ADVANCED IRRIGATION

AUTOMATION SYSTEM

A Report submitted

in partial fulfilment for the Degree of

B.Tech in

Robotics and automation & Mechatronics

by

SARTHAKADLAKHA ADHITHYARAJ M

Reg.No: 11219210006 Reg.No: 11319210004

R VARUN ROHITH ATHALURI SAI KIRAN

Reg.No: 11319210006 Reg.No: 11319210009

pursued in

Department of Mechanical engineering

To

SRM UNIVERSITY DELHI NCR,

SONEPAT, HARYANA

JUNE, 2023
 DECLARATION
I declare that this project report titled ADVANCED IRRIGATION AUTOMATION SYSTEM
submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree of B. Tech in Robotics & Automation and
Mechatronics is a record of original work carried out by me under the supervision of Ms Taran
, and has not formed the basis for the award of any other degree or diploma, in this or any other
Institution or University. In keeping with the ethical practice in reporting scientific information,
due acknowledgement have been made wherever the findings of others have been cited.

___________________________

Sarthak Adlakha (11219210006)

___________________________

Adhithyaraj M (11319210004)

___________________________

R Varun Rohith (11319210006)

___________________________

Athaluri Sai Kiran (11319210009)

Delhi-NCR, Sonepat-131029

12th June 2023

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to express my deepest gratitude and appreciation to the following individuals and
organizations who have played a significant role in the completion of this project:

First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor, Ms Taran , for his guidance, support,
and valuable insights throughout the duration of this project. His expertise and continuous
feedback have been instrumental in shaping the direction of this research. Also I would like to
mention Dr. M. Ahmed HOD of physics department, Dr. R. Shankar HOD of Mechanical
department, for providing us with all the necessary help and cooperating with us throughout
the project and Dr.R.Roy , Dean –E&T, and other faculty members who helped in preparing
the guidelines.

I am also grateful to the faculty members of Mechanical engineering department for providing
me with the access to necessary resources, which greatly facilitated my project work.

I am truly grateful to all those mentioned above, as well as anyone else who has been involved
in any way in this project. Their contributions have been invaluable, and I am deeply
appreciative of their assistance. I extend my sincere thanks to one and all of SRM University
family for the completion of this document on the project report format guidelines

Sarthak Adlakha (11219210006)

Adhithyaraj M (11319210004)

R Varun Rohith (11319210006)

Athaluri Sai Kiran (11319210009)

3
 ABSTRACT
This report is based on study on smart irrigation system which has gained significant attention
in recent years as they offer efficient water management in agricultural and residential settings.
In India agriculture plays a vital role for development in livelihood in which the agriculture
depends on monsoons/waterbodies which not sufficient source of water so our prototype
presents a Smart Irrigation System implemented using NodeMCU, an open-source IoT
platform, and ThingSpeak, a cloud-based IoT platform for data collection and analysis. The
proposed system aims to optimize water usage, enhance crop yield, and minimize water
wastage by monitoring and controlling irrigation processes based on real-time environmental
data.

The Smart Irrigation System consists of three main components: sensors, NodeMCU, and
ThingSpeak. Various sensors such as soil moisture sensors, temperature sensors, and humidity
sensors are deployed to collect environmental data.

The NodeMCU, equipped with Wi-Fi capabilities, acts as the central control unit of the system.
It collects data from the sensors and communicates with ThingSpeak, which serves as a cloud-
based database and analysis platform.

The collected sensor data is transmitted wirelessly to ThingSpeak using the NodeMCU's Wi-
Fi connectivity. ThingSpeak stores the data and provides real-time visualizations and analytics,
allowing users to gain insights into the environmental conditions affecting plant growth. The
platform also enables the user to set specific thresholds for environmental parameters and
control the irrigation process remotely.

Using ThingSpeak's built-in MATLAB® analytics engine, the system can analyze the collected
data and generate actionable insights. Machine learning algorithms can be applied to identify
patterns and correlations between environmental factors and irrigation requirements. These
insights can be utilized to optimize irrigation schedules, adjust watering durations, and trigger
automated irrigation based on specific conditions.

The Smart Irrigation System offers several advantages over traditional irrigation methods. It
promotes water conservation by ensuring irrigation is only performed when necessary, based
on the actual needs of the plants.

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This not only reduces water waste but also prevents overwatering, which can lead to soil
erosion and root rot. Additionally, the system provides real-time monitoring and control,
enabling farmers and homeowners to remotely manage irrigation processes, saving time and
effort.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Description Page number

Certificate 2
Declaration 3
Acknowledgement 4
Abstract 5
Table of contents 7
List of figures 9
List of tables 10
Abbreviation 11
Chapter 1 12
1.1 Introduction 13
1.2 Application 14
Chapter 2
2.Components required 15
2.1 Electronic components 15
2.2 Electrical components 22
2.3 Mechanical components 25
2.4 Tools required 26
Chapter 3
3. Programming 29
Chapter 4
4.Modelling and working 32
4.1 Project stages 32
4.2 CAD Model 32
4.3 Circuits 34
4.5 Gantt chart 35
4.6 Budget 35

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Chapter 5
5. Testing and Conclusion 37
5.1 Result 37
5.2 Conclusion 37
Reference 38

7
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure no. Description
FIG-1 Node MCU Labelled
FIG-2 Node MCU
FIG-3 Motor Controller
FIG-4 DHT Sensor
FIG-5 SIM800L
FIG-6 Soil Moisture Sensor
FIG-7 Relay Module
FIG-8 DC Motor
FIG-9 LiPo Battery
FIG-10 Jumper wires
FIG-11 Bread Board
FIG-12 Submersible water pump
FIG-13 Car Chassis with wheels
FIG-14 Screw driver kit
FIG-15 Shouldering kit
FIG-16 Tapes
FIG-17 CAD Model - Top View
FIG-18 CAD Model – Back View
FIG-19 CAD Model - Side View
FIG-20 CAD Model - Isometric View
FIG-21 Circuit Diagram – Automation System
FIG-22 Circuit Diagram – RC car

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 LIST OF TABLES

S.NO CONTENT
T-1 GANTT CHART
T-2 BUDGET TABLE
T-3 TESTING AND RESULTS

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 ABRREVEATIONS
AIAS Advanced irrigation automation system
DC Direct current
GND Ground
Vcc Voltage common collector
Node MCU Node Microcontroller unit
LiPo Lithium polymer
DHT Digital humidity temperature
ESP Event stream processing
Vin Voltage input

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 CHAPTER-1

1.1 INTRODUCTION

In India, where 60-70% economy depends on agriculture, there is a great need to modernize the
conventional agricultural practices for the better productivity. Due to unplanned use of water the ground
water level is decreasing day by day, lack of rains and scarcity of land water also results in decrement
in volume of water on earth. Nowadays, water shortage is becoming one of the big-gest problems in
the world. We need water in each and every field. In our day to day life also water is essential.
Agriculture is one of fields where water is required in tremendous quantity. Wastage of water is the
major problem in agriculture. Every time excess of water is given to the fields. There are many
techniques to save or to control wastage of water in agriculture. The objective of the system is to
a) conserve energy & water resources
b) handles the system manually and automatically
c) detects the level of water.
Due to the climatic changes and lack of precision, agriculture have resulted in poor yield as compared
to population growth. Irrigation is mostly done using canal systems in which water is pumped into fields
after regular interval of time without any feedback of water level in field. This type of irrigation affects
crop health and pro-duces a poor yield because some crops are too sensitive for the water content in
soil.
Watering the plant is the most important cultural practice and one of the labour-intensive tasks in daily
greenhouse operation. To make the gardener works easily, the automatic plant watering system is
created. This project works according to the climate condition and soil moisture. It analyses the
moisture content of soil. The need of advance irrigation system is to overcome over irrigation and under
irrigation. The purpose of ADVANCED IRRIGATION AUTOMATION SYSTEM is to defeat the
traditional methods of irrigation done by farmers. The traditional methods were the one in which the
farmer did everything manually by user interaction with the motors, pump etc. This traditional method
was time consuming and had unpredictable output. Thus there came the need to automate it and make
an ADVANCED IRRIGATION AUTOMATION SYSTEM so that all the process can be improved. In
our project We have used Capacitive Soil Moisture Sensor to measure moisture content present in the
soil. Similarly to measure Air Temperature and Humidity, we prefer DHT11 Humidity Temperature
Sensor and after the values the remote controlled car will perform its work. We have made Remote
controlled car mounted together with a water sprinkler, The water sprinkler attachment, mounted on the
RC car, sprays water in a controlled manner, ensuring even distribution and coverage. With this setup,
users can maneuver the RC car across their desired area, adjusting the watering patterns as needed.

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The RC car's agility and flexibility enable it to reach difficult-to-access spots, making it ideal for
irregularly shaped gardens or areas with obstacles.
Innovative application not only adds a fun element to watering tasks but also improves efficiency, saving
time and reducing water wastage.
The proposed irrigation system will be very efficient in areas like house gardens, office premises,
buildings etc. where watering plants at regular interval matters. This system also presents an smart drip
irrigation system to water plants using devices like Arduino microcontrollers. And also the user gets the
status time to time.
A smart irrigation system, contrary to a traditional irrigation method, regulates supplied water.
The feedback mechanism of a smart irrigation system is a moisture sensor and temperature and
humidity sensor. Evapo - transpiration (ET), thermal imaging, capacitive methods, and neutron
scattering method and gypsum blocks are some of the technologies that enable moisture sensing.
Capacitive sensors, however instantaneous, are costly and need to be calibrated often with varying
temperature and soil type.
A large agriculture field presents is with different part of areas, hence, moisture measurement at a
single locating in the field does not make much sense. Consequently, what is required is a distributed
number of sensor nodes and scattered pumping units to pump water to those specific locations covered
by the sensor units. An automated irrigation unit, in conjunction with a low cost moisture sensor, is
proposed in this prototype.

1.2 APPLICATIONS
A smart irrigation application is a software application that utilizes technology to efficiently manage
and control irrigation systems for agricultural or residential purposes. It leverages sensors, weather data,
and automation to optimize water usage and improve irrigation efficiency. Here are some key features
and benefits of a smart irrigation application:
1.Agriculture: Smart irrigation can be applied in large-scale agricultural operations to automate
irrigation systems and optimize water usage. It helps farmers save water, reduce labor costs, and
improve crop yields by ensuring plants receive the right amount of water at the right time.
2.Residential and commercial gardening: Smart irrigation systems can be implemented in gardens,
lawns, and landscapes to automate watering schedules based on soil moisture levels, weather conditions,
and plant requirements. This ensures plants receive adequate water without wastage.
3.Greenhouses: Smart irrigation can be integrated into greenhouse systems to provide precise watering
control for different types of plants. Sensors can monitor soil moisture, humidity, and temperature,
allowing the system to adjust watering schedules accordingly.

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4.Urban landscaping: Parks, public gardens, and urban landscapes can benefit from smart irrigation
systems to maintain healthy and attractive green spaces. These systems can adapt to changing weather
conditions and optimize water usage, reducing water waste and manual labor.
5.Sports fields and golf courses: Smart irrigation can be used to manage watering schedules for sports
fields, golf courses, and other recreational areas. By monitoring soil moisture levels and weather data,
the system can ensure optimal playing conditions while conserving water resources.
6.Sensor Integration: The application integrates with various sensors, such as soil moisture sensors, rain
sensors, and weather stations, to collect real-time data about soil moisture levels, precipitation,
temperature, and humidity.
7.Weather Data Analysis: By analyzing weather data, including forecasts and historical patterns, the
application can make informed decisions about when and how much to irrigate. It considers factors like
rainfall, evapotranspiration rates, and plant water requirements to ensure precise irrigation scheduling.
8.Automation and Scheduling: The application automates the irrigation process based on the collected
data and predefined parameters. It can create irrigation schedules, activate or deactivate irrigation
systems, and adjust watering durations based on the specific needs of plants or crops.
9.Water Conservation: With smart irrigation, water usage is optimized by avoiding overwatering or
watering during periods of rainfall. By monitoring soil moisture levels and weather conditions, the
application ensures that water is only applied when necessary, reducing water waste and conserving
resources.
10.Remote Access and Control: Smart irrigation applications often provide remote access and control
features, allowing users to monitor and manage their irrigation systems from anywhere using a
smartphone, tablet, or computer. This enables users to make adjustments, view reports, and receive
notifications about irrigation events or system issues.
11.Watering Recommendations: Some smart irrigation applications provide personalized
recommendations based on plant types, soil conditions, and local climate data. These recommendations
can guide users in making informed decisions about watering frequency, duration, and other irrigation
parameters.
12.Data Analytics and Insights: By analysing historical irrigation data, the application can provide
insights into water usage patterns, plant health, and system performance. This information helps users
optimize their irrigation strategies, identify potential issues, and improve overall efficiency.
13.Integration with Other Systems: Smart irrigation applications can integrate with other smart home
or farm automation systems. For example, they can coordinate irrigation schedules with weather-based
lighting systems, adjust watering based on real-time energy prices, or integrate with smart assistants for
voice-controlled operation.

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 CHAPTER 2

2 . COMPONENTS REQUIRED

2.1.1 ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

• Node MCU (ESP8266) :

NodeMCU is an open-source development board based on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module. It offers
a convenient platform for prototyping Internet of Things (IoT) projects and creating Wi-Fi-
enabled devices. In this article, we will delve into the working of NodeMCU and explore its
pin functions to help you get started with your own projects.

Working of NodeMCU:
NodeMCU is built around the ESP8266 module, which combines a microcontroller with Wi-Fi
capabilities. The board provides a convenient way to program and control the ESP8266 using
the Lua scripting language or Arduino IDE.

Here are the key steps involved in the working of NodeMCU:

Power Supply: NodeMCU requires a 3.3V power supply. It can be powered via a micro-USB
port or an external power source connected to the VIN pin.

Bootloader: When NodeMCU is powered on or reset, it runs a built-in bootloader that allows
programming the board. The bootloader also handles firmware updates over Wi-Fi.

Firmware: NodeMCU runs firmware that provides the necessary software stack for Wi-Fi
connectivity, networking protocols, and GPIO control. The firmware can be easily updated
using the NodeMCU Flasher tool.

Programming: NodeMCU can be programmed using the Lua scripting language or the
Arduino IDE. Lua provides a lightweight and easy-to-learn scripting language, while the
Arduino IDE offers a familiar development environment for those already experienced with
Arduino boards.

Wi-Fi Connectivity: NodeMCU's ESP8266 module provides built-in Wi-Fi capabilities,

allowing the board to connect to a Wi-Fi network and communicate with other devices over the
network

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Pin Functions of NodeMCU:
NodeMCU features a set of GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output) pins that can be used for
various purposes, including digital input/output, analog input, PWM (Pulse Width Modulation),
and I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) communication. Here is an overview of the pin functions:

Digital Pins: NodeMCU has 11 digital pins, labeled D0 to D10. These pins can be used for
general-purpose digital input or output. They support 3.3V logic levels, so external components
should be compatible with this voltage.

Analog Input Pins: NodeMCU provides a single analog input pin labeled A0. It allows you to
measure analog voltage levels using the built-in ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter).

PWM Pins: Some of the digital pins on NodeMCU also support PWM output, which is useful
for controlling the intensity of LEDs, motors, or other devices. The PWM pins are labeled D1,
D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8, and D9.

I2C Pins: NodeMCU supports I2C communication, which enables you to connect multiple
devices using a two-wire serial interface. The I2C pins on NodeMCU are labeled SDA (D2)
and SCL (D1).

FIG-1

15
 FIG-2

• Motor controller Motor controllers play a crucial role in a wide range of applications, from
robotics to industrial automation. They serve as the interface between microcontrollers or other
control systems and electric motors, enabling precise control over motor speed, direction, and
torque. In this article, we will delve into the working principles of motor controllers, shedding
light on their key components and functionality.
Understanding Motor Controllers:
A motor controller is an electronic device designed to govern the operation of electric motors.
It receives control signals from a microcontroller or other control system and translates them
into appropriate signals to drive the motor. Motor controllers vary in complexity, ranging from
simple controllers for small DC motors to advanced controllers for high-power AC motors.
Here, we will focus on the working principles of a basic motor controller.

FIG-3

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• DHT Sensor: DHT sensors are widely used in temperature and humidity monitoring
applications, ranging from weather stations to smart homes. These sensors provide an easy and
cost-effective way to measure environmental conditions. In this article, we will explore the
working principles of DHT sensors, shedding light on their key components and functionality.

Understanding DHT Sensors:

DHT sensors are a family of digital sensors that combine a humidity sensor and a temperature
sensor in a single module. They provide accurate and reliable measurements of ambient
temperature and relative humidity. DHT sensors come in various models, with the DHT11 and
DHT22 being the most commonly used.

Working Principles of DHT Sensors:

Sensing Element:
The sensing element of a DHT sensor consists of two main components: a humidity sensing
component and a temperature sensing component. These components are usually based on a
thin-film capacitive sensor technology. The humidity sensing component measures changes in
capacitance caused by the absorption or release of moisture in the air, while the temperature
sensing component uses a temperature-dependent resistor or thermistor.

Analog to Digital Conversion:

DHT sensors utilize an analog to digital converter (ADC) to convert the analog signals from
the sensing elements into digital data that can be processed by a microcontroller or a computer.
The ADC measures the capacitance changes and resistance values and converts them into
corresponding digital values.

Calibration and Compensation:

To ensure accurate measurements, DHT sensors undergo calibration during the manufacturing
process. Calibration involves subjecting the sensors to controlled environments with known
temperature and humidity levels. The calibration data is then used to compensate for any
inherent sensor errors and improve the accuracy of the measurements.

Communication Protocol:
DHT sensors use a single-wire digital communication protocol to transmit the measured
temperature and humidity data to an external device. The most common protocol is a
proprietary one-wire protocol developed by the sensor manufacturer. This protocol enables easy
integration with microcontrollers and other digital systems.

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 Timing and Signal Processing:
During operation, the DHT sensor requires precise timing and signal processing to read and
interpret the data. The communication protocol involves specific timing intervals for data
transmission and synchronization. The sensor data is then processed by the microcontroller or
the receiving device to extract the temperature and humidity readings.
Power Supply:
DHT sensors typically operate on a 3.3V or 5V power supply. They consume very low power,
making them suitable for battery-powered applications. The power supply voltage is used to
supply the internal circuitry and sensing elements of the sensor.

FIG-4

• SIM800L is a widely used GSM/GPRS module that provides cellular connectivity for various
applications. It is a compact and cost-effective module manufactured by SIMCom. The
SIM800L module supports 2G connectivity and is capable of voice, SMS, and data transmission
over the cellular network. With its small form factor and low power consumption, the SIM800L
module is suitable for applications where space and power constraints are a concern. The
SIM800L module is commonly used in applications such as vehicle tracking systems, remote
monitoring and control systems, smart meters, and IoT devices. It enables wireless
communication and connectivity, allowing these devices to transmit data, send SMS messages,
and establish voice calls over the cellular network.

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 FIG-5
• Soil moisture sensor: Soil moisture sensors are invaluable tools in agriculture, gardening, and
environmental monitoring. They enable precise measurement of soil moisture levels, allowing
for optimal irrigation and plant care. In this article, we will delve into the working principles of
soil moisture sensors, shedding light on their key components and functionality.

Understanding Soil Moisture Sensors:

Soil moisture sensors are devices designed to measure the volumetric water content in soil.
They provide valuable information about soil moisture levels, helping farmers and gardeners
make informed decisions regarding irrigation schedules and water management.

Working Principles of Soil Moisture Sensors:

Sensing Technology:
Soil moisture sensors employ various sensing technologies to determine the moisture content
in the soil. The most common types of soil moisture sensors are:

a. Resistance-Based Sensors: These sensors measure the electrical resistance between two or
more electrodes inserted into the soil. As the moisture content increases, the soil's electrical
conductivity improves, resulting in a decrease in resistance. This change in resistance is used
to calculate the moisture level.

b. Capacitance-Based Sensors: Capacitance sensors measure the dielectric constant or

permittivity of the soil, which is directly related to the soil's moisture content. These sensors
consist of two or more electrodes that create an electrical field. As the moisture content
increases, the dielectric constant of the soil changes, leading to a change in capacitance.

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c. Time-Domain Reflectometry (TDR) Sensors: TDR sensors send electromagnetic pulses
through the soil and measure the time it takes for the pulses to be reflected back. The reflection
time is directly related to the soil's dielectric properties, which are influenced by moisture
content. TDR sensors provide highly accurate readings but are often more expensive.

Calibration:
Soil moisture sensors require calibration to establish a relationship between the sensor's output
and the actual soil moisture content. Calibration involves correlating the sensor's measurements
with reference moisture values obtained from laboratory tests or field observations. By
calibrating the sensor, users can obtain accurate and reliable readings.

Installation and Placement:

To ensure accurate readings, proper installation and placement of soil moisture sensors are
crucial. The sensors are typically inserted into the soil at various depths, depending on the
specific application and the root zone of the plants. The sensors should be positioned away from
rocks or other objects that may interfere with the readings.

Output and Data Interpretation:

Soil moisture sensors provide output in either analog or digital form, depending on the sensor
type. Analog sensors produce continuous voltage or current readings proportional to the soil
moisture content. Digital sensors provide moisture readings in a discrete digital format. The
output data is then interpreted using calibration curves or algorithms to derive the soil moisture
levels.
Power Supply:
Soil moisture sensors require a power supply to operate. The power supply can be provided by
batteries, solar panels, or other external power sources. Low-power consumption is desirable,
particularly for long-term monitoring applications.

FIG-6

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 • Relay module: A relay module is an electronic device that allows the control of high-power
circuits using low-power signals. It consists of one or more relays, which are electromechanical
switches, and typically incorporates additional circuitry for control and protection. The primary
function of a relay module is to provide isolation between the control circuit and the circuit
being controlled. Relay modules offer several advantages, such as electrical isolation between
the control and controlled circuits, which helps protect sensitive components and circuits from
voltage spikes and interference. They also provide a level of safety by allowing control from a
low-voltage and low-current source, preventing direct contact with high-power circuits.
Furthermore, relay modules often include features like status LEDs, transient suppression
diodes, and optoisolation, which enhance their performance and reliability.

FIG-7

2.2 Electrical components

• DC Motors: A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical motors that converts direct current
(DC) electrical energy into mechanical energy. The most common types rely on the forces
produced by induced magnetic fields due to flowing current in the coil. Nearly all types of DC
motors have some internal mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic, to periodically
change the direction of current in part of the motor. 18 DC motors were the first form of motors
widely used, as they could be powered from existing direct-current lighting power distribution
systems. A DC motor's speed can be controlled over a wide range, using either a variable supply
voltage or by changing the strength of current in its field windings. Small DC motors are used
in tools, toys, and appliances. The universal motor, a lightweight brushed motor used for
portable power tools and appliances can operate on direct current and alternating current.

21
 FIG-8
• Lipo battery: A lithium-polymer (LiPo, LIP or Li-Poly) battery is a type of rechargeable
battery that uses a soft polymer casing so that the lithium-ion battery inside it rests in a soft
external “pouch.” It may also refer to a lithium-ion battery that uses a gelled polymer as an
electrolyte. However, the term commonly refers to a type of lithium-ion battery in a pouch
format. The more accurate name for this type of battery is lithium-ion polymer battery. Lithium-
polymer batteries are lighter and more flexible than other kinds of lithium-ion batteries because
of their soft shells, allowing them to be used in mobile and other electronic devices.

FIG-9
• Connecting wires: Often, when building electronics projects, little thought is given thought is
given to the connecting wire. While it is possible to "get away with" almost anything for many
projects, it is sometimes necessary to connect the various electronics components using the
right wire. For example, it is often useful to use coloured connecting wire to indicate such items
as electronics wire used for connecting the supplies, signals, and grounds. In this way it is easier

22
 to identify the different signals and lines and this reduces the possibility of errors. In addition
to this it is sometimes necessary to have connecting wire of a particular size to ensure the
connections are made in the right manner. If the wire is too thick it may not be easy to
accommodate in some situations, whereas thicker wire may be needed for higher currents of
physical strength or robustness in other situations.

FIG-10
• Bread board: A breadboard, solderless breadboard, or protoboard is a construction base used
to build semi-permanent prototypes of electronic circuits. Unlike a perfboard or stripboard,
breadboards do not require soldering or destruction of tracks and are hence reusable. For this
reason, breadboards are also popular with students and in technological education. A variety of
electronic systems may be prototyped by using breadboards, from small Analog and digital
circuits to complete central processing units (CPUs). Compared to more permanent circuit
connection methods, modern breadboards have high parasitic capacitance, relatively high
resistance, and less reliable connections, which are subject to jostle and physical degradation.
Signalling is limited to about 10 MHz, and not everything works properly even well below that
frequency.

FIG-11

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 • Submersible water pump: A submersible mini water pump is a small, yet powerful device
designed to be fully submerged in water for pumping and transferring fluids. With its compact
size and portable nature, this pump is versatile and suitable for a variety of applications. It is
commonly used in aquariums, terrariums, fountains, small water features, and hydroponic
systems. Despite its small form factor, a submersible mini water pump offers efficient
water circulation and movement. It is equipped with a motor and impeller enclosed in
a waterproof housing, ensuring safe and reliable operation underwater. These pumps
are typically low-maintenance and easy to install, making them user-friendly even for
beginners. Submersible mini water pumps are known for their quiet operation, thanks
to the submerged design that helps minimize noise levels. They are energy-efficient,
consuming low power while providing sufficient flow rates for smaller-scale tasks.
These pumps often feature adjustable flow rates or optional fountain nozzles, allowing
users to customize the water flow and create desired water effects.

FIG-12

2.3 Mechanical components

• Car chassis: A chassis is the load-bearing framework of an artificial object, which

structurally supports the object in its construction and function. An example of a chassis
is a vehicle frame, the underpart of a motor vehicle, on which the body is mounted,

24
 if the running gear such as wheels and transmission, and sometimes even the driver's
seat, are included, then the assembly is described as a rolling chassis.

FIG-13
• Wheels: A wheel is a circular component that is intended to rotate on an axle bearing.
The wheel is one of the key components of the wheel and axle which is one of the six
simple machines. Wheels, in conjunction with axles, allow heavy objects to be moved
easily facilitating movement or transportation while supporting a load, or performing
labour in machines. Wheels are also used for other purposes, such as a ship's wheel,
steering wheel, potter's wheel, and flywheel. Common examples are found in transport
applications. A wheel reduces friction by facilitating motion by rolling together with
the use of axles. In order for wheels to rotate, a moment needs to be applied to the wheel
about its axis, either by way of gravity or by the application of another external force
or torque. Using the wheel, Sumerians invented a device that spins clay as a potter shape
it into the desired object.
• Water pipes: A water pipe, also known as a plumbing pipe or water supply pipe, is a
hollow tube or conduit used to transport water from one location to another. It is an
essential component of plumbing systems in residential, commercial, and industrial
buildings.

25
2.4 Tools Required
• Screw Driver: Screwdrivers are another must-have in the woodworker’s set of
hand tools. Quality construction is vital to a good set of screwdrivers. So many of
them are made out of soft metal, and the first time you put any “oomph” behind them,
they strip out, becoming useless. You’ll need a long screwdriver with a square blade
that is very heavy-duty. This gives you a lot of torque. You’ll also need a small and
medium slot screwdriver. For working on cabinets or tight places in woodworking,
you’ll need a screwdriver with a thin shank so that you can reach screws that are
inside of deep holes. This is accomplished with a cabinet screwdriver.

FIG-14
• Soldering kit : Soldering kit Soldering is a process in which two or more items are
joined by melting and putting a filler metal (solder) into the joint, the filler metal
having a lower melting point than the adjoining metal. Unlike welding, soldering does
not involve melting the work pieces. In brazing, the work piece metal also does not
melt, but the filler metal is one that melts at a higher temperature than in soldering. In
the past, nearly all solders contained lead, but environmental and health concerns have
increasingly dictated use of lead-free alloys for electronics and plumbing purposes.

26
 FIG-15
• Double and Single sided tape: Double-sided tape is any pressure-sensitive tape
that is coated with adhesive on both sides. It is designed to stick two surfaces
together, often in a way which is not visible in the end product, due to it being in
between the objects rather than overlaying them. This allows for neater-looking
projects and better craftsmanship. Double-sided tape can be either thin or
dimensional. Dimensional tape is thicker, and is of particular use to retail and signage
uses where it can be used to allow signs or displays to stand out with a 3-D effect.
Single sided tape (Single coated tape) is a pressure-sensitive tape typically
constructed using a carrier or facestock of cloth, non-woven, foam, film, foil, paper
with rubber, acrylic or silicone adhesive on one side. The single sided tape comes on a
silicone release liner (paper or film liner) or is self-wound.

FIG-16
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 CHAPTER-3 PROGRAMMING

This is the part of the code which we have determined libraries and pin modes along with the
command for speed and coefficient of speed with the webserver portal.

This part of code represents the WiFi credentials Along with the setup mode of all the pins and
functions while setting up the serial monitor library at 115200 bps (bits per second).

28
This represents code for connectivity of node mcu with AP mode in which has else case for any errors
or issues while connecting to the node mcu which will be displayed on serial monitor and thingspeak.

This is the part of code in which we created number of commands for the momentum of vehicle in
this case we are using switch loop for controlling RC car .

29
This the part of the code in which thingspeak cloud has been subjected in our prototype for storing
data from sensor across the field.

This the part of the code which represents thingspeak website for accumulating whole data from the
sensor across the field using internet as medium with a unique API key and templet.

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 CHAPTER 4 MODELLING AND WORKING

4.1 PROJECT STAGES

4.2 CAD Model

FIG-17

31
FIG-18

FIG-19

FIG-20

32
4.3 CIRCUIT DESIGN

FIG-21

FIG-22

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4.4 GANTT CHART

T-1

4.5 BUDGET
The following table explains the purchase budget, including every component put into the

Project:

COMPONENTS COST
Node MCU (2) 1400
Motor driver 600
Soil moisture sensor(2) 500
DHT 100
LiPo Battery 2400
Battery charger 1100
Chassis set 1000
Relay module (2) 300
Submersible mini pump 500

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DC Motors (4) 1000
Shouldering kit 1500
Screw driver set 500
Miscellaneous 1500
Total 12400
T-2

35
 CHAPTER 5 TESTING & CONCLUSION
Testing stage number Problem Description Solution
Test 1 Voltage Drop We had to replace Vin pin of
Node MCU with series
connection of 5V slot of Motor
Driver.
Test 2 Connectivity issues We had to replace/change
connectivity channel to its own
Wi-Fi hotspot because if we
connecting it to local network
it is interfering with Our results
Test 3 Sensors calibration We were having trouble with
readings of the sensor because
the potentiometer in the sensor
has to be calibrated according
to our observation
T-3

5.1 Result:

The results of the project demonstrated the successful implementation and functionality of the AIAS
(ADVANCED IRRIGATION AUTOMATION SYSTEM). Overall, the project achieved the desired
objectives, validating the effectiveness of the designed system and paving the way for future
advancements and improvements in autonomous surveillance technology.

5.2 Conclusion:

The conclusion of this project highlights the successful implementation of the AIAS and various
components. The project aimed to develop a versatile robotic vehicle capable of remote control, motion
detection, and Moisture content for agriculture sector. Through the integration of the Moisture sensor,
DHT sensor, and Node MCU, the AIAS demonstrated effective functionality. The Moisture sensor
enabled the detection of Moisture content, providing real-time alerts for potential drylands or Blind
spots of the irrigation system and store the data in Thingspeak cloud for analysis.

36
 REFERENCE

[1] Joaquín Gutiérrez, Juan Francisco Villa-Medina, Alejandra Nieto-Garibay, and Miguel Ángel Porta-
Gándara” Automated Irrigation System Using a Wireless Sensor Network and GPRS module” ,
Ieee Transactions OnInstrumentation And Measurement, Vol. 63, No. 1, January 2014.

[2] “An Automatic Irrigation System using ZigBee in Wireless Sensor Network” 2015 International
Conference on Pervasive Computing (ICPC)- IEEE 2015 by Pravina B. Chikankar, Deepak Mehetre
, Soumitra Das Computer Engineering Department K J College of Engineering Management
Research, Pune, India

[3] Stefanos A. Nikolidakis , Dionisis Kandris,Dimitrios D. Vergadoschristos Douligeris A”Energy

Efficient Automated Con-trol Of Irrigation In Agriculture

[4] Wang, Z., Huang, Y., Gong, Y., Wang, J., & Liu, H. (2019). Smart irrigation system based on IoT
and wireless sensor networks. IEEE Access, 7, 23906-23914.

[5] Alsariera, Y., Mehmood, R., Salah, K., & Vasilakos, A. V. (2020). An intelligent IoT-based system
for smart agriculture using machine learning. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 7(1), 524-535.

[6] Singh, A., Singh, A., & Verma, A. K. (2018). Smart irrigation system using IoT and machine
learning. In 2018 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.

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