9
Science
Quarter 4 – Module 5:
Heat, Work and Conservation of
Energy
Science – Grade 9
Quarter 4 – Module 5: Heat, Work and Conservation of Energy
First Edition, 2020
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Science
Quarter 4 – Module 5:
Heat, Work and Conservation of
Energy
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use
this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while
allowing them to manage their own learning at home. Furthermore, you
are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks
included in the module.
For the learner:
As a learner, you must learn to become responsible of your own
learning. Take time to read, understand, and perform the different
activities in the module.
As you go through the different activities of this module be reminded of
the following:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any
part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the
exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer Let Us Try before moving on to the other
activities.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking
your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are done.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this
module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always
bear in mind that you are not alone. We hope that through this material,
you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding
of the relevant competencies. You can do i
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Let Us Learn
A wonderful day young scientist. In this module, you will learn the concepts
of heat, work, and conservation of energy principles. Together on how heat
can do work. Specifically, you will:
• define heat and work;
• solve for the change in the internal energy of the system and the work
done on the system; and
• state the first law of thermodynamics as the law of energy conservation
applied to thermal energy.
Let Us Try!
Multiple Choice:
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
For items 1-3,
There are four (4) identical beakers placed on a large electrical hot plate.
I and II are full of tap water, and III and IV are half-full at the same initial
temperature. I and IV are on the hot plate for 3.5 minutes, III is on the hot
plate for 14 minutes, and II is on another hot plate for 7 minutes. Then, the
water does not boil in any of the beakers.
1. Which among the four beakers of water will have the lowest
temperature after heated?
A. I C. III
B. II D. IV
2. Which of the following beakers of water will have the highest
temperature right after being heated?
A. I C. III
B. II D. IV
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3. Which two beakers of water will have nearly the same final
temperature?
A. II and IV C. I and IV
B. I and III D. II and III
4. Is it possible to change the temperature of a glass of water by stirring?
Assume that an insulator surrounds the container.
A. No, stirring will not affect the temperature of the water.
B. No, insulation prevents the change of temperature of the water.
C. Yes, stirring the water increases its internal energy causing the increase
of its temperature.
D. Yes, stirring the water decreases its internal energy causing the decrease
of its temperature.
5. Two systems, having different masses and different temperatures, are
placed side by side. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A.
Heat will flow from a lighter body to a heavier body.
B. Heat will flow from a heavier body to a lighter body.
C. Heat will flow from the lower temperature body to the higher temperature
body.
D. Heat will flow from the higher temperature body to the lower temperature
body.
Let Us Study
Palms Rub!
Rub your palms together in a brisk way. What do you feel on your palms?
Is work done in the system? If yes, then work can easily be
converted to thermal energy. Does it work on the other way around? Does
thermal energy be easily converted into work?
Heat and Temperature
The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter tells us
that matter is composed of atoms. And its molecules
are constantly moving, as shown in Figure 1. Each
substance possesses thermal energy because of the
random motion of particles. The thermal energy (also
known as internal energy) of a gas or liquid is the sum
of kinetic and potential energies of all the particles
involved in the matter. This energy can be converted
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or transferred to a body as heat, and the body can Figure 1 – Kinetic perform
work. Molecular Model
(showing molecules
The measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules is called
temperature. The amount of heat in a substance increases if the average
kinetic energy of the molecules increases too. If the particles move faster, the
temperature of gas or liquid becomes higher. Hence, a lower temperature
indicates that the molecules are constantly moving in slow motion.
Let us consider the hot air balloon displayed in Figure 2. The air
inside the balloon increases the internal
energy thus, increasing the volume of the air
inside. Thermal expansion of the air inside
causing inflation of the balloon. The hot air
does work on the balloon because of the heat
released from the flame. Eventually, work
done by the system will decrease the internal
energy of the hot air resulting in producing
pressure and changing its volume. It explains
the conservation of energy.
Figure 2 – Burner heating the air
inside the hot air balloon.
Figure 3 shows a
piston in a gas-filled
tank. If someone adds
heat to the system, the
gas will expand,
causing the piston
to move upward. The
pushing action is
equivalent to the
amount of work done
Figure 3 – Gas filled tanks
by the expanding gas.
Note:
F is the force in Newtons, P is the pressure in Pascal, d is the distance moved
by the piston in meters, A or the cross-sectional area of the cylinder is given
in square meters, and ΔV (V2 -V1) is the change in volume of the tank.
Work is a force acting over a distance. When work is done by gases, it
is sometimes called pressure-volume. It is identified as PΔV when P is
constant.
W= PΔV
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The final volume of the gas will increase as the gas expands, so the
work done is positive. On the other hand, the final volume will decrease
than the initial if the gas compresses and ΔV is negative.
Example:
A tank with a cross-sectional area of 0.125 m2 and a movable piston
contains a certain amount of gas. If the gas exerts a constant pressure of
4.3x106 Pa causing the piston to move 0.128 m, how much work was done by
the expanding gas?
Given: Find: W
A= 0.125 m2
P= 4.3 x 106 Pa
d= 0.128 m
Equation(s): W= PΔV
where, ΔV= Ad
Substituting this expression into the equation defining work gives the
following result:
W= P (Ad)
Solution:
Substitute the values into the equation(s) and
solve:
W= (4.3 x 106 Pa) (0.125 m2) (0.128 m)
W= 68,800 J or
W= 6.68 x 10 4 J
Heat and Conservation of Energy Principle
Thermodynamics is the study of heat and its transformation into work. An
object involved is a system. Anything that is not part of a system is said to
be external to the system. In natural conditions, heat transfers from high
temperature to low temperature. Heat transfers from a body to its
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surroundings. For example, an ice cube melts in the palm of your hand
because thermal energy transfers to the ice cube. There is a temperature
difference between the two bodies; your hand loses thermal energy, while the
ice cube gains thermal energy. The object with the higher temperature loses
heat while the object with the lower temperature gains heat. The quantity of
heat lost by a warmer object equals the quantity of heat gained by a cooler
object. Hence, heat energy is conserved, neither created nor destroyed.
The first law of thermodynamics states: the difference between the heat
taken in the system and the work done by the system equals the change in the
internal energy of a system.
The internal energy within a substance is the sum of molecular
potential energy (due to forces that act between the atoms of a molecule and
between the molecules), the molecular kinetic energy (due to random motion
of the molecules), and other kinds of molecular energy.
Moreover, the internal energy of the cold substance increases and the
internal energy of the hot substance decreases when heat flows, and work
done is negligible. Objects do not contain heat, but they contain thermal
energy made up of atoms, molecules, and ions. When these atoms trap in an
object, atomic vibrations increase, resulting in internal energy. This internal
energy, once transferred, is called heat. The system’s internal energy changes
by adding or removing heat or doing work, or both.
The law is expressed as
U= Q-W
where Q is the amount of heat flowing into a system during a given process
W is the external or net work done by the system
U is the change in the system’s internal energy
The mathematical form of the first law is shown below.
Q= ΔU + W
Example:
Determine the change in the internal energy of the system.
A. A system gains 3,000 J of heat from its surroundings and does 2,200 J
of work on the surroundings.
Given: Find: ΔU
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Q= 3000 J
W= 2,200 J
Equation: Q= ΔU + W
Solution:
Substitute the values into the equation and solve:
3,000 J = ΔU + 2,200 J
ΔU= 3,000 J – 2,200 J
ΔU= 800 J
B. A system gains 2,800 J of heat from its surroundings and 2,300 J of work
is done on the system by the surroundings.
Given: Find: ΔU
Q= 2,800 J
W= 2,300 J
Equation: Q= ΔU + W
Solution:
Substitute the values into the equation(s) and solve:
2,800 J = ΔU + 2,300 J
ΔU= 2,800 J – 2,300 J
ΔU= 500 J
Let Us Practice
Good! You made it this far! Let us continue learning.
Activity 1: Pump Me!
Objective:
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● The learners will determine how a pump uses heat energy.
Materials:
Pump deflated basketball/life jacket/inflatable pool
Procedure:
1. Among the five senses, use your sense of touch. Feel the temperature of the
pump. Take note if it is warm or cool.
2. Inflate the ball/life jacket/pool.
3. After inflating the ball/life jacket/pool, feel the temperature of the pump.
Is there any change in its temperature? Why?
Observations:
(Before) Temperature of the pump
(After) Temperature of the pump
Proposed explanation:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Guide Question(s):
1. What do you observe when the ball/life jacket/pool inflates? What
happened to the temperature of the pump when utilized in the ball/life
jacket/pool?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. How did the piston of the pump affect the temperature of the gas?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
3. How is work done in the system?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Always have in mind:
Work is the product of pressure applied on or by the gas and change
in volume. Therefore, if someone adds heat to the system of gas, the gas
will expand. The air inside the material is equivalent to the amount of work
done by the expanding gas.
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Let Us Practice More
Activity 2: Heat Me Up!
Objective:
● The learners will demonstrate how heat causes the internal energy of the
water to increase.
Materials:
Thermometer 1000 mL water Stove Pot
Procedure:
1. Put the 1000 mL water into a pot. Measure the temperature of the water.
2. Place the pot containing water on a stove.
Take note: The material is a piece of high-temperature equipment, so be
extra cautious in handling hot substances, thermometer, and hot stove
especially, in measuring the temperature. Use gloves when necessary.
3. Measure its temperature before, during, and after boiling.
Temperature Temperature Temperature after
before boiling (ºC) while boiling (ºC) boiling (ºC)
Guide Question(s):
1. What have you observed on the temperature of the water before, during
and after boiling?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. Is there an increase in temperature? What does this indicate?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Now, you have already understood that heat can cause the internal
energy of the water to increase, try to practice answering the problem below.
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A. If 320 J of energy is added to the system when no external work has been
done, by how much will the thermal energy of the system be raised?
Given: Q= 320 J W=
0J
Find: U
Solution:
B. A 188 J of energy is added to a system that does 62 J of external work.
By how much is the thermal energy of the system raised?
Given: Q= 188 J
W= 62 J
Find: U
Solution:
Always have in mind:
Heating is energy transfers from a body's higher temperature to a
body of lower temperature. Heating allows the increase of internal energy.
Hence, it leads to a temperature increase.
Let Us Remember
Awesome! Now, let us summarize what we have learned.
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● Heat refers to energy in transit that flows from an object with a higher
temperature to an object with a lower temperature.
● The thermal energy (also known as internal energy) of a substance is
the sum of kinetic and potential energies of all the particles involved
in the matter.
● Work is the product of the pressure applied on or by the gas and the
volume change. It expresses as, Work = PΔV.
● Thermodynamics is the study of heat and its transformation into work.
● An object or group of objects that are the focus of a study is called a
system.
● The first law of thermodynamics states that the heat added to a system
equals an increase in the internal energy of a system plus the external
work done by the system. The mathematical form for this is Q= ΔU +
W.
● The internal energy within a substance is the sum of molecular
potential energy (due to forces that act between the atoms of a molecule
and between the molecules), the molecular kinetic energy (due to
random motion of the molecules), and other kinds of molecular energy
Let Us Assess
Very Good! We are almost there! It is time to try the fruit of our journey.
Multiple Choice:
Direction: Read the questions carefully. Write the letter of the best answer
and write it on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Jelyn stretched a rubber band ten times. After that, she observed that
the rubber band felt warm. Did the rubber band gain heat? A. Yes,
the rubber band felt warm means it gained heat.
B. Yes, the rubber band felt warm means it lost heat.
C. No, the temperature is not related to a gain or loss of heat.
D. No, it is not evident.
2. Two systems, having different masses and different temperatures, are
placed side by side. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. Heat will flow from the lower temperature body to the higher temperature
body.
B. Heat will flow from the higher temperature body to the lower temperature
body.
C. Heat will flow from the lighter body to the heavier body.
D. Heat will flow from the heavier body to the lighter body.
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3. A tank with a pressure of 2.5 atm and a volume of 12 m3 is compressed
at constant pressure to ¼ of its initial volume. Note: 1atm=1.01 x 105
Pa. What is the work done by the gas?
A. -2,242,500 J C. -2.25 X105 J
B. -2,257,200 J D. -2.27 X106 J
4. What do you call the form of energy that produces steams?
A. Mechanical Energy C. Thermal Energy
B. Chemical Energy D. Electrical Energy
5. A 200 J of energy adds to a system that does 75 J of external work. By
how much is the thermal energy of the system raised?
A. 275 J C. 125 J
B. 120 J D. 270 J
6. A gas is compressed at a constant pressure of 0.7 atm from 8 liters to
1.5 liters and releases 600 J of thermal energy. What is the work done
by the gas?
A. -959.65 J C. -369.66 J
B. -459.55 J D. -758.56 J
7. Which of the following statements is TRUE about heat?
A. It transfers from low temperature to high temperature or from a colder
object to a warmer object.
B. It transfers from high temperature to low temperature or from a warm
object to a colder object.
C. It transfers from high temperature to low temperature or from a colder
object to a warmer object.
D. It transfers from low temperature to high temperature or from a warm
object to a colder object.
8. Which of the following statements about internal energy is NOT correct?
A. The internal energy within a substance is the sum of molecular potential
energy (due to forces that act between the atoms of a molecule and
between the molecules), the molecular kinetic energy (due to random
motion of the molecules), and other kinds of molecular energy.
B. The internal energy of the hot body decreases and the internal energy of
the cold substance increases when heat flows, and work done is
negligible.
C. The internal energy of the cold substance decreases, and the internal
energy of the hot substance increases when heat flows.
D. The system’s internal energy changes by adding or removing heat or
doing work, or both
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9. What happens to the final volume of the gas as it expands?
A. It will be greater.
B. It will be smaller.
C. It will be at zero.
D. It will be the same throughout the process.
10. What happens to the work done if the gas expands?
A. It becomes five times larger than the first phase.
B. It remains the same as its first phase.
C. It is negative.
D. It is positive.
11. A system gains 3,400 J of heat from its surroundings and 2,900 J of
work is done on the system by the surroundings. What is the change of
the internal energy of the system?
A. 6300 J C. 700 J
B. 6100 J D. 500 J
12. Which of the following is TRUE about the law of conservation of energy?
A. The amount of heat lost is greater than the amount of heat gained.
Hence, heat energy is created or destroyed.
B. The amount of heat lost is lower than the amount of heat gained. Hence,
heat energy is created or destroyed.
C. The amount of heat lost is greater than the amount of heat gained.
Hence, heat energy is conserved, neither created nor destroyed.
D. The amount of heat lost is equal to the amount of heat gained. Hence,
heat energy is conserved, neither created nor destroyed.
13. If the change in the internal energy of a system is negative, then which
of the following best describes the result?
A. The internal energy of the system increases.
B. The internal energy of the system decreases.
C. The internal energy does not change.
D. Work done on the system.
14. What law states by the equation: Q= ΔU + W?
A. Carnot’s Principle
B. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
C. First Law of Thermodynamics
D. Second Law of Thermodynamics
15. A system gains 2,400 J of heat from its surroundings and 1,900 J of
work done on the system. What is the change of the internal energy of
the system?
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A. 4300 J C. 700 J
B. 800 J D. 500 J
Let Us Enhance
Activity 3: Solve Me!
Directions: Solve the following problems by finding the work done and the
change in the internal energy of the system
1. An amount of 600 J of heat is supplied to a gas in a heat engine, causing
the gas to expand by 1.80 L at a constant pressure of 2.65 bar. Find:
A. the work done by the gas
B. the change in the internal energy of the gas
2. A system absorbs 600.0 J of energy. It does 400.0 J of work. Find the
change in the internal energy of the system.
3. In each of the following, determine the change in the internal energy of the
system.
A. A system gains 3,900 J of heat from its surroundings and 2,500 J of
work is done on the system by the surroundings.
B. A system gains 5,800 J of heat from its surroundings and 3,400 J
of work is done on the system by the surroundings.
Always have in mind:
The heat added to a system equals to the increase in the internal
energy of a system added with the external work done by the system. The
system’s internal energy changes by adding or removing heat, or doing
work, or a combination of the two.
Let Us Reflect
Congratulations! You made it! You may want to share your thoughts
and what you have learned from the lesson.
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Your goal is to apply your learning in real-life situations.
Heat is crucial to all aspects of life, especially plants and animals. Plant
lives and animals rely on heat to survive. Heat is a result of energy, which can
be beneficial as well as dangerous. With the increase in knowledge of the
properties and uses of heat, the efficiency of heat or energy use will escalate,
resulting in the understanding of things like survival. In addition, heat has
many usages in the industry as making and processing the food and
manufacture of the glass, the textile, the paper, etc.
These are some examples of how heat can do work. When turning on
the engine of a car, the hood becomes warm due to the conduction of heat
from the car’s engine to its hood. When a shirt is set on an ironing board to
be ironed, the heat conducts from the iron to the shirt, making the shirt
simple to smooth all those unsightly wrinkles and look sharp. In a hot-air
balloon, energy is evident and thereby transferred as heat from the flame of
the burner to the air inside the balloon. It triggers the balloon to rise because
the hot air gets trapped inside.
The idea of the first law of thermodynamics clarifies the impossibility to
do work that results in a greater energy output than the energy input as the
amount of energy present in the system remains constant. No machine can
ever produce more energy than was put into it. To keep operating continually
and efficiently, a nonstop input of energy.
The thermodynamic method applies in the study of natural phenomena
where heat effects play a crucial role.
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References
Alvarez, Liza A., Dave G. Angeles, Hernan l.Apurada, Oliver A.Lahorra
Ma. Pilar P. Carmona, Judith F. Marcaida, Ma. Regaela A. Olarte,
Estrella C. Osorio, Digna C. Paningbatan, Marivic S. Rosales, and
Ma. Teresa B. Delos Santos. 2017. Science Learner's Module 9.
Pasig City: Studio Graphics Corp.
Aquino, Marites D., Estrellita A. Madriaga, Meliza P. Valdoz, and Jonna
A. Biong. 1977. Science Links Worktext for Scientific and
Technological Literacy. C.M. Recto Avenue,Philippines: REX Book
Store.
Lahora, Oliver A., and Luzviminda A. Dinglasan. 2015. Spiral Science 9.
Quezon City: Sunshine Interlinks publishing House, Inc.
Rufino A. Villamar, Jr., and Marivic L. Torres. 2018. Science Conforming
to the Globalized Trends in Education. Quezon City: Sta. Teresa
Publications, Inc.
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Davao City Division
E. Quirino Avenue, Davao City
Telephone: (082) 227 4762
