy applications and their role in sustainable development and considers renewable
energy’s overall employment potential. Thus, it provides insights and analysis on solar energy
sustainability, including environmental and economic development. Furthermore, it has identified the
contributions of solar energy applications in sustainable development by providing energy needs,
creating jobs opportunities and enhancing environmental protection. Finally, the perspective of solar
energy technology is drawn up in the application of the energy sector and affords a vision of future
development in this domain.

https://academic.oup.com/ce/article/6/3/476/6606003

- Hydropower in the Context of Sustainable Energy Supply: A Review of Technologies and

Challenges

Hydropower is an important renewable energy resource worldwide. However, its development is

accompanied with environmental and social drawbacks. Issues of degradation of the environment and
climate change can negatively impact hydropower generation. A sustainable hydropower project is
possible, but needs proper planning and careful system design to manage the challenges. Well-planned
hydropower projects can contribute to supply sustainable energy. An up-to-date knowledge is necessary
for energy planners, investors, and other stakeholders to make informed decisions concerning hydropower
projects. This is basically a review paper. Apart from using expert knowledge, the authors have also
consulted extensively from journals, conference papers, reports, and some documents to get secondary
information on the subject. The paper has reviewed the world energy scenario and how hydropower fits in
as the solution to the global sustainable energy challenge. Issues of hydropower resource availability,
technology, environment and climate change have been also discussed. Hydropower is sensitive to the
state of environment, and climate change. With global climate change, though globally the potential is
stated to slightly increase, some countries will experience a decrease in potential with increased risks.
Adaptation measures are required to sustainably generate hydropower. These are also discussed in the
paper.

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/isrn/2012/730631/
 - Exploring public engagement and social acceptability of geothermal energy in the Philippines: A
case study on the Makiling-Banahaw Geothermal Complex

The Makiling-Banahaw Geothermal Complex was one of the first two geothermal projects for
exploration and development in the Philippines. The study aims to identify critical issues and supporting
factors for geothermal energy projects in the Philippines by collecting and analyzing qualitative and
quantitative data from various stakeholders of the Makiling-Banahaw Geothermal Complex. The case
study reveals that stakeholders of barangays with geothermal facilities were agreeable to geothermal
energy. Frequent periodic and strategic public engagement initiated by geothermal resource developers
and local government can develop trust and improve integration of geothermal energy with the local
communities.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0375650519303359

- An Assessment on the Biomass Energy Resources for the Province of Laguna, Republic of the
Philippines

Biomass is one of the very important fuel sources in developing countries, in case of the Philippines.
Thus, the energy extracted from these resources can provide several advantages in terms of energy
security, socio-economic development, and environment. An illustrative case study is conducted for the
whole province of Laguna, Philippines, in order to utilize the energy assessed from biomass, particularly
on the livestock waste exploitation on cattle, swine, and poultry. The assessed energy potential for
Laguna may lead to have a solution for energy crisis and environmental concerns. The researchers have
visited the six (6) local government units of Laguna, namely the cities of Biñan, Sta. Rosa, and Calamba,
and the municipalities of Los Baños, Calauan, and Cabuyao, in order to gather data and information.
Several data from other farms in some areas in the Philippines are also provided, in order to develop a
mathematical model that allows the estimation of the electricity consumption in the farm. The evaluation
and ultimate selection of the most appropriate livestock waste system is a multi-level and multi-criteria
decision problem. This study thus utilizes the Weighted Decision Making (WDM) for problem structuring
and eventual ranking of the livestock waste systems. Finally, the location of the proposed biomass-energy
plant is determined by utilizing the graphical representation method.

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3766814

- Ocean Wave Power Modeling of the Iba Coast and Subic Bay, Zambales
This work has three main objectives. First is to quantify the available energy resource using the
Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) model. Data for model wind inputs were taken from the PAGASA
Data Center and GEBCO 30-arc-second gridded bathymetry data were requested from the Buoy
Oceanographic Data Center. The second objective is to model the production of wave energy conversion
(WEC) devices in the study area. Monthly wave scatter diagrams were generated and used with the
available WEC power matrices (Silva, 2012) to determine monthly power generation at the WEC sites.
Performance factors were also studied to provide comparison of these technologies. Lastly, is the
application of engineering economic analysis to determine the most suitable, economically viable and
cost-competitive WEC technology for an ocean wave farm in the region. The SWAN wave model was
able to estimate the wave conditions in the region with a root mean square error of 8.087%. Significant
wave heights do not exceed 2 meters and dominant wave directions were observed to be influenced by
the combination of monsoons and trade winds. The peak power production is reported in August at the
Subic Bay - Silanguin Coast site. The energy resource is classified as low-band resource. Production
modeling showed that the most suitable technology is the Pelamis WEC with average AF = 1.00 and CF =
9.25%. A 50-MW Pelamis wave farm model yielded a levelized cost of electricy of Php 17.29/ kWh.

https://pages.upd.edu.ph/sites/default/files/ashton/files/
ocean_wave_power_modeling_of_the_iba_coast_and_subic_bay_zambales.pdf

- Harvesting the Power of the Sea: The Potential of the Philippines Ocean Wave Generator
The Philippines is an archipelagic nation surrounded by the vast waters of the Pacific Ocean. With
its location, the country has enormous potential for harnessing the power of the ocean to generate
renewable energy through the use of wave energy converters. In recent years, there has been an
increasing interest in exploring this untapped source of energy, as the country aims to reduce its
dependence on fossil fuels and transition to cleaner sources of energy. This article explores the
potential of the Philippines Ocean Wave Generator, including its benefits, challenges, and current
developments in the field of ocean energy in the country. The article also highlights the role of the
government, private sector, and other stakeholders in promoting the development of ocean energy in
the Philippines.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
369009208_Harvesting_the_Power_of_the_Sea_The_Potential_of_the_Philippines_Ocean_Wave_Gene
rator
 - A Review of Sustainability Challenges of Biomass for Energy : Focus in the Philippines
Biomass as one source of renewable energy, as a whole, is challenging us to address the 3
interrelated indicators of sustainability: ecology, economy and society. On ecology-instead of just
serving as pollutants as in animal manure, biogas production arrests odor, considerably reduce the
pollution loading (BOD, COD) in the environment .Instead of just simply burning them, crop residues
(bagasse, rice husks) are now used to produce power. However, the biomass taken out as fuel for
the power plants corresponds to nutrient out. To maintain soil fertility, nutrient taken out should be
replenished by external source of fertilizer or Nutrient in= Nutrient out. Rice straws and sugarcane
trsh are best left in the field Bagasse fired boiler for COGEN doubles the previously-one major
product sugarcane industry. This rekindles the hope of one’s sunset but now transformed into
sunrise sugar industry. Same is true for rice husks-fired power plant. But feedstock ownership is now
questioned. Feedstock production for COGEN starts in the field where the crops are grown. Farmers
deserve share to the “gift” of the new technology. This generation and the next deserves “happy”
living and enjoying available, dependable, affordable and renewable energy. There are many
options. Biomass to energy is one of them. Technologies for 2nd generation biofuel are developing
fast up to commercial level as systems for cellulosic ethanol are now optimized. The sleeping
resource- the sea- will also give rise to algal-biodiesel, But the sustainability challenges of biomass
for energy in the Philippines ( technical, economic, social and political concerns) must be addressed.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
301359237_A_Review_of_Sustainability_Challenges_of_Biomass_for_Energy_Focus_in_the_Philippin
es