SYLLABUS

PAPER 1
The main objective is to assess the teaching and research capabilities of the candidates. The test aims at assessing the teaching and research aptitude
as well. Candidates are expected to possess and exhibit cognitive abilities, which include comprehension, analysis, evaluation, understanding
the structure of arguments, deductive and inductive reasoning. The candidates are also expected to have a general awareness about teaching and
learning processes in higher education system. Further, they should be aware of interaction between people, environment, natural resources and
their impact on the quality of life.
The details of syllabi (As Per NTA) are as follows:

Unit-1: Teaching Aptitude

• Teaching: Concept, Objectives, Levels of teaching (Memory, Understanding and Reflective), Characteristics and basic requirements.
• Learner's characteristics: Characteristics of adolescent and adult learners (Academic, Social, Emotional and Cognitive), Individual differences.
• Factors affecting teaching related to: Teacher, Learner, Support material, Instructional facilities, Learning environment and Institution.
• Methods of teaching in Institutions of higher learning: Teacher centred vs. Learner centred methods; Off-line vs. On-line methods (Swayam,
Swayamprabha, MOOCs etc.).
• Teaching Support System: Traditional, Modern and ICT based.
• Evaluation Systems: Elements and Types of evaluation, Evaluation in Choice Based Credit System in Higher education, Computer based
testing, Innovations in evaluation systems.

Unit-2: Research Aptitude

• Research: Meaning, Types, and Characteristics, Positivism and Postpositivistic approach to research.
• Methods of Research: Experimental, Descriptive, Historical, Qualitative and Quantitative methods.
• Steps of Research.
• Thesis and Article writing: Format and styles of referencing.
• Application of ICT in research.
• Research ethics.
Unit-3: Comprehension
• A passage of text be given. Questions be asked from the passage to be answered.
Unit-4: Communication
• Communication: Meaning, types and characteristics of communication.
• Effective communication: Verbal and Non-verbal, Inter-Cultural and group communications, Classroom communication.
• Barriers to effective communication.
• Mass-Media and Society.
Unit-5: Mathematical Reasoning and Aptitude
• Types of reasoning.
• Number series, Letter series, Codes and Relationships.
• Mathematical Aptitude (Fraction, Time & Distance, Ratio, Proportion and Percentage, Profit and Loss, Interest and Discounting, Averages etc.).
Unit-6: Logical Reasoning
• Understanding the structure of arguments: argument forms, structure of categorical propositions, Mood and Figure, Formal and Informal
fallacies, Uses of language, Connotations and denotations of terms, Classical square of opposition.
• Evaluating and distinguishing deductive and inductive reasoning.
• Analogies.
• Venn diagram: Simple and multiple use for establishing validity of arguments.
• Indian Logic: Means of knowledge.
 Contents
December 2023 Session
SET-1 General Paper [08 Dec 2023 (E)] 1

SET-2 General Paper [14 Dec 2023 (E)] 10

Units
Unit-1 Teaching Aptitude 18

Unit-2 Research Aptitude 63

Unit-3 Comprehension 104

Unit-4 Communication  142

Unit-5 Mathematical Reasoning and Aptitude 181

Unit-6 Logical Reasoning 242

Unit-7 Data Interpretation 299

Unit-8 Information and Communication Technology (ICT) 341

Unit-9 People, Development and Environment 393

Unit-10 Higher Education System 437

 SET

1 GENERAL PAPER
[08 DEC 2023 (E)]

Direction (1-5): The following Table - I shows the percentage distribution A. Internalisation of culturally organised ways of thinking
of overseas tourist traffic from India to different Countries and Table-I B. Promotion of leader centric speech
shows the percentage distribution of overseas tourist traffic from India
C. Regulation of one's own mental activity
according to their age during the year 2022. Based on the data in the
tables, answer the questions that follow. D. Orientation towards enhancing social disorders
Table - I Country-wise Distribution of Indian Overseas Tourists Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(1) A and B only (2) A and C only
List-I (Country-wise)
(3) B and C only (4) C and D only
Japan USA UK Others
30% 40% 10% 20% 7. The content and the outcome of an interaction together constitute
Table - II Age-wise Distribution of Indian Overseas Tourists (1) Physical order (2) Secret order
List-II (Age-wise) (3) Political order (4) Textual order
<30 years (30-40) years (40-50) Years ≥ 50 years 8. Find the missing term in the following letter series
15% 15% 20% 50% AMZ, BLY, CNX, DKW, EOV, ............. ?
Where [L-M) years means age is ≥L years and < M years. (1) FPU (2) FJU
1. If amongst other countries, Switzerland accounted for 25% of (3) FQX (4) FRU
the Indian tourist traffic and a total of 25 lakh Indian tourists had 9. Which of the following test statistics is useful for conducting
gone to Switzerland during the year, then the number of (30-40) Analysis of Variance?
years old Indian tourists who went abroad in that year is
(1) F (2) t
(1) 18.75 lakh (2) 25 lakh
(3) Chi square (4) Z
(3) 75 lakh (4) 50 lakh
10. Given below are two statements:
2. If the tourist traffic from India to USA is 165000 more than that
of UK then what is the difference between the Indian overseas Statement-I: Flip (ICT tool) allows users to record and share

tourist traffic in the age group of (40-50) years and (30-40) years? short video responses
(1) 72500 (2) 27500 Statement-II: Flip (ICT tool) is primarily used for video

(3) 55000 (4) 42000 discussions and presentations
3. Consider that the total number of Indian tourists who went to In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate
Japan in 2022 was 24000 . If A is the number of Indian tourists answer from the options given below
who went to UK and B is the number of Indian overseas tourists (1) Both statement-I and Statement-II are correct
who were ≥50 years old then (A,B) = (2) Both statement-I and Statement-II are incorrect
(1) (5000,25000) (2) (6000,30000) (3) Statement-I is correct but statement-II is incorrect
(3) (7000,35000) (4) (8000,40000) (4) Statement-I incorrect but statement-II is correct
4. If the total number of Indian tourists who went abroad to 11. Given below are two statements:
countries other than Japan, USA and UK was 5 lakhs in 2022,
then what was the volume of Indian tourists to USA in that year? Statement-I: A valid deductive argument cannot have all true

premises and a false conclusion
(1) 10 lakhs (2) 8 lakhs
(3) 6 lakhs (4) 12 lakhs Statement-II: The concept of truth cannot be applied to

arguments
5. The ratio of the number of Indian tourists who went to USA to
the number of Indian tourists who went abroad and were below In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate
40 years of age, is answer from the options given below.
(1) 2 : 1 (2) 8 : 3 (1) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are true.
(3) 3 : 8 (4) 4 : 3 (2) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are false.
6. Which of the following are the two basic psychological functions (3) Statement-I is true but Statement-II is false.
of intra-personal communication? (4) Statement-I is false but Statement-II is true.
 12. It takes 10 men to finish a work in 2 days. Four (4) men started 18. A Person sells an item at a discount of 40% and still makes a
to execute the work but after one (1) day, 3 of them left, How profit of 20%. By what percentage was the marked price of the
many days it will take the lone man to finish the remaining work? item more than the cost price of the item?
(1) 12 days (2) 14 days (1) 50% (2) 100%
(3) 15 days (4) 16 days (3) 150% (4) 120%
13. From the communication viewpoint, Adi Shankara's philosophical 19. Given below are two statements
concept provides primacy to Statement-I: Implicit memory refers to intentional or conscious

(1) Personal ego (2) Materialistic desires recollection of information.
(3) Self-consciousness (4) Social conflicts Statement-II: Explicit memory refers to memories people are

14. Which of the following statements are true? not consciously aware of, but that can affect their subsequent
performance and behaviour.
A. One of the main advantages of ROM is that the information
stored on the ROM chip is not lost even when the power to In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate
the computer is turned answer from the options given below
B. ASCII is an acronym for American Standard Code for (1) Both statement-I and Statement-II are correct
Intelligent Information (2) Both statement-I and Statement-II are incorrect
C. Compared to desktop computers, laptop computers are (3) Statement-I is correct but statement-II is incorrect
portable since all its components are together in one single (4) Statement-I incorrect but statement-II is correct
unit 20. The Education/Despatch of 1854 suggested professional training
(1) A and B only (2) A and C only in
(3) B and C only (4) A, B and C A. Library science B. Law
15. Give below are two statements: C. Medicine D. Civil Engineering
Statement-I: A fallacy is a defect in an argument that consists E. Material science
of something other than merely false premises Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Statement-II: If an argument is unsound or uncogent, it has one
(1) A, B and C only (2) B, C and D only
or more false premises, or it contains a fallacy or both (3) C, D and E only (4) A, B and E only
In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate 21. According to UGC regulations 2018 for Prevention of Plagiarism,
answer from the options given below. which among the following similarities would constitute Level
3 plagiarism?
(1) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are true
A. 38% B. 45%
(2) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are false
C. 54% D. 63%
(3) Statement-I is true but Statement-II is false.
E. 71%
(4) Statement-I is false but Statement-II is true
Choose the correct answer from the options given below
16. Match List-I with List-II.
(1) A and B only (2) B, C and D only
List-I List-II (3) D and E only (4) E only
(Use) (Appropriate Input 22. "If you love hot cakes and you love ice creams, then you will
Device) surely love hot cake ice cream". Which fallacy is committed in
A. To select options from a list I. Keyboard the above argument?
B. To type data into a database II. OMR (1) Fallacy of composition (2) Slippery slope
(3) Fallacy of division (4) Hasty generalization
C. To input candidate's MCQ III. Chip Reader
answer marked in pre- 23. Given below are two statements
determined positions Statement-I: In mass communication, the message is rapid and
public
D. To input data directly from a IV. Mouse
bank card Statement-II: New technology has blurred the distinction
between inter-personal communication and mass communication
(1) A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(2) A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV (1) Both statement-I and Statement-II are correct
(3) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III (2) Both statement-I and Statement-II are incorrect
(4) A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III (3) Statement-I is correct but statement-II is incorrect
17. The degree to which the measure of a concept truly reflects that (4) Statement-I incorrect but statement-II is correct
concept, refers to 24. Ujjain, in ancient India, was famous for the study of
(1) Ecological fallacy (2) Measurement validity (1) Veterinary science (2) Chinese philosophy
(3) Ecological validity (4) External validity (3) Astronomy (4) Community work

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 47. Which of the following facts related to climate change are true? 49. The main focus of the passage in on
A. The global leaders are indifferent to the issue of climate (1) Climate change and its impact
change (2) Climate change and geopolitics
B. The climate change talks are sometimes directed towards (3) Climate change and developmental imperatives
political and economic gain rather than climate change
(4) Climate change and mitigation strategies
C. It is about the shift in economic balance from the developed
economies to the emerging economies 50. What are the problems faced by developing economies like India?
D. Developing economies like India can afford to spend large A. They are extremely poor
sums of money to cut emissions B. Many people in India lack basic health amenities
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: C. They are extremely rich
(1) B and C only (2) A, B and C only D. Millions of people still depend on firewood and kerosene
to light up their homes
(3) B, C and D only (4) A and D only
48. What should India first and foremost focus on? Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(1) Developing indigenous technologies to cut emissions (1) A, B and D only
(2) Importing technologies to cut emissions (2) B and D only
(3) Provide food, health and education to its people (3) B, C and D only
(4) Spend large sums of money to cut down emissions (4) A and D only

Solutions

1. (3) Let the total number of overseas tourist from India be x. 7. (4) Textual order refers to the structure and meaning created
Then, 25% of 20% of x = 25 lakh through language and communication, encompassing both the
content conveyed and the resulting outcomes or implications
⇒ 5% of x = 25 lakh
of the interaction.
25
Required number of tourist = 15% of x = × 15 = 75 lakh 8. (2) First A +1 B +1 C +1 D +1 E +1 F
5 Letter: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
2. (2) (40% – 10%) of total Indian tourist = 165000
Second M –1 L +2 N –3 K +4 O –5 J
⇒ 30% of total Indian tourist = 165000 Letter: (13) (12) (14) (11) (15) (10)
⇒ Required difference = (20% – 15) × of total Indian tourist
16500 Third Z –1 Y –1 X –1 W –1 V –1 U
= 5% of total Indian tourist = ×5 = 27500 Letter: (26) (25) (24) (23) (22) (21)
30
So, the missing term is FJU.
3. (4) Let the total number of overseas tourist from India be y
9. (1) 1.  F - Correct. The F-statistic compares variances between
Then, 30% of y = 24000
and within groups in ANOVA.
24000 2. t - Used to test differences between two group means or a
A = 10% of y = × 10 =8000
30 sample mean and a population mean. Not used in ANOVA
B = 50% of y = 5 × 8000 = 40000 where there are multiple groups.
4. (1) Let the total number of overseas tourist from India be n. 3. Chi square - Used to test relationships between categorical
Then, 20% of n = 5 lakh variables. Not suitable for ANOVA with quantitative
⇒ 40% of n = 2 × 5 lakh = 10 lakh dependent variables.
4. Z - Standardized test statistic used in tests such as one
5. (4) Required ratio = 40 : (15 + 15) = 40 : 30 = 4 : 3
sample Z-test. Not used in ANOVA.
6. (2) A.   Internalisation of culturally organised ways of thinking
10. (1) Flip (formerly known as Flipgrid) is an educational technology
involves the process of adopting and internalizing the
tool that allows users to record and share short video responses
norms, values, and ways of thinking that are culturally
to prompts or topics set by the instructor. It is used primarily
organized. for video discussions and presentations in educational settings,
C. Regulation of one's mental activity involves the ability where students can create video responses and can also view
to monitor and control one's thoughts, emotions, and and reply to videos from their peers, thereby fostering a digital
behaviours. This function is essential for effective intra- environment for discussions. Therefore both statements are
personal communication. correct.

General Paper [08 Dec 2023 (E)] 5

11. (1) Statement-I: In deductive reasoning, validity refers to the 17. (2) Measurement validity is a fundamental concept in research
logical relationship between premises and conclusion. An methodology, particularly in quantitative research. It pertains
argument is considered valid if the conclusion logically follows to the extent to which a measuring instrument accurately
from the premises, meaning that if the premises are true, the measures what it is intended to measure. In other words,
conclusion must also be true. measurement validity assesses whether the operationalization
Statement-II: we do not evaluate arguments themselves as or measurement of a concept accurately captures the underlying
"true" or "false", but rather we evaluate the logic, validity, construct or phenomenon it is meant to represent.
soundness etc. based only on the information available within 18. (2) Q Discount (%) = 40%
the statements provided. Hence the concept of truth doesn’t
\ S.P. = M.P. – M.P. × 40%
apply in the statement.
= M.P. × (100 – 40)% = 60% of MP ...(i)
12. (4) Let the required number of days be x.
Also,
According to question,
Q Profit (%) = 20%
10 × 2 = 4 × 1 + (4 – 3) 5 × x
\ S.P. = C.P. + 20% of C.P.
⇒ 20 = 4 + x
= (100 + 20)% of C.P. = 120% of C.P ...(ii)
⇒ x = 16
From (i) and (ii)
13. (3) Adi Shankara's philosophy emphasizes the concept of Advaita
60% of MP = 120% of CP
Vedanta, which teaches the non-duality of the self (Atman) and
the ultimate reality (Brahman). ⇒ MP = 2CP or 200% of CP
Adi Shankara's philosophical concept provides primacy to \ MP is 100% more than CP.
Self-consciousness. This self-awareness and realization of the 19. (2) Statement-I is incorrect because it defines implicit memory
underlying unity of existence are central themes in Advaita as being conscious and intentional recollection when implicit
Vedanta, highlighting the importance of self-consciousness in memory is unconscious.
understanding the nature of reality and communication with
Statement-II is also incorrect because it mixes up the definitions
oneself and others.
and suggests explicit memory is being unaware - but explicit
14. (2) ROM, which stands for Read-Only Memory, is a type of storage memory is conscious recollection.
medium that is used in computers and other electronic devices
The correct definitions are:
to store data that is not intended to be modified frequently.
The key characteristic of ROM is its non-volatile nature, Implicit memory refers to memories that are not part of
meaning it does not require a constant power supply to retain conscious awareness, but that influence behavior. Things like
the information stored on it. This makes it ideal for storing habits, behaviours learned through classical conditioning,
firmware or system software that needs to persist even when emotional responses, skills etc. Come under implicit memory.
the device is powered down. Therefore, this statement is true. For example - riding a bike. Once you learn it, you don't
The correct full form of ASCII is the American Standard Code consciously think about all the parts of riding. But the memory
for Information Interchange, not "Intelligent Information.". guides your behaviour.
ASCII is a character encoding standard for electronic Explicit memory refers to conscious, intentional recollection
communication. so, this statement is false. of facts, events, or details. For example - remembering
Laptops are designed with portability in mind, which is a what you had for dinner last night, or the details of a news
significant advantage over desktop computers. A laptop's article you read. It involves conscious thought and recall of
components such as the display, keyboard, trackpad, information.
microprocessor, memory, and hard drive are integrated into 20. (2) The Education/Dispatch of 1854 was a comprehensive plan for
a single unit. This integration allows laptops to be compact, the development of education in India, made by Sir Charles
lightweight, and ready to use on the go. As a result, this Wood, the President of the Board of Control of the East India
statement is true. Company. It focused primarily on enhancing facilities for
15. (1) Statement-I correctly defines a fallacy as a defect in an the study of English, modern sciences, literature and various
argument that goes beyond merely having false premises. professions. Specifically, it suggested professional training in
Fallacies can arise from various errors in reasoning, such medicine, law and civil engineering. There was no mention of
as flaws in logic, misleading rhetoric, or invalid inference library science or material science.
patterns. 21. (3) Levels of plagiarism and Penalty
Statement-II accurately states that an argument can be unsound
S. No. Levels Penalty
or uncogent due to one or more false premises, the presence
of a fallacy, or both. An unsound argument is one with at least 1. Level 0: Similarities Minor Similarities, No
one false premise, while an uncogent argument lacks proper up to 10% penalty
support or reasoning, which could be due to the presence of a 2. Level 1: Similarities Students shall be asked to
fallacy or false premises. up to 10% to 40% revise the script and submit
16. (3) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III it within six months

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 UNIT

10 HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM

SYLLABUS (As Per NTA) TOPIC WEIGHTAGE (Based on 50 Papers)

Topic No. of Ques. Analysis

A. Institutions of Higher Learning and Education in Ancient India 25 A

F 10%
Evolution of Higher Learning and Research in Post Independence
B. 74 22%
India
Oriental, Conventional and Non-Conventional Learning
C. 24
Programmes in India 30% B
E 8%
D. Professional, Technical and Skill Based Education 49

20%
E. Value Education and Environmental Education 21
10%
D
F. Policies, Governance, and Administration 56 C

with their revered teachers. Learning in these Gurukuls was deeply

Institutions of Higher Learning and Education in rooted in the oral tradition, with students memorizing the vast
Ancient India knowledge imparted by their Gurus.
As society evolved, structured educational institutions emerged,
Ancient Indian Knowledge System marking the beginning of a formalised education system. This evolution
led to the establishment of universities, becoming centres of profound
In India, a rich tradition of knowledge sharing and societal development learning and enlightenment. In the subsequent discussion, we will delve
has existed since ancient times. Dating back to the Vedic period, this deeper into this historical journey, exploring the significant role these
tradition was exemplified through Gurukuls, where students resided institutions played in shaping India’s intellectual and cultural fabric.
Ancient Education Centres of India
S. No. University Time Place Major Area Key Points
Taxila, Gandhar Buddhist Studies, Tantra Shastra, World’s oldest University, Teachers like
500 BC-
1. Taxila (Currently Arthashstra, Surgery, etc. Chanakya, Panini, and Charwaka taught
500 AD
Rawalpindi, Pakistan) here
Mahayana Buddhism, Medicine, Major Development under King Kumar
427 BC- Nalanda (Rajgrah,
2. Nalanda Law, Religion, Art, Archery, Gupta (414-445 AD), Hiuen Tsang taught
1197 AD Bihar)
Mathematics, Astronomy here in 7th CE.
Hinayana Buddhism, Arthshahstra Under the patronage of Maitraka Kings
600 AD- Vallabhi (Bhavnagar,
3. Vallabhi (Economics), Niti Shastra (Law), (475-775 AD), Hiuen Tsang and I-Tsing
1400 AD Gujrat)
Chikitsa Shastra (Medicine) also visited here.
Vyakaran, Logic, Philosophy, Established by Dharam Pala (8th CE),
Tantra Shastra, and Karmakanda Mahayana Buddhism is major but All
800 AD- Vikramshila
4. Vikramshila (Later on Tantra Shastra gained 64 subjects of Hinduism are also taught.
1023 AD (Bhagalpur, Bihar)
Prominence) Mahasthabir (Kulpati) is the highest
authority of the university.
 Tarka Shastra, Nayay Darshan Gangeshopadhya formed a new school of
12th CE- (Philosophy), Fine arts, Scientific Nayay Darshan, Navya Nayay here. Even
5. Mithila Mithila (Bihar)
15th CE Subjects up to King Akber, this university works
well.
Buddhist Studies Flourished under the Pala Dynasty from the
8th CE-
6. Odantapuri Bihar Sharif (Bihar) 8th CE to the 10th CE. Tibetan Records also
13th CE
mentions the university scholars
Varendra, North Buddhist Center of Study Pal Dynasty King Raja Ram Pal. Centre of
Jagaddala 11th CE-12th
7. Bengal (Currently education for nearly 100 years.
University CE AD
Bangladesh)
Nadia Centre for Hindu culture and Famous writers Raghunath Shiromani and
12th CE-
8. (Navadweep) Bengal education Jaidev belong to this education centre
15th CE AD
University
Philosophy, Literature, Language In the northern area of India, this centre
Sharada 6th CE- and Culture of education has a special place. Famous
9. Kashmir
Peetham 12th CE AD scholars like Kalhana, Bilhana, Patanjali
etc. belong to this institute.
Operated Centre of Education in the South. Minister of Krishna 3rd, Narayana richly
10. Salotgi Salotgi (Karnataka)
till 945 AD endowed this.
Provided free hostel and Sringeri and Kanchi are other centres of
11. Ennayiram — Tamil Nadu
education to 340 students education in south India.

India now moving forward we will see how after colonization British
Evolution of Higher Learning and Research in promoted their education methods in India. In this topic, we will learn
Post-independence India about acts and amendments made by Britishers during the colonial
period. First, we will see the pre-independence era, and then we
Before Colonization, there was a rich and structured system of learning explore the improvements made by post-independence governments.
in India. As we have learned about education centers and universities of

Pre-Independence

S. No. Act/Report/Commission Time/Year Recommendation Key Facts

Established a Madarsa for learning of Established by Warren Hastings
1. 1781
Muslim law (Kolkata, Bengal)
Sanskrit College for learning for Hindu Jonathan Duncan
2. 1791
texts (Varanasi, UP)
3. Charter Act 1813 Establishment of Colleges
The first college Presidency was A step towards modern education,
4. 1817
established in Calcutta (Made a University by GOI in 2010)
Elphinstone Minutes Reported need for establishing English This report opens the door for modern
5. 1823
(Report) and modern education education in British India
6. Macaulay Minutes 1834 Advocated for English  Education
Infiltration Theory (Objective to create an Establishment of Elphinston College
7. William Bentinck’s Plan 1835 Indian who is Indian by color and English (Bombay), and Calcutta Medical
by thought) College
Recommended properly articulated Known as the “Magna Carta of English
Sir Charles Wood’s education system from primary to Education in India
8. 1854
Dispatch Report university. Proposed coherent education
policy.
Universities were established in Madras, Follow up on Wood’s Dispatch Report
9. 1857
Bombay & Calcutta Presidency.

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 Recommended segregation of education Also known as “Indian Education
10. Hunter Commission 1882-83
into primary and higher education. Commission 1882-83”
23 September, Established under the act of Institute of Muir Central College, established in
11. University of Allahabad
1887 National Importance by British India 1876 later evolved as this university.
This commission aims to find out the Sir Thomas Raleigh is the chief of this
Indian University condition of Indian universities and their commission.
12. 1902
Commission prospects. Indian Universities Act, 1904 is based
on this commission’s recommendation.
Inter-University Board Leaders of freedom movement created Bengal is the center for this activity.
13. & National Council for 1905 National Council for Education
Education
This commission recommended creating As per the commission’s
Sadler Commission a separate education board for secondary recommendation education was moved
14. (Calcutta University 1917 and higher secondary education. Also to the state list and the responsibility
Commission) proposes a 3 year Pass and honours to operate the university was given to
university programme. provinces in 1919.
Established by Nizam of Hyderabad Medium of education is the Urdu
15. Osmania University 1918
language
Aligarh Muslim Presided by Sar Saiyad Ahmad Khan
16. 1920
University
Focus on primary education, Sir Philip Hartog is chairman of
improvement for admission process in this commission, CABE (Central
university Education Advisory Board) is
17. Hartog Commission 1929
established on this commission’s
recommendation This board still
functions today.
This committee is formed to investigate Established by the Central Province
18. Sapru Commission 1934
the reasons for Unemployment
Commission recommended English Polytechnic and commercial institutes
19. Abbot - Wood Report 1937 medium education are formed by this commission’s
commission’s recommendation
This is based on the visions of Mahatma This report was formed by a
Gandhi. This committee recommended committee led by Dr. Jakir Hussain.
Wardha Scheme Of free and compulsory education for
20. 1937
Education children aged between 7 to 14 years and
the medium of education should be the
mother tongue.
This commission recommended the This committee is chaired by Sir John
following points - Sargent. This report is also known as a
1. Free and compulsory education for document for education development
children aged between 6 to 11 in India after the war.
21. Sargent Commission 1944 2. Formation of primary and secondary
school.
3. Higher education should be divided
into 2 parts, technical and commercial,
second is education.

Higher Education System 439

 350A Uniform system of education Seeks to develop a uniform system of education across the country.
Calls for a national curriculum framework.
351 Scientific and technical education Encourages the promotion of scientific and technical education by
the union and the states.
371-I Establishment of central universities Enables Parliament to establish universities for common arts,
science, engineering and medical education.
30 Right of minorities to establish education institutions Gives all religious and linguistic minorities the right to establish
and run educational institutions of their choice.

Statutory Body Special Officer for Article 350B Protects interests of

A statutory body in India refers to a body under the government of Linguistic Minorities linguistic minorities
India which functions in pertinence to a particular matter at hand. Advocate General Article 165 Chief legal advisor to
Statutory bodies are organizations that are established by an Act of state government
Parliament. They have legislative backing and defined roles/functions.
List of some important Statutory Bodies: Attorney General Article 76 Chief legal advisor to
central government
• National Commission for Minorities.
• Armed Forces Tribunal. Inter-State Council Article 263 Promotes cooperation
between states and
• National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission. center
• National Law Commission.
Goods and Services Article 279A Harmonizes laws and
• National Commission for Women. Tax Council policies concerning GST
• National Human Rights Commission.
• National Green Tribunal. NIRF Ranking of Institutions, 2023
• National Commission for Backward Classes. NIRF ranks universities and institutes in India across different
categories and domains. India Rankings started in 2016 are annual
• University Grants Commission (UGC) - Statutory organization
university rankings published by the National Institutional Ranking
set up by UGC Act, 1956.
Framework (NIRF). In the first edition of India Rankings in 2016, the
• All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) - Statutory top rank in the overall category was awarded to: Indian Institute of
body set up by AICTE Act, 1987. Science, Bangalore (IISc)
Constitutional Body 1. India Rankings 2023 Top 15 in Overall:

The Indian Constitution provides for several constitutional bodies, Name City State Rank
which are institutions with specific powers and functions outlined in
Indian Institute of Chennai Tamil Nadu 1
the Constitution. These bodies play a crucial role in upholding the
Technology Madras
principles of democracy, ensuring accountability, and safeguarding the
rights of the citizens. Here are some important constitutional bodies in Indian Institute of Bengaluru Karnataka 2
the Indian Constitution Science
Constitutional Body Article Key Functions Indian Institute of New Delhi Delhi 3
Election Commission Article 324 Conducts free and fair Technology Delhi
of India elections
Indian Institute of Mumbai Maharashtra 4
Union Public Service Article 315 Recruits civil servants Technology Bombay
Commission for central government
State Public Service Article 315 Recruits civil servants Indian Institute of Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 5
Commissions for state governments Technology Kanpur

Finance Commission Article 280 Defines financial All India Institute of New Delhi Delhi 6
of India relations between center Medical Sciences,
and states Delhi
Comptroller and Article 148 Audits government Indian Institute of Kharagpur West Bengal 7
Auditor General of accounts, reports on Technology Kharagpur
India fiscal health
Indian Institute of Roorkee Uttarakhand 8
National Commission Article 338 Monitors safeguards for
Technology Roorkee
for Scheduled Castes backward castes
National Commission Article 338A Monitors safeguards for Indian Institute of Guwahati Assam 9
for Scheduled Tribes scheduled tribes Technology Guwahati

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 3. India Rankings 2023 Top 15 Colleges:
Jawaharlal Nehru New Delhi Delhi 10
University Name City State Rank
Banaras Hindu Varanasi Uttar Pradesh 11 Miranda House Delhi Delhi 1
University
Hindu College Delhi Delhi 2
Jamia Millia Islamia- New Delhi Delhi 12
New Delhi Presidency College Chennai Tamil 3
Nadu
Jadavpur University Kolkata West Bengal 13
PSGR Krishnammal Coimbatore Tamil 4
Indian Institute Hyderabad Telangana 14 College for Women Nadu
of Technology
Hyderabad St. Xavier’s College Kolkata West 5
Bengal
Amrita Vishwa Coimbatore Tamil Nadu 15
Atma Ram Sanatam New Delhi Delhi 6
Vidyapeetham
Dharm College

2. India Rankings 2023 Top 15 Universities: Loyola College Chennai Tamil 7

Nadu
Name City State Rank
Rama Krishna Mission Kolkata West 8
Indian Institute of Science Bengaluru Karnataka 1 Vivekananda Centenary Bengal
College
Jawaharlal Nehru New Delhi Delhi 2
University Kirori Mal College Delhi Delhi 9

Jamia Millia Islamia-New New Delhi Delhi 3 Lady Shri Ram College New Delhi Delhi 10
Delhi for Women

Jadavpur University Kolkata West 4 Shri Ram College of Delhi Delhi 11

Bengal Commerce

Banaras Hindu University Varanasi Uttar 5 Hans Raj College Delhi Delhi 12
Pradesh Sri Venkateswara College Delhi Delhi 13
Manipal Academy of Manipal Karnataka 6 St. Stephen’s College Delhi Delhi 14
Higher Education-
Manipal Ramakrishna Mission Howrah West 15
Vidyamandira Bengal
Amrita Vishwa Coimbatore Tamil 7
Vidyapeetham Nadu 4. India Rankings 2023 Top 10 Research Institutions:
Vellore Institute of Vellore Tamil 8 Name City State Rank
Technology Nadu
Indian Institute of Science Bengaluru Karnataka 1
Aligarh Muslim Aligarh Uttar 9
University Pradesh Indian Institute of Chennai Tamil Nadu 2
Technology Madras
University of Hyderabad Hyderabad Telangana 10
Indian Institute of New Delhi Delhi 3
University of Delhi Delhi Delhi 11 Technology Delhi
Calcutta University Kolkata West 12 Indian Institute of Mumbai Maharasthra 4
Bengal Technology Bombay
Saveetha Institute of Chennai Tamil 13 Indian Institute of Kharagpur West Bengal 5
Medical and Technical Nadu Technology Kharagpur
Sciences
Indian Institute of Kanpur Uttar 6
Anna University Chennai Tamil 14 Technology Kanpur Pradesh
Nadu
Indian Institute of Roorkee Uttarakhand 7
Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Bhubaneswar Odisha 15 Technology Roorkee

Higher Education System 449

 All India Institute of New Delhi Delhi 8
Gross Enrolment Ratio In Higher Education
Medical Sciences, Delhi (18-23 Year)
Indian Institute of Guwahati Assam 9 Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in Higher Education, estimated using
Technology Guwahati population projections based on 2011 Census for the 18-23 age group
is 27.3. For Scheduled Castes it is 23.1 and for Scheduled Tribes it is
Tata Institute of Mumbai Maharashtra 10
Fundamental Research 18.9. The concept of Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) is total number
of enrolled students of a particular age group divided by the total
5. India Rankings 2023 Top 05 in Engineering: population of that age group. GER is a statistical measure that indicates
the ratio of enrolled students in a particular level.
Name City State Rank
Indian Institute of Technology Chennai Tamil Nadu 1
Madras
Indian Institute of Technology New Delhi 2
Delhi Delhi
Indian Institute of Technology Mumbai Maharashtra 3
Bombay
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 4
Kanpur
Gender Parity Index (GPI)
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Uttarakhand 5
Roorkee Gender Parity Index in primary, secondary and tertiary education is the
ratio of the number of female students enrolled at primary, secondary
Discipline Wise Distribution and tertiary levels of education to the number of male students in each
level. In short, GPI at various levels reflect equitable participation of
The total enrolment at Undergraduate Level in major discipline/subject
girls in the School system.
based on actual response is given in Table. The highest number of
students are enrolled in Arts courses (104 lakh, out of which 52% are Figure shows Gender Parity Index (GPI) for All Categories, SCs and
STs. It may be seen that Female participation in Higher Education
female), followed by Science (48.17 lakh students out of which 52%
for All Categories is 105 per 100 males and for Scheduled Casts
are female), Commerce (with 43.23 lakh students enrolled, out of which
(SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) it is 107 and 102s per 100 males
48.5% are female) and Engineering and Technology is the fourth major
respectively.
steam (36.86 lakh student enrolment of which 71% are male).

S. No. Discipline Enrollment (%) 1.08

1.07
1.07
1. Arts 33.52
1.06
2. Engineering & Technology 11.87 1.05
1.05
3. Science 15.52
1.04
4. Commerce 13.93
1.03
5. Education 5.31 1.02
1.02
6. Medical Science 4.92
1.01
7. Management 2.62
1
8. Others (Foreign Language, Agriculture, 12.31
0.99
Law, Area Study, Home Science) All SC ST

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 Previous Year’s Practice Questions

Institutions of Higher Learning and Education in 7. In the earlier days of higher education in India, the focus was
mostly on disciplines of [16 June 2023 (E)]
Ancient India
(1) Agriculture (2) Medicine
1. Match List-I with List-II [June 2023] (3) Arts (4) Law
8. At which of the following ancient place of higher learning did
List-I List-II
the famous royal physician Jivaka, who had cured the king
(Ancient field of study) (Meaning)
Bimbisara study? [16 June 2023 (E)]
A. Siksha I. Metre (1) Takshashila (2) Kanchi
B. Nirukta II. Phonetics (3) Jayender Vihar (4) Vallabhi
9. Given below are two statements: [15 June 2023 (M)]
C. Kalpa III. Etymology
Statement-I: Curriculum at Taxila was varied and included
D. Chhandas IV. Religious Practices technical sciences.
Statement-II: Curriculum of Nalanda excluded technical
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: sciences.
(1) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-I (2) A-I, B-II, C-VI, D-III In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate
(3) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I (4) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I answer from the options given below:
(1) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct
2. The ancient Indian University famous for specialized study in
‘Hinayana’ was [Nov 2020] (2) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are incorrect
(1) Nadia University (2) Nalanda University (3) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
(3) Vallabhi University (4) Vikramshila University (4) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct
3. In which of the following Ancient Indian universities, the culture 10. In the light of Buddhist system of education student was expected
and civilization of Tibet was built mainly through the writings to follow ‘Das Sikha Padani’ Which of the following dose not
of the schools? [June 2019] represer the code of conduct:- [13 June 2023 (M)]
(1) Nalanda (2) Vikramshila A. To avoid food at odd times
(3) Jagaddala (4) Mithil B. To avoid untrue speech
4. Given below are two statements: [20 June 2023 (M)] C. To relish music and dance
Statements-I: In Ancient times, Nalanda attained greatest and
D. To avoid stealing
most brilliant achievements in the field of logic. E. To accept gifts in charity
Statement-II: Each professor in Nalanda had charge of one
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
subject only.
(1) A & B (2) B & C
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate
(3) C & D (4) C & E
answer from the options given below:
(1) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct 11. The ancient system of education in India included education of
which of the following ancient texts? [1 March 2023 (M)]
(2) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are incorrect
A. Vedas B. Brahmanas
(3) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
(4) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct C. Upanishads D. Dharma sutras
5. Higher education in ancient India was based on an integrated Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given
system of [19 June 2023 (E)] below:
A. Ahimsa (Non-violence) B. Dharma (Religion) (1) A and C Only (2) B and D Only
C. Darshan (Philosophy) D. Arth Shastra (Economics) (3) A, C and D Only (4) A, B, C and D
E. Niti (Ethics) 12. Taxila was one of the chief centres for imparting:
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: [14 March 2023 (M)]
(1) A, B and C only (2) A. C and D only (1) Veterinary science (2) Trade and Commerce
(3) A, D and E only (4) B. C, D and E only (3) International relations (4) Medical science and surgery
6. Which of the following universities have their locations in Bihar? 13. Where is Chanakya said to have composed his Arthashastra?
[16 June 2023 (M)] [14 Oct 2022 (E)]
A. Vallabhi B. Vikramshita (1) Sarnatha (2) Takshashila
C. Shridhanya katak D. Odantapuri (3) Nalanda (4) Vikramshila

Higher Education System 451

 14. Match List-I with List-II [14 Oct 2022 (E)] (1) A-II, B-IV, C-III, D-I (2) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
(3) A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV (4) A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
List-I List-II
Name of the Subject Domain and Subject Matter 20. Ayurveda, which deals with indigenous system of medicine,
could be traced to:  [17 Oct 2020 (M)]
A. Kavya I. Agriculture, trade, commerce,
(1) Rigveda (2) Yajurveda
animal husbandry
(3) Samveda (4) Atharveda
B. Aniviksiki II. Etymology 21. Which one of the following ancient universities provided for the
C. Varta III. Logic teaching of a special subject ‘Vajrayana Buddhism’ along with
other subjects? [30 Sept 2020 (M)]
D. Ntrukta IV. Imaginative and creative
(1) Mithila University (2) Jagaddala University
literature
(3) Nalanda University (4) Odantapuri University
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
22. The Ancient Indian University known as the chief centre for
(1) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I (2) A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
advanced and specialized studies in Nyaya or Logic was
(3) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II (4) A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III
[2 Dec 2019 (M)]
15. Charaka is known for [21 Oct 2022 (E)]
(1) Jagaddala University (2) Mithila University
(1) Medical treatise (2) Jataka tales
(3) Nadia University (4) Valabhi University
(3) Dharmasutras (4) Ashtadhyayi
23. Match the following historic places with their distinguishing
16. Match List-I with List-II. Match the features of education of
discipline of learning [4 Dec 2019 (E)]
various types. [21 Nov 2021 (M)]
List-I List-II
List-I List-II
Historic places Discipline
A. Ancient Vedic I. Equality was the foundation
Education of student-teacher A. Takshila I. Astronomy
relationship B. Ujjain II. Buddhism
B. Post Vedic II. Enrichment of knowledge C. Sarnath III. Art, Architecture and Painting
Education and experience D. Ajanta IV. Medicine
C. Brahminic III. Knowledge results in Choose the correct option from those given below:
Education wiping out falsehood
(1) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV (2) A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
D. Buddhist system IV. Emphasis on character (3) A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I (5) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
of Education building and self-realisation
24. Who among the following scholars carried back scriptures from
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: Nalanda University and wrote about architecture and learning
(1) A-I, B-IV, C-III, D-II (2) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III of this university? [6 Dec 2019 (E)]
(3) A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV (4) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I (1) Kim Huang (Korea) (2) Jin Tan Yang (Korea)
17. University of the ancient period which has been declared by (3) Xuan Zang (China) (4) Junha Meng (China)
UNESCO as a heritage site is: [24 Nov 2021 (M)] 25. In which of the following Ancient Indian universities, the culture
A. Mithila B. Vallabhi and civilization of Tibet was built mainly through the writings
C. Pushpagiri D. Takshashila of the scholars? [20 June 2019 (E)]
E. Nalanda (1) Nalanda (2) Vikramsila
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: (3) Jagaddala (4) Mithila
(1) A and B only (2) B and C only
(3) C and D only (4) D and E only Evolution of Higher Learning and Research in
18. Which of the following ancient educational institutions was Post Independence India
situated at the banks of river Ganga? [9 Oct 2020 (M)]
26. Which of the following universities were established in the year
(1) Nalanda University (2) Pushpagiri University 1916? [June 2023]
(3) Vikramshila University (4) Takahashila University A. Delhi University
19. Match the following. [11 Nov 2020 (E)] B. Banaras University
List-I List-II C. Mysore University
A. Nirukta I. Phonetics D. S. N. D. T. Women’s University
B. Chhandas II. Ritual Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
C. Shiksha III. Metrics (1) A, B & C only (2) A & D only
D. Kalpa IV. Etymology (3) A & C only (4) B, C & D only

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 246. The Right to Information Act, 2005 makes the provision of 248. The Parliament in India is composed of [1 June 2009]
[1 June 2010] (1) Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha
(1) Dissemination of all types of information by all Public (2) Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha & Vice President
authorities to any person. (3) Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha & President
(2) Establishment of Central, State and District Level Information
(4) Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha with their Secretariats
Commissions as an appellate body.
(3) Transparency and accountability in Public authorities. 249. The enrolment in higher education in India is contributed both
(4) All of the above by Formal System of Education and by System of Distance
Education. Distance education contributes [1 June 2009]
247. According to Article 120 of the Constitution of India, the business
in Parliament shall be transacted in [1 June 2009] (1) 50% of formal system
(1) English only (2) 25% of formal system
(2) Hindi only (3) 10% of the formal system
(3) English and Hindi both (4) Distance education system’s contribution is not taken into
(4) All the languages included in Eighth Schedule of the account while considering the figures of enrolment in higher
Constitution education

Solutions

1. (3) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I. Shridhanya Katak: This well-known historical university is
2. (3) Hinayana represents a branch of Buddhist learning. This located in Katak, present day Odisha.
particular school does not advocate for the divinity of Lord Odantapuri: Odantapuri was an ancient Buddhist Mahavihara
Buddha. Instead, it emphasizes that each person can attain located in Bihar, India.
salvation through self-discipline. Vallabhi University served 7. (3) In the earlier days of higher education in India, the focus was
as a significant hub for Hinayana studies from 600 to 1200 CE. mostly on disciplines of Arts.
It is situated in Bhavnagar, Gujrat. This university flourished
under the patronage of the Maitraka king during 475-775 AD. 8. (1) Jivaka was appointed as the royal physician of king Bimbisara
of the Magadha kingdom. He learned the science of medicine
3. (2) Vikramshila University was an ancient centre of learning in
by studying under the distinguished physicians of Takshashila.
India, established by King Dharmapala in the late 8th or early
9th century CE. It was a renowned for Buddhist education and 9. (3) The curriculum at Taxila was indeed varied and included
a prominent centre for Tantric studies. Located in present-day technical sciences, while the statement about the curriculum
Bihar. Vikramshila University was known for its excellence in of Nalanda excluding technical sciences is incorrect. Nalanda
various fields of learning, attracting scholars and students from was also known for its diverse curriculum, which included a
across the Indian subcontinent and beyond. Unfortunately, the wide range of subjects, including science and technology.
university declined and eventually fell into ruins around the 10. (4) Buddhism place importance on self control compassion and
12th century due to various factors, including invasions and a kindness. Students in maths and viharas were made to adhere
shift in patronage. to 10 rules, called ‘Das Sikha Padhani’ for character formation.
4. (2) Nalanda University in ancient times did achieve great success Which are following-
in various fields, including logic. However, it is historically (i) Avoid violence
documented that professors in Nalanda were not limited to one (ii) Avoid stealing
subject only; they were well-versed in multiple subjects and
(iii) Avoid Bad conduct
had a broad range of expertise.
(iv) Avoid untreth speech
5. (4) In ancient Indian education, the study of philosophy (Darshan)
was integral across disciplines. Religious studies (Dharma) (v) Avoid intoxicating material
as well as ethics (Niti) also featured prominently. Economics (vi) Avoid taking food at odd times
(Arthashastra) was an important field tackling practical life. (vii) Avoid Backbiting
However, Non-violence (Ahimsa) was not a core founding
(viii) Stay away from dance and music
principle of learning systems.
6. (2) Vallabhi: Vallabhi was an ancient city and a renowned center (ix) Avoid luxury goods
of learning, believed to be in present-day Gujarat, India. (x) Renounce costly gift in charity.
Vikramshila: Vikramshila was an ancient center of learning 11. (4) Vedas, Brahmanas, Upanishads & Dharma sutras all are part
located near Bhagalpur in present-day Bihar, India. of ancient indian education system.

Higher Education System 471

12. (4) Taxila was an important ancient center of learning located in and initiatives taken during successive Five Year Plans and
present-day Pakistan. It was renowned for its medical school particularly due to policy changes in the eighties to allow the
and teachings in the field of medicine and surgery. Students participation of Private and Voluntary Organizations in the
across the ancient world would travel to Taxila to receive setting up of Technical Institutions on a self-financing basis, the
education and training from famous physicians like Charaka. growth of Technical Education has been phenomenal. After a
13. (2) Takshashila successive development from the fourth five-year plan, the focus
shifted towards improving the quality and standard of technical
14. (2) A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II.
education.
15. (1) Charaka is known for a medical treatise. Specifically, he is
29. (3) The National Knowledge Commission (NKC) was established
associated with the compilation of the ancient Indian text on
in June 2005 by Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh, led by
Ayurveda known as the “Charaka Samhita,”
Mr Sam Pitroda, aiming to devise a plan for restructuring
16. (4) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV. our educational institutions and infrastructure concerning
17. (4) The university of the ancient period that has been declared by knowledge. This initiative aimed to equip India to tackle
UNESCO as a heritage site is Nalanda and Takshashila. forthcoming challenges. The NKC’s objectives included:
18. (3) Nalanda University, an ancient educational institution, was 1. Enhancing educational excellence to address 21st-century
situated at the banks of the river Ganga. knowledge challenges, thereby boosting India’s competitive
19. (2) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I. edge across various knowledge domains.
20. (4) Ayurveda, the indigenous system of medicine, can be traced 2. Encouraging the generation of knowledge within Science
back to the Atharvaveda. and technology research centres.
21. (2) Jagaddala University founded by King Ramapala (1077–1129) 3. Enhancing the administration of institutions involved in
Intellectual Property Rights.
22. (2) The Ancient Indian University known as the chief centre
for advanced and specialized studies in Nyaya or Logic was 4. Facilitating knowledge application in Agriculture and
Mithila University. Industry.
23. (4) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV 5. Leveraging knowledge capabilities to enhance government
efficiency, transparency, and accountability in citizen
24. (3) Xuanzang (Hsüan-tsang) (602—664)
services while encouraging widespread knowledge
25. (2) The culture and civilization of Tibet were built mainly through sharing.
the writings of the scholars of vikramsila university.
30. (3) A committee was set up under the chairmanship of Acharya
26. (4) 1916: Banaras hindu University was founded by Pt. madan Ramamurthy in May 1990 to review NPE and to make
mohan malviya ji. recommendations for its modifications. That committee
1922: The University of Delhi was established in 1922. submitted its report in December 1990 with 81 main points in
1916: The University of Mysore was established on 27th July it. Its major suggestions are -
1916 during the reign of the Maharaja of Mysore. • Decentralized and participative mode of planning in higher
1916: Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey (SNDT) education.
Women’s University is the first Women’s university in India • Focus of universities on teaching post-graduate classes
as well as in South-East Asia. The University was founded by and research.
Maharshi Dr. Dhondo Keshav Karve in 1916. • Inservice training for university and college teachers to
27. (3) Kothari Commission was constituted in 1964. This committee improve the quality of teaching.
is chaired by Dr. D. S. Kothari. The committee consisted of a 31. (4) Statement-I, regarding NAAC promoting the fostering of local
total of 17 members. The Commission submitted its report on competencies among students and teachers in higher education
June 29, 1996. The committee’s recommendations are focused institutions, lacks direct association or explicit emphasis
on education technology, ethics and national integration. Some within NAAC’s core values. NAAC primarily focuses on the
key recommendations are the following: assessment and accreditation of institutions based on certain
1. Recommended improving teacher education and training criteria related to infrastructure, teaching-learning processes,
for qualified educators. Selecting teachers at the national research, etc.
level exams. Statement-II accurately aligns with the objectives of RUSA.
2.  Suggested expanding higher education opportunities, Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan primarily aims to
establishing more universities, and promoting research. enhance the overall quality of state institutions through strategic
3.  Highlighted the need for technical and professional education funding and various measures aimed at improving the standard
to meet industry demands. of higher education across states in India.
4.  Restrict the expansion of higher education. Hence, Statement-I seems to lack direct alignment with NAAC’s
5. Provide autonomy to the universities. core values, while Statement-II aligns with RUSA’s objectives.
32. (3) National Knowledge Commission, 2005-08
28. (1) The growth of Technical Education before independence in
the Country has been very slow. The number of Engineering (i) Commission Chairman - Sam Pitroda.
Colleges and Polytechnics (including Pharmacy and Architecture (ii) The gross enrollment ratio (GER) should be increased
Institutions) in 1947 was 44 and 43 only. Due to efforts to 15 % from 7%.

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