FORCE, WORK, POWER AND

ENERGY
 FORCE
• The use of word ‘force’ in our daily life is very common

• To lift the objects, to throw cricket ball or to move a given body –

the word force is being used

• When a force acts upon a body, it begins to move

 FORCE ..

• To change the motion of an object-apply force

• Force can make a body move, or make a moving body stop or

make it move slower or faster, or change the direction of motion

of the moving body

 What is force?
 A force may be defined as an external cause which changes or

tends to change the state of rest or uniform motion of a body in a

straight line

 We can’t see forces but we can see the effects of a force.

 EFFECTS OF FORCE

Here are some ways of describing forces:

 A pull

 A push

 A stretch

 A squeeze

 A catch

 A twist
Forces can make things

 Speed up

 Slow down

 Change direction

 Change shape
 Illustrations for effects of force
1. To set a stationary body into motion

a) A player can set a ball in motion by hitting it with some

suitable material

b) The railway engine can move a stationary train by applying

force of pull or push

c) A magnet can move an iron nail

 Illustrations for effects of force ..
2. To stop the moving bodies
a) A speeding car is stopped by the force of friction of brakes

b) A rolling football stops because of friction from the ground

c) A freely oscillating pendulum stops because of the friction of

air
 Illustrations for effects of force ..
3. To change the speed or direction of a moving body
a) A moving car changes its direction, when a force is applied on
its steering – wheel
b) A moving bicycles starts running faster, when more force is
applied on its paddles
c) The direction and speed of a football changes, when a player
heads it
 Illustrations for effects of force ..
4. To bring about change in dimensions
a) Length of a rubber band increases, when a stretching force is
applied
b) A spring shortens in length on the application of a
compressive force
c) Wet clay can be molded in any shape by applying force with
hands
 What are the types of forces?
 Gravitational force:

The force of attraction exerted by the earth on all the objects

e.g. If a body is released from a height, it falls to the earth

 Electrostatic force:

The force exerted by the electrostatic charge e.g rubbed comb

attracts small pieces of paper due to static electricity
 Types of forces ..
 Frictional force:

This is the force opposing relative motion between the surfaces

of two bodies

 Intermolecular force:

Between molecules of the same substance, there exist

intermolecular forces called forces of cohesion, Between
molecules of different substances, there exist forces of adhesion
 Types of forces ..

 Reaction force:

Newton’s third law of motion states that every action has an

equal and opposite reaction. e.g. When a book rests on a

surface, the surface exerts an equal and opposite reaction

 Types of forces ..

 Deforming force:

If a rubber sponge is pressed, its shape changes

 Nuclear force:

Binding forces exist in the molecules which keep the neutrons

and protons bound inside. A loss of mass in the nucleus gives
rise to nuclear energy
 Force from Newton’s II law of motion
 It states that the rate of change of momentum (p= mv, dp/dt =F) is

directly proportional to the applied force and takes the direction in

which the force is applied

 Explanation: Momentum is the product of mass and velocity

 F = ma
 Units of force
 dyne:

It is an absolute unit of force in CGS system. Mathematically, 1

dyne = 1 g cm s-2

 newton:

It is an absolute unit of force in SI system, 1 newton = 1 kg m

s-2

Furthermore, 1 newton = 105 dynes

 Units of force

 Gram-force (gf):

It is gravitational units of force in CGS system

1gf = 980 or 1000 dynes

 Kilogram- force (kgf):

It is gravitational unit of force in SI system

1kgf = 9.8 newton

 Measuring forces

 Forces are measured in newtons.

 We can write this as N.

 We use a Newton meter to measure forces.

It is sometimes called a force meter.

 Quick quiz!
1. What is a force?

2. Can you see forces?

3. Can you name any effects that forces have?

4. What units do we measure forces in?

5. What instrument do we use to measure force?

6. What is this instrument also known as?

How did you score??!

 WORK
 In everyday language, the word ‘work’ is used to
describe an activity in which muscular or mental
effort is exerted

 But in science, work is defined very precisely

 In physics, work is defined as a force acting upon

an object to cause displacement
Factors determining work done by a body
 There must be a force acting on a body

 The force acting on a body must cause some displacement

 The displacement must be in the direction of application of force

 If any of the above conditions are not satisfied no work is done

 Work Concept
 Work is defined as a force acting upon an object to cause a

displacement in its own direction.

i.e. the product of force and the displacement in the

direction of force.

W =F x d
 Work Concept
 Mathematically, work can be expressed by the following equation.

W= F x d cos q (cos00 = 1)

where F = force, d = displacement, and the angle (theta) is defined

as the angle between the force and the displacement vector

 Units of work

 In SI system, the unit of work is called joule

1 joule = 1 newton x 1 metre = 107 erg

 1 joule of work is said to be done when a force of 1 newton

displaces a body through a distance of 1 metre in its own
direction

 Bigger units: 1kilo joule = 103 joule ; 1 mega joule = 10 6 J; 1 giga

joule = 10 9 J
 Units of work
 In CGS system, erg is the unit of work

 1erg = 1dyne x 1cm

 1 erg of work is said to be done when a force of one dyne causes

a displacement of one centimeter in its own direction

 Relation between joule and erg

1 joule = 1N x1 m

But 1 N = 10 5 dyne , 1m = 10 2 cm

Therefore, 1 joule = 105 dyne x 102 cm = 107 dyne cm= 10 7 erg

Energy and Power
 ENERGY
 If a person can do a lot of work, we say that he has lot of energy or
he is energetic

 In physics also, anything which is able to do work is said to

possess energy

 Thus , energy of a body is defined as the capacity or ability of

the body to do work

 The amount of energy possessed by a body is equal to the amount

of work it can do when its energy is released
 Energy
 Ability to do work
(light, heat, mechanical, chemical, electrical)

Roller coaster NASA solar sail Fuel cell

 Units of energy
 The unit of energy in SI system is joule (J)

 The unit of energy in CGS system is erg

where 1J = 107 ergs

 Bigger units: 1 watt-hour (Wh) = 1 watt x 1 hour

= 1J/s x 3600s = 3.6 x 103 J

 1 calorie = 4.18 (4.2) J; 1 kilocalorie = 4180J

 Units of energy
 The energy of atomic particles is very small, so it is measured in

electron volt (eV).

 1 eV is the energy gained by an electron when it is accelerated

through a potential difference of 1 volt

 It is related to joule as 1eV = 1.6 x 10-19 J

Different forms or kinds of Energy
 Different forms or kinds of Energy
 Mechanical energy :

The energy possessed by a body due

to its state of rest or uniform motion

Electrical energy:

The energy possessed by flowing

electrons in an electric conductor
 Different forms or kinds of Energy ..
 Chemical (or fuel ) energy:
The energy possessed by the atoms of elements or molecules of
compounds, such that it is released when a chemical reaction takes
place

 Heat energy:
The invisible energy which causes in us the sensation of hotness

 Light energy:
The energy which causes in us the sensation of vision
 Different forms or kinds of Energy ..
 Sound energy:
The mechanical energy which produces sensation of hearing

 Magnetic energy:
The energy possessed by permanent magnets or electromagnets

 Nuclear energy:
The energy released in the form of heat during the fission or fusion
of nuclear fuels
 Solar energy: the energy radiated out by sun is called solar
energy. Solar energy cannot be directly used to perform work,
because it is too diffused and it is not always available uniformly.
However,
 Solar panels, solar furnaces and solar cells etc have been
invented to make use of solar energy
 Hydro energy: the energy possessed by the fast moving water
is called hydro energy. This energy is used to generate
electricity in hydroelectric power stations
 Wind energy:the energy possessed by the fast moving air is
called wind energy. This energy is used in driving a wind mill
Mechanical energy and its different forms
 Mechanical energy:

It is the energy which is possessed by an object due to its motion

or its stored energy of position
 Kinetic energy:
 It is the energy of motion
 Potential Energy:
 An object can store energy as the result of its position or
elastic source
 Forms of energy ..
 Kinetic Energy
➢ Energy which a body possesses because of its motion,
which occurs anywhere from an atomic level to that of a
whole organism
➢ Energy of motion
 Kinetic Energy Calculation
▪ The energy of motion

▪ DKE = W= F x d=1/2 mv2

▪ Find the kinetic energy of an 4 Kg object moving at 5m/s

▪ KE = 1/2 mv2

▪ KE = ½ (4Kg)(5m/s) 2

▪ KE = 50 Kg m 2 /s 2

▪ KE = 50 J
 Forms of energy ..
 Potential Energy
➢ The capacity to do work by virtue of position or
configuration
➢ Stored energy or gravitational energy
 Forms of energy ..
 Gravitational Potential Energy
➢ After an object has been lifted to a height, work is done.
➢ PE = W= F x d= mgh

Potential Energy is
maximum at the
maximum HEIGHT
 Conservation of Energy
 Energy can neither be created nor can be destroyed. It only
 Changing one form of energy to another

 Energy Efficiency: The ratio of the useful energy delivered by a

dynamic system to the energy supplied to it

 Entropy: The loss of energy during conversion

 output 
E fficiency % =   x100
 input 
 POWER
 Suppose an aged man takes 10 seconds to do a particular work

whereas a young man takes only 5 seconds to do the same physical

work
 The rate of doing work of the young man is more than that of the
aged man
 The power of the young man is more than that of the aged man
 The rate of doing work is known as the power

 Power = work done/ time taken (P = W/t = F x d/t = F v)

 Units of Power
• The SI unit of power is joule per second .This unit is called watt
(W)
• 1 watt = 1Joule/1second
• Kg m2 / s2 /s
• Nm/s
• The CGS unit of power is erg/s
• The bigger units:
• 1kilo watt = 103 W; 1mega watt = 106 W; 1 giga watt = 109 W
• Relationship between SI and CGS: 1W = 1 J/s = 107 erg /s
• 1 HP = 746 W (HP – Horse power)
 Power Calculation
 A 5 Kg Cart is pushed by a 30 N force against friction for a
distance of 10m in 5 seconds. Determine the Power needed to move
the cart.

➢ P=Fxd/t

➢ P = 30 N (10 m) / 5 s

➢ P = 60 N m /s

➢ P = 60 watts
 Types of Power
Electrical Power: The rate at which the work is being done in an
electrical circuit is called an electric power.

Uses: Electrical energy to do work

Mechanical Power: The rate at which work is done.

Uses: Mechanical energy to do work (linear, rotary)

Fluid Power: Fluid power is the use of fluids under pressure to

generate, control, and transmit power.

Uses: Energy transferred by liquids (hydraulic) and gases

(pneumatic)