CDI REVIEWER (PPT) PROACTIVE INVESTIGATION (PI)

- Conducted by police based on their own initiative

- Focused on crime detection operations to catch a
MOD 1: Police Investigation and Intelligence Overview
criminal in the act rather than waiting for a citizen’s
complaint
Investigation and Intelligence
- Primary consumers of information in the police org
a) Decoy and blending operations
- Termed as the most valuable commodity
- In blending, officers try to blend in crime-prone
- Investigation for ensuring the prosecution of cases
areas wearing civilian clothes to patrol and catch a
and conviction of offenders
criminal
- Intelligence provides investigative support and is an
- In decoy, officers play the role of a potential victim
important tool for decision-making, resource
of a crime
allocation, deployment, etc.
a. Undercover operations
- Officers assume a new identity to gather evidence
THEORIES OF POLICING
or access info about criminal activity, criminals, or
CRIME PREVENTION
their organization
- First line of defense
b) Overt-Covert Investigation
- Manned by patrolling uniformed police to eliminate
a. Overt Investigation
the opportunity to commit a crime
- One conducted openly wherein investigators do not
CRIME INVESTIGATION
try to hide their identities and the fact that their
- Second line of defense when a crime is committed
investigating
- Composed of investigators that’ll follow up the case
b. Covert Investigation
and arrest criminals
- One conducted in secret wherein the officers hide
- Crime repression
his identity and the fact that their investigating
TYPES OF INVESTIGATION
NOTE:
REACTIVE INVESTIGATION (RI)
- One that is instigated based on a complaint o Generally, PI are Covert.
registered by a victim. o In police org set-up, RI and Overt operations are
largely performed by investigators,
1. Preliminary investigation/Initial inquiry o While PI and Covert are the support services
provided by the operatives in the intelligence
- Generally conducted by first responders/patrol
units.
officers
- Ex: control of the crime scene, preliminary search,
interview, and identification of possible suspect or
witness, etc.
- Follow-up up or latent investigation
- Conducted by police investigators/detectives
- Ex: processing of physical evidence, interviewing
witnesses, interrogating suspects, record searches,
etc.

- The paradigm shows that law enforcement

intelligence serves as the “nerve center” of the
 overall police operations thru its ability to collect, HIGHWAYMEN
process, and disseminate useful knowledge
- by the 17th century, highwaymen such as Jack
- In the aspect of criminal investigation, intelligence Sheppard and Dick Turpin made traveling thru the
support comes mainly in the form of information English countryside so dangerous that no coach or
collection, verification of identities, and locations of traveler was safe
offenders.
1963
- Investigators, on the other hand, are the
“gatekeepers” that bridge law enforcement to the - an act of Parliament established a monetary reward
next pillars of the CJS for the capture of any highwaymen or road agent.
- The thief-taker was paid upon conviction of the
highwayman and will also receive its horse, arms,
MOD 2: Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation money, and property.
- Often, a thief-taker would seduce a young person to
THEORY OF INVESTIGATION AND ITS INDUSTRY commit a crime, then have a fellow thief-taker
arrest them during the offense
BEFORE PUBLIC INVESTIGATING: - Others framed the innocent by planting stolen
goods on the person or in their homes
POLICING - this system generally created more crime than it
- Maintaining order and dealing with lawbreakers suppressed
had always been a private matter.
- Citizens were responsible for protecting themselves JONATHAN WILD
and investigating crimes committed against
- one of the most notorious thief-takers of the early
themselves.
1700s in England
AROUND 15TH CENTURY
- Rome created the first specialized investigative unit, HENRY FIELDING
consisting of questors, or trackers of murder.
- 18th-century novelist best known for writing Tom
14 CENTURY IN FRANCE AND EARLY 19TH IN
TH
Jones
ENGLAND
- can also be credited for laying out the foundation
- Modern-style police department appears for the first modern police force
- Most of our knowledge of the roots of policing and
BOW STREET RUNNERS
investigating comes from France and England
- There was no official police or law enforcement - Private citizens who were not paid by public funds
investigative process in Europe until the 19th but were permitted to accept thief-taker rewards
century. Neither were there any official
investigative agencies. 19TH CENTURY INVESTIGATING:
- the police were primarily concerned with the FRANCE
prevention of crime by a conspicuous uniformed
police patrol. - On the European content, police originally was in
charge of all civil administration that was not
THIEF-TAKERS church-related
- In 1817, Police de Sûręté (Security Police), France’s
- individuals who served as a form of private police new police detective bureau, was created in Paris
- 16th, 17th, and 18th century France and England under the leadership of the notorious French
- They were private citizens, with no official status, criminal and police informant Eugène-François
and were paid by the king for every criminal they Vidocq
arrested, like bounty hunters of American West o ”It takes a thief to catch a thief” was
- the main role of thief-takers was to combat every Vidocq’s maxim that became known as the
robbery committed by the highwaymen. French method of detective work
ENGLAND The major contributors in Criminalistics and their
primary contributions:
- LONDON METROPOLITAN POLICE was created thru
the efforts of Sir Robert Peel Alphonse Bertillon – criminal identification and police
o He successfully managed to have the photography
Metropolitan Police Act of 1929 Edward Richard Henry – fingerprints
- BOBBIES were the first officers’ nicknames (after Sir Karl Landsteiner – blood evidence
Robert Peel) Calvin H. Goddard – ballistics
o Housed in a building formerly occupied by Rudolph Reiss – DNA profiling or genetic fingerprint
Scottish royalty, thus they were referred to
as Scotland Yard AUGUST VOLLMER
- In 1878, Criminal Investigation Division (CID) was - Chief of Police in Berkeley, California from 1905-
created and put in charge of both headquarters and 1932
division detectives. Placed under the civilian - Generally known as the Father of American Policing
leadership of Howard Vincent, a London lawyer. - Introduced the use of intelligence, psychiatric and
neurological tests to aid in the selection of police
UNITED STATES recruits
- The American criminal justice system, particularly - Initiated scientific crime detection and crime-
the police, owes its heritage to the English solving techniques, including the use of polygraphs
experience with criminal suspects

PUBLIC INVESTIGATING: The East There are 2 distinct models of state-level law
enforcement agencies:
- America’s early police departments formed in the
mid-1800s on the East Coast 1. CENTRALIZED MODEL – combines duties of major
o Like London’s police department, these criminal investigations with the patrol of state
departments concentrated mostly on highways
uniformed patrol to deter crime 2. DECENTRALIZED MODEL – there is a clear
distinction between traffic enforcement on state
- In 1880, Captain Thomas J. Byrnes was chosen to highways and their state-level law enforcement
head the central detective office. functions
PRIVATE INVESTIGATING: The American Frontier AN OVERVIEW OF INVESTIGATING
ALLAN PINKERTON INVESTIGATION
- America’s Founder of Criminal Investigation - Very simply defined as the process used to examine
- Pioneered numerous investigative techniques, such and inquire into something systematically and
as shadowing or suspect surveillance and thoroughly
undercover operations - The systematic and thorough examination and
20TH CENTURY INVESTIGATING inquiry into something or someone (collection of
facts/info) and the recording of this examination or
- Increased use of science in investigating crime, the inquiry in a report
use of academic research to study police - Investigate: to examine and inquire into something
investigations and establish new methods to systemically and thoroughly (Ferdico’s Criminal Law
investigate crimes, and the due process revolution and Justice Dictionary)
that changed investigating practices. Local - Investigate: from the Latin word ‘investigare’
Investigating. meaning ‘to search into’ / ‘to track or to trace’
SCIENTIFIC ASSISTANCE IN INVESTIGATING INVESTIGATING IS BOTH AN ART AND A SCIENCE
- The development of the use of criminalistics in - Investigating is a science because there are certain
investigating crime. rules that should be followed to conduct a
successful investigation and because the pure
sciences and applied sciences play an increasingly
important role in the investigating process
- Investigating is an art because it depends on the BASIC ELEMENTS OF INVESTIGATIVE PROCESSES
human skills of the investigator, including
interpersonal communication and creativity a) RECOGNITION – info relating to a crime must be
recognized as such by the investigating officer
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION b) COLLECTION – relevant info must also be collected
by the investigator
- An art that deals with the identity and location of c) PRESERVATION – info must be preserved to insure
the offender and provides evidence of his guilt thru its physical and legal integrity
criminal proceedings d) EVALUATION – info must be evaluated by the
- In as much as it is not a science, it is not governed investigator to determine its worth in prosecuting
by rigid rules or laws but most often, it is governed
the suspect
by intuition, felicity of inspiration, and to a minor
extent, by chance
PURPOSES OF AN INVESTIGATION MOD 3: Phases of Criminal Investigation
CRIMINAL CASES – the report serves as the basis of the
PHASES OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
prosecution
1. Identification of the criminal.
PRIVATE INVESTIGATOR CASES – the report serves as
2. Tracing and locating the offender.
the product for which the client pays
3. Gathering of evidence to prove the guilt of the
criminal.
ROLES OF INVESTIGATOR
A crime investigator carries out the investigative
functions of a law enforcement organization.
His roles and objectives are:
• To determine that a crime has been committed
• To identify the victim and the offender
• To locate and apprehend the suspect
• To present evidence of guilt
The investigative process serves many purpose in both
public and private cases, including these: PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES OF AN INVESTIGATOR

• Determining if there is sufficient factual evidence to • Unusual capability of observation and recall
support or defeat each element of a cause of action • Rational thinking
• Accumulating the necessary factual evidence to • Knowledge of the law/rules on evidence
prove or defeat a case at trial or to form the basis • Power of imagination
for a settlement • Social psychology
• Locating leads to additional evidence QUALITIES/SKILLS NEEDED IN INVESTIGATION
• Locating persons or property; and
• Finding evidence that might be used to discredit 1. Intelligence and reasoning ability
(impeach) a witness or the opponent 2. Curiosity and imagination
3. Experience with people and life
SIX CARDINAL POINTS IN INVESTIGATIVE QUESTIONS: 4. Perseverance
• Who 5. Energy
6. Sensitivity and empathy
• What
7. Discretion
• Where
8. Integrity
• When
9. Character
• Why
• How INVESTIGATIVE THEORIES AND METHODS
Experienced investigators have proved that no two
investigations, even of the same type of crime, are
exactly alike.
REASON: Each crime involves different sets of facts
based from different sets of information, necessitating
individualized approaches and application.
A crime can be viewed as a happening, which generates
information signals about the act. In a criminal act, the
doer emits the signals while the police receive it. Those
type of signals/information, if systemically interpreted
by the police, help solve crimes.
In Forensic Science, LOCARD’S EXCHANGE PRINCIPLE
holds that the perpetrator of a crime will bring
something into the crime scene and leave something
from it.