PATIENT: Adelina Munteanu TEST REF: TST-NL-144591

TEST NUMBER: (P240810259)

T-NL-1356537 RECEIVED: 21-Mar-2024 PRACTITIONER:
GENDER: Female TESTED: 28-Mar-2024 Dr. Alina Cernea
AGE: 36 COLLECTED: 17-Mar-2024 Intrarea catedrei nr 17-23
014162 Bucuresti, Romania

TEST NAME: GI360 Complete x3 days

GI360™; stool

Microbiome Abundance and Diversity Summary Actinobacteria

The abundance and diversity of gastrointestinal bacteria provide an

Ve
indication of gastrointestinal health, and gut microbial imbalances can

rr
contribute to dysbiosis and other chronic disease states. The GI360™

uc
Microbiome Profile is a gut microbiota DNA analysis tool that identifies and

om
characterizes more than 45 targeted analytes across six Phyla using PCR

icr
s
and compares the patient results to a characterized normobiotic reference

ete

ob
population. The web chart illustrates the degree to which an individual's

oid

ia
microbiome profile deviates from normobiosis.

ter
c
Ba
LEGEND

s
te
The web image shows the relative diversity

cu
and balance among bacteria belonging to the

eri
six primary Phyla. The white shaded area

n
Te
represents the patient's results compared to
Fir
a normobiotic reference population. The
mi

center of the web represents less abundance

cu

while the outer edges represent more than

tes

normobiotic.

Proteobacteria

Dysbiosis and Diversity Index

These indexes are calculated from the results of the Microbiome Profile, with scores ranging from 1 to
5, and do not include consideration of dysbiotic and pathogenic bacteria, yeast, parasites and viruses
that may be reported in subsequent sections of the GI360™ test.
The Dysbiosis Index the (DI) is calculated strictly from the results of the Microbiome Profile, with 1
scores from 1 to 5. A DI score above 2 indicates dysbiosis; a microbiota profile that differs from the
defined normobiotic reference population. The higher the DI above 2, the more the sample deviates Dysbiosis Index
from the normobiotic profile. The dysbiosis test and DI does not include consideration of dysbiotic and
pathogenic bacteria, yeast, parasites and viruses that may be reported in subsequent sections of the
GI360™ test.
A diversity score of 3 indicates an expected amount of diversity, with 4 & 5 indicating an increased
distribution of bacteria based on the number of different species and their abundance in the sample,
calculated based on Shannon’s diversity index. Scores of 1 or 2 indicate less diversity than the defined
3
normobiotic reference population. Diversity Score

Key Findings

Butyrate producing bacteria Secretory IgA, High

Gut barrier protective bacteria Butyrate, Very Low

Gut intestinal health marker Total SCFA's, Very Low

Pro-inflammatory bacteria
Gut barrier protective bacteria vs.
opportunistic bacteria

= Expected = Imbalanced

Page: 1 of 15
Nordic Laboratories Aps UK Office:
Nygade 6, 3.sal • 1164 Copenhagen K • Denmark 11 Old Factory Buildings • Stonegate • E. Sussex TN5 7DU • UK www.nordic-labs.com
Tlf. +45 33 75 10 00 Tel: +44 (0)1580 201 687 [email protected]

© Copyright 2024 Nordic Laboratories. Reproduction may be made for personal use only. Systematic electronic or print reproduction and distribution including
duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of the paper are prohibited.
 PATIENT: Adelina Munteanu TEST REF: TST-NL-144591
TEST NUMBER: (P240810259)
T-NL-1356537 RECEIVED: 21-Mar-2024 PRACTITIONER:
GENDER: Female TESTED: 28-Mar-2024 Dr. Alina Cernea
AGE: 36 COLLECTED: 17-Mar-2024 Intrarea catedrei nr 17-23
014162 Bucuresti, Romania

TEST NAME: GI360 Complete x3 days

Microbiome Bacterial Abundance;Multiplex PCR

LEGEND

Results are graphed as deviations from a normobiotic population.

Normobiosis or a normobiotic state characterizes a composition of the
microbiota profile in which microorganisms with potential health benefits
predominate in abundance and diversity over potentially harmful ones.

Actinobacteria Result -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 Reference Interval

Actinobacteria -1 0

Actinomycetales 0 0

Bifidobacterium family -1 0

Bacteroidetes Result -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 Reference Interval

Alistipes spp. 0 0

Alistipes onderdonkii +1 0

Bacteroides fragilis 0 0

Bacteroides spp. & Prevotella spp. 0 0

Bacteroides spp. 0 0

Bacteroides pectinophilus 0 0

Bacteroides stercoris 0 0

Bacteroides zoogleoformans 0 0

Parabacteroides johnsonii 0 0

Parabacteroides spp. 0 0

Firmicutes Result -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 Reference Interval

Firmicutes 0 0

Bacilli Class 0 0

Catenibacterium mitsuokai 0 0

Notes:
The gray-shaded area of the bar graph represents reference values outside the reporting limits for this test.
*This test was developed and its performance characteristics determined by Doctor's Data Laboratories in a manner consistent with CLIA requirements. The U. S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) has not approved or cleared this test; however, FDA clearance is not currently required for clinical use. The results are not intended to be used as a sole
means for clinical diagnosis or patient management decisions.
Methodology: Multiplex PCR

Page: 2 of 15
Nordic Laboratories Aps UK Office:
Nygade 6, 3.sal • 1164 Copenhagen K • Denmark 11 Old Factory Buildings • Stonegate • E. Sussex TN5 7DU • UK www.nordic-labs.com
Tlf. +45 33 75 10 00 Tel: +44 (0)1580 201 687 [email protected]

© Copyright 2024 Nordic Laboratories. Reproduction may be made for personal use only. Systematic electronic or print reproduction and distribution including
duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of the paper are prohibited.
 PATIENT: Adelina Munteanu TEST REF: TST-NL-144591
TEST NUMBER: (P240810259)
T-NL-1356537 RECEIVED: 21-Mar-2024 PRACTITIONER:
GENDER: Female TESTED: 28-Mar-2024 Dr. Alina Cernea
AGE: 36 COLLECTED: 17-Mar-2024 Intrarea catedrei nr 17-23
014162 Bucuresti, Romania

TEST NAME: GI360 Complete x3 days

Microbiome Bacterial Abundance;Multiplex PCR

Firmicutes Result -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 Reference Interval

Clostridia Class -1 0

Clostridium methylpentosum -1 0

Clostridium L2-50 0 0

Coprobacillus cateniformis 0 0

Dialister invisus 0 0
Dialister invisus & Megasphaera
0 0
micronuciformis
Dorea spp. -1 0

Eubacterium biforme 0 0

Eubacterium hallii -1 0

Eubacterium rectale 0 0

Eubacterium siraeum 0 0

Faecalibacterium prausnitzii 0 0

Lachnospiraceae 0 0
Lactobacillus ruminis & Pediococcus
0 0
acidilactici
Lactobacillus family -1 0

Phascolarctobacterium spp. 0 0

Ruminococcus albus & R. bromii 0 0

Ruminococcus gnavus 0 0
Streptococcus agalactiae & Eubacterium
0 0
rectale
Streptococcus salivarius ssp.
0 0
thermophilus & S. sanguinis

Notes:
The gray-shaded area of the bar graph represents reference values outside the reporting limits for this test.
*This test was developed and its performance characteristics determined by Doctor's Data Laboratories in a manner consistent with CLIA requirements. The U. S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) has not approved or cleared this test; however, FDA clearance is not currently required for clinical use. The results are not intended to be used as a sole
means for clinical diagnosis or patient management decisions.
Methodology: Multiplex PCR

Page: 3 of 15
Nordic Laboratories Aps UK Office:
Nygade 6, 3.sal • 1164 Copenhagen K • Denmark 11 Old Factory Buildings • Stonegate • E. Sussex TN5 7DU • UK www.nordic-labs.com
Tlf. +45 33 75 10 00 Tel: +44 (0)1580 201 687 [email protected]

© Copyright 2024 Nordic Laboratories. Reproduction may be made for personal use only. Systematic electronic or print reproduction and distribution including
duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of the paper are prohibited.
 PATIENT: Adelina Munteanu TEST REF: TST-NL-144591
TEST NUMBER: (P240810259)
T-NL-1356537 RECEIVED: 21-Mar-2024 PRACTITIONER:
GENDER: Female TESTED: 28-Mar-2024 Dr. Alina Cernea
AGE: 36 COLLECTED: 17-Mar-2024 Intrarea catedrei nr 17-23
014162 Bucuresti, Romania

TEST NAME: GI360 Complete x3 days

Microbiome Bacterial Abundance;Multiplex PCR

Firmicutes Result -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 Reference Interval

Streptococcus salivarius ssp.
-1 0
thermophilus
Streptococcus spp. 0 0

Veillonella spp. -1 0

Proteobacteria Result -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 Reference Interval

Proteobacteria 0 0

Enterobacteriaceae 0 0

Escherichia spp. 0 0

Acinetobacter junii 0 0

Tenericutes Result -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 Reference Interval

Mycoplasma hominis 0 0

Verrucomicrobia Result -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 Reference Interval

Akkermansia muciniphila 0 0

Microbiome Abundance Information:

The GI360™ Microbiome Profile is a focused gut microbiota DNA analysis tool that identifies more than 45 targeted analytes
across six phyla using a CE-marked multiplex PCR system. Patient results are compared to a highly defined normobiotic
reference population (n > 1,100). The white shadowed web plot within the hexagonal diagram illustrates the degree to which
an individual’s microbiome profile deviates from normobiosis. The center of the diagram represents less bacterial abundance
while the outer edges represent greater than normobiosis. Deviation from a hexagon-shaped plot indicates variant diversity of
the microbial community. Key findings for patient’s microbiome profile are summarized in the table below the diagram, and
detailed results for all of the analytes are presented on the next 3 pages of the report. Detailed results for the specific bacteria
are reported as -3 to +3 standard deviations, as compared to the normobiotic reference population.

Notes:
The gray-shaded area of the bar graph represents reference values outside the reporting limits for this test.
*This test was developed and its performance characteristics determined by Doctor's Data Laboratories in a manner consistent
with CLIA requirements. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved or cleared this test; however, FDA
clearance is not currently required for clinical use. The results are not intended to be used as a sole means for clinical diagnosis or
patient management decisions.
Methodology: Multiplex PCR

Page: 4 of 15
Nordic Laboratories Aps UK Office:
Nygade 6, 3.sal • 1164 Copenhagen K • Denmark 11 Old Factory Buildings • Stonegate • E. Sussex TN5 7DU • UK www.nordic-labs.com
Tlf. +45 33 75 10 00 Tel: +44 (0)1580 201 687 [email protected]

© Copyright 2024 Nordic Laboratories. Reproduction may be made for personal use only. Systematic electronic or print reproduction and distribution including
duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of the paper are prohibited.
 PATIENT: Adelina Munteanu TEST REF: TST-NL-144591
TEST NUMBER: (P240810259)
T-NL-1356537 RECEIVED: 21-Mar-2024 PRACTITIONER:
GENDER: Female TESTED: 28-Mar-2024 Dr. Alina Cernea
AGE: 36 COLLECTED: 17-Mar-2024 Intrarea catedrei nr 17-23
014162 Bucuresti, Romania

TEST NAME: GI360 Complete x3 days

GI Pathogens;Multiplex PCR

Viruses Result
Adenovirus F40/41 Negative
Norovirus GI/GII Negative
Rotavirus A Negative

Pathogenic Bacteria Result

Campylobacter (C. jejuni, C. coli and C. lari) Negative
Clostridioides difficile (Toxin A/B) Negative
Escherichia coli O157 Negative
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) lt/st Negative
Salmonella spp. Negative
Shiga-like toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) stx1/stx2 Negative
Shigella (S. boydii, S. sonnei, S. flexneri & S. dysenteriae) Negative
Vibrio cholerae Negative

Parasites Result
Cryptosporidium (C. parvum and C. hominis) Negative
Entamoeba histolytica Negative
Giardia duodenalis (AKA intestinalis & lamblia) Negative

Notes:
Methodology: Multiplex PCR

Page: 5 of 15
Nordic Laboratories Aps UK Office:
Nygade 6, 3.sal • 1164 Copenhagen K • Denmark 11 Old Factory Buildings • Stonegate • E. Sussex TN5 7DU • UK www.nordic-labs.com
Tlf. +45 33 75 10 00 Tel: +44 (0)1580 201 687 [email protected]

© Copyright 2024 Nordic Laboratories. Reproduction may be made for personal use only. Systematic electronic or print reproduction and distribution including
duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of the paper are prohibited.
 PATIENT: Adelina Munteanu TEST REF: TST-NL-144591
TEST NUMBER: (P240810259)
T-NL-1356537 RECEIVED: 21-Mar-2024 PRACTITIONER:
GENDER: Female TESTED: 28-Mar-2024 Dr. Alina Cernea
AGE: 36 COLLECTED: 17-Mar-2024 Intrarea catedrei nr 17-23
014162 Bucuresti, Romania

TEST NAME: GI360 Complete x3 days

Parasitology; Microscopy

Protozoa Result
Balantidium coli Not Detected
Blastocystis spp. Not Detected
Chilomastix mesnili Not Detected
Dientamoeba fragilis Not Detected
Endolimax nana Not Detected
Entamoeba coli Not Detected
Entamoeba hartmanni Not Detected
Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar Not Detected
Entamoeba polecki Not Detected
Enteromonas hominis Not Detected
Giardia duodenalis Not Detected
Iodamoeba bütschlii Not Detected
Isospora belli Not Detected
Pentatrichomonas hominis Not Detected
Retortamonas intestinalis Not Detected

Cestodes - Tapeworms Result

Diphyllobothrium latum Not Detected
Dipylidium caninum Not Detected
Hymenolepis diminuta Not Detected
Hymenolepis nana Not Detected
Taenia Not Detected

Trematodes - Flukes Result

Clonorchis sinensis Not Detected
Fasciola hepatica/Fasciolopsis buski Not Detected
Heterophyes heterophyes Not Detected
Paragonimus westermani Not Detected

Nematodes - Roundworms Result

Ascaris lumbricoides Not Detected

Notes:
Methodology: Microscopy

Page: 6 of 15
Nordic Laboratories Aps UK Office:
Nygade 6, 3.sal • 1164 Copenhagen K • Denmark 11 Old Factory Buildings • Stonegate • E. Sussex TN5 7DU • UK www.nordic-labs.com
Tlf. +45 33 75 10 00 Tel: +44 (0)1580 201 687 [email protected]

© Copyright 2024 Nordic Laboratories. Reproduction may be made for personal use only. Systematic electronic or print reproduction and distribution including
duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of the paper are prohibited.
 PATIENT: Adelina Munteanu TEST REF: TST-NL-144591
TEST NUMBER: (P240810259)
T-NL-1356537 RECEIVED: 21-Mar-2024 PRACTITIONER:
GENDER: Female TESTED: 28-Mar-2024 Dr. Alina Cernea
AGE: 36 COLLECTED: 17-Mar-2024 Intrarea catedrei nr 17-23
014162 Bucuresti, Romania

TEST NAME: GI360 Complete x3 days

Parasitology; Microscopy

Nematodes - Roundworms Result

Capillaria hepatica Not Detected
Capillaria philippinensis Not Detected
Enterobius vermicularis Not Detected
Hookworm Not Detected
Strongyloides stercoralis Not Detected
Trichuris trichiura Not Detected

Other Markers Result Reference Interval

Yeast Many Not Detected – Rare
RBC Not Detected Not Detected – Rare
WBC Not Detected Not Detected – Rare
Muscle fibers Not Detected Not Detected – Rare
Vegetable fibers Rare Not Detected – Few
Charcot-Leyden Crystals Not Detected Not Detected
Pollen Not Detected Not Detected

Macroscopic Appearance Result Reference Interval

Color Brown Brown
Consistency Soft Soft
Mucus Negative Negative

Parasitology Information:

This test is not designed to detect Cyclospora cayetanensis or Microsproridia spp.

Intestinal parasites are abnormal inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract that have the potential to cause damage to their host.
The presence of any parasite within the intestine generally confirms that the patient has acquired the organism through fecal-oral
contamination. Damage to the host includes parasitic burden, migration, blockage and pressure. Immunologic inflammation,
hypersensitivity reactions and cytotoxicity also play a large role in the morbidity of these diseases. The infective dose often
relates to severity of the disease and repeat encounters can be additive.
There are two main classes of intestinal parasites, they include protozoa and helminths. The protozoa typically have two stages;
the trophozoite stage that is the metabolically active, invasive stage and the cyst stage, which is the vegetative inactive form
resistant to unfavorable environmental conditions outside the human host. Helminths are large, multicellular organisms. Like
protozoa, helminths can be either free-living or parasitic in nature. In their adult form, helminths cannot multiply in humans.

Notes:
Methodology: Microscopy, Macroscopic Observation

Page: 7 of 15
Nordic Laboratories Aps UK Office:
Nygade 6, 3.sal • 1164 Copenhagen K • Denmark 11 Old Factory Buildings • Stonegate • E. Sussex TN5 7DU • UK www.nordic-labs.com
Tlf. +45 33 75 10 00 Tel: +44 (0)1580 201 687 [email protected]

© Copyright 2024 Nordic Laboratories. Reproduction may be made for personal use only. Systematic electronic or print reproduction and distribution including
duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of the paper are prohibited.
 PATIENT: Adelina Munteanu TEST REF: TST-NL-144591
TEST NUMBER: (P240810259)
T-NL-1356537 RECEIVED: 21-Mar-2024 PRACTITIONER:
GENDER: Female TESTED: 28-Mar-2024 Dr. Alina Cernea
AGE: 36 COLLECTED: 17-Mar-2024 Intrarea catedrei nr 17-23
014162 Bucuresti, Romania

TEST NAME: GI360 Complete x3 days

Parasitology; Microscopy

Parasitology Information:

In general, acute manifestations of parasitic infection may involve diarrhea with or without mucus and or blood, fever, nausea, or
abdominal pain. However these symptoms do not always occur. Consequently, parasitic infections may not be diagnosed or
eradicated. If left untreated, chronic parasitic infections can cause damage to the intestinal lining and can be an unsuspected
cause of illness and fatigue. Chronic parasitic infections can also be associated with increased intestinal permeability, irritable
bowel syndrome, irregular bowel movements, malabsorption, gastritis or indigestion, skin disorders, joint pain, allergic reactions,
and decreased immune function.
In some instances, parasites may enter the circulation and travel to various organs causing severe organ diseases such as liver
abscesses and cysticercosis. In addition, some larval migration can cause pneumonia and in rare cases hyper infection
syndrome with large numbers of larvae being produced and found in every tissue of the body.
Red Blood Cells (RBC) in the stool may be associated with a parasitic or bacterial infection, or an inflammatory bowel condition
such as ulcerative colitis. Colorectal cancer, anal fistulas, and hemorrhoids should also be ruled out.
White Blood Cells (WBC) and Mucus in the stool can occur with bacterial and parasitic infections, with mucosal irritation, and
inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis
Muscle fibers in the stool are an indicator of incomplete digestion. Bloating, flatulence, feelings of “fullness” may be associated
with increase in muscle fibers.
Vegetable fibers in the stool may be indicative of inadequate chewing, or eating “on the run”.

Page: 8 of 15
Nordic Laboratories Aps UK Office:
Nygade 6, 3.sal • 1164 Copenhagen K • Denmark 11 Old Factory Buildings • Stonegate • E. Sussex TN5 7DU • UK www.nordic-labs.com
Tlf. +45 33 75 10 00 Tel: +44 (0)1580 201 687 [email protected]

© Copyright 2024 Nordic Laboratories. Reproduction may be made for personal use only. Systematic electronic or print reproduction and distribution including
duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of the paper are prohibited.
 PATIENT: Adelina Munteanu TEST REF: TST-NL-144591
TEST NUMBER: (P240810259)
T-NL-1356537 RECEIVED: 21-Mar-2024 PRACTITIONER:
GENDER: Female TESTED: 28-Mar-2024 Dr. Alina Cernea
AGE: 36 COLLECTED: 17-Mar-2024 Intrarea catedrei nr 17-23
014162 Bucuresti, Romania

TEST NAME: GI360 Complete x3 days

Microbiology

Pathogenic Bacteria Result NG 1+ 2+ 3+ 4+ Reference Interval

Aeromonas spp. NG No Growth
Edwardsiella tarda NG No Growth
Plesiomonas shigelloides NG No Growth
Salmonella group NG No Growth
Shigella group NG No Growth
Vibrio cholerae NG No Growth
Vibrio spp. NG No Growth
Yersinia spp. NG No Growth

Imbalance Bacteria Result NG 1+ 2+ 3+ 4+ Reference Interval

Citrobacter freundii complex 2+ No Growth
Enterobacter cloacae complex 1+ No Growth
Klebsiella oxytoca 1+ No Growth
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1+ No Growth
Rothia dentocariosa 1+ No Growth
Staphylococcus aureus 2+ No Growth

Yeast Result NG 1+ 2+ 3+ 4+
Reference Interval
No yeast isolated NG

Microbiology Information:

Pathogenic bacteria consist of known pathogenic bacteria that can cause disease in the GI tract. They are present due to the
consumption of contaminated food or water, exposure to animals, fish, or amphibians known to harbor the organism. These
organisms can be detected by either Multiplex PCR or microbiology culture.
Imbalanced bacteria are usually neither pathogenic nor beneficial to the host GI tract. Imbalances can occur when there are
insufficient levels of beneficial bacteria and increased levels of commensal bacteria. Certain commensal bacteria are reported as
dysbiotic at higher levels.
Yeast may normally be present in small quantities on the skin, in the mouth and intestine. While small quantities of yeast may be
normal, yeast observed in higher quantities is considered abnormal.

Notes:
NG = No Growth
Methodology: Culture and identification by MALDI-TOF and conventional biochemicals

Page: 9 of 15
Nordic Laboratories Aps UK Office:
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Tlf. +45 33 75 10 00 Tel: +44 (0)1580 201 687 [email protected]

© Copyright 2024 Nordic Laboratories. Reproduction may be made for personal use only. Systematic electronic or print reproduction and distribution including
duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of the paper are prohibited.
 PATIENT: Adelina Munteanu TEST REF: TST-NL-144591
TEST NUMBER: (P240810259)
T-NL-1356537 RECEIVED: 21-Mar-2024 PRACTITIONER:
GENDER: Female TESTED: 28-Mar-2024 Dr. Alina Cernea
AGE: 36 COLLECTED: 17-Mar-2024 Intrarea catedrei nr 17-23
014162 Bucuresti, Romania

TEST NAME: GI360 Complete x3 days

Stool Chemistries

Digestion / Absorption Result Unit L WRI H Reference Interval

Elastase >500 µg/g > 200
Fat Stain None None – Moderate
Carbohydrates †
Negative Negative

Inflammation Result Unit L WRI H Reference Interval

Lactoferrin 1.3 µg/mL < 7.3
Lysozyme* 388 ng/mL ≤ 500
Calprotectin 39 µg/g < 80

Immunology Result Unit L WRI H Reference Interval

Secretory IgA* 287 mg/dL 30 – 275

Short Chain Fatty Acids Result Unit L WRI H Reference Interval

% Acetate‡ 67 % 50 – 72
% Propionate‡ 16 % 11 – 25
% Butyrate ‡
13 % 11 – 32
% Valerate ‡
3.6 % 0.8 – 5.0
Butyrate ‡
0.46 mg/mL 0.8 – 4.0
Total SCFA's ‡
3.5 mg/mL 5.0 – 16.0

Intestinal Health Markers Result Unit L WRI H Reference Interval

pH 6.0 5.8 – 7.0
β-glucuronidase* 7170 U/h*g 4000 – 9400
Occult Blood Negative Negative

Chemistry Information:

Elastase findings can be used for assessing pancreatic exocrine function and insufficiency.

Notes:
RI= Reference Interval, L (blue)= Low (below RI), WRI (green)= within RI, Yellow= moderately outside RI, L or H, H (red)= High (above RI)
*This test was developed and its performance characteristics determined by Doctor's Data Laboratories in a manner consistent with CLIA requirements. The U. S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) has not approved or cleared this test; however, FDA clearance is not currently required for clinical use. The results are not intended to be used as a sole
means for clinical diagnosis or patient management decisions.
†
This test has been modified from the manufacturer's instructions and its performance characteristics determined by Doctor’s Data Laboratories in a manner consistent with CLIA
requirements.
‡
This test was developed and its performance characteristics determined by Doctor’s Data Laboratories in a manner consistent with CLIA requirements. The U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) has not approved or cleared this test; however, FDA clearance is not currently required for clinical use.
Methodology: Turbidimetric immunoassay, Microscopy, Colormetric, Elisa, Gas Chromotography, ph Electrode, Enzymatic, Guaiac

Page: 10 of 15
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Tlf. +45 33 75 10 00 Tel: +44 (0)1580 201 687 [email protected]

© Copyright 2024 Nordic Laboratories. Reproduction may be made for personal use only. Systematic electronic or print reproduction and distribution including
duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of the paper are prohibited.
 PATIENT: Adelina Munteanu TEST REF: TST-NL-144591
TEST NUMBER: (P240810259)
T-NL-1356537 RECEIVED: 21-Mar-2024 PRACTITIONER:
GENDER: Female TESTED: 28-Mar-2024 Dr. Alina Cernea
AGE: 36 COLLECTED: 17-Mar-2024 Intrarea catedrei nr 17-23
014162 Bucuresti, Romania

TEST NAME: GI360 Complete x3 days

Stool Chemistries

Chemistry Information:

Fat Stain: Microscopic determination of fecal fat using Sudan IV staining is a qualitative procedure utilized to assess fat
absorption and to detect steatorrhea.
Carbohydrates: The presence of reducing substances in stool specimens can indicate carbohydrate malabsorption.
Lactoferrin and Calprotectin are reliable markers for differentiating organic inflammation (IBD) from function symptoms (IBS)
and for management of IBD. Monitoring levels of fecal lactoferrin and calprotectin can play an essential role in determining the
effectiveness of therapy, are good predictors of IBD remission, and can indicate a low risk of relapse.
Lysozyme is an enzyme secreted at the site of inflammation in the GI tract and elevated levels have been identified in IBD
patients.
Secretory IgA (sIgA) is secreted by mucosal tissue and represents the first line of defense of the GI mucosa and is central to the
normal function of the GI tract as an immune barrier. Elevated levels of sIgA have been associated with an upregulated immune
response.
Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs): SCFAs are the end product of the bacterial fermentation process of dietary fiber by beneficial
flora in the gut and play an important role in the health of the GI as well as protecting against intestinal dysbiosis. Lactobacilli and
bifidobacteria produce large amounts of short chain fatty acids, which decrease the pH of the intestines and therefore make the
environment unsuitable for pathogens, including bacteria and yeast. Studies have shown that SCFAs have numerous
implications in maintaining gut physiology. SCFAs decrease inflammation, stimulate healing, and contribute to normal cell
metabolism and differentiation. Levels of Butyrate and Total SCFA in mg/mL are important for assessing overall SCFA
production, and are reflective of beneficial flora levels and/or adequate fiber intake.
pH: Fecal pH is largely dependent on the fermentation of fiber by the beneficial flora of the gut.
Occult blood: A positive occult blood indicates the presence of free hemoglobin found in the stool, which is released when red
blood cells are lysed.
β-glucuronidase is an enzyme that breaks the tight bond between glucuronic acid and toxins in the intestines. The binding of
toxins in the gut is protective by way of blocking their absorption and facilitating excretion.

Page: 11 of 15
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Tlf. +45 33 75 10 00 Tel: +44 (0)1580 201 687 [email protected]

© Copyright 2024 Nordic Laboratories. Reproduction may be made for personal use only. Systematic electronic or print reproduction and distribution including
duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of the paper are prohibited.
 PATIENT: Adelina Munteanu TEST REF: TST-NL-144591
TEST NUMBER: (P240810259)
T-NL-1356537 RECEIVED: 21-Mar-2024 PRACTITIONER:
GENDER: Female TESTED: 28-Mar-2024 Dr. Alina Cernea
AGE: 36 COLLECTED: 17-Mar-2024 Intrarea catedrei nr 17-23
014162 Bucuresti, Romania

TEST NAME: GI360 Complete x3 days

Commentary

Introduction
This analysis of the stool specimen provides fundamental information about the overall gastrointestinal health of the patient.
When abnormal microflora or significant aberrations in intestinal health markers are detected, specific commentaries are
presented. If no significant abnormalities are found, commentaries are not presented.
Microbiome Abundance Information
Actinobacteria (phylum)
Actinobacteria is one of the largest bacterial phyla, comprised of Gram-positive bacteria. This phylum includes a wide range of
species, with different morphological and physiological characteristics. Significant groups in the human colon include
Actinomycetales and Bifidobacteriales. Actinomycetales were inversely associated with clinically significant depression in IBS
patients, suggesting these bacteria may be depleted in depressed IBS patients. A strict vegetarian diet may increase the total
count of Actinomyces spp. compared to following a Western diet.
Bifidobacterium (genus)
Considered amongst the most beneficial commensal bacteria in the human gut, Bifidobacterium spp. are able to degrade
monosaccharides, galacto-, manno-, and fructo-oligosaccharides, as well as some complex carbohydrates. Many of the non-
digestible oligosaccharides, found as natural components in mother’s milk, select for colonization of these species which
dominate the infant gut shortly after birth. Bifidobacteria may provide health benefits directly through interactions with the
host, and indirectly through interactions with other microorganisms. Bifidobacterium spp. take part in production and
adsorption of vitamins, such as vitamins K and B12, biotin, folate, thiamine, riboflavin, and pyridoxine. They are also involved
in lipid absorption and metabolism, glucose and energy homeostasis, and regulating intestinal barrier function. Although
Bifidobacterium produce acetate over butyrate, healthy levels of Bifidobacterium spp. facilitate colonization of
Faecalibacterium. prausnitzii. Polyphenols derived from chocolate, green tea, blackcurrant, red wine and grape seed extracts
have been shown to increase Bifidobacterium species. The increased abundance of Bifidobacterium species has been
associated with amelioration of inflammation. Multiple published studies have suggested that there is an association between
obesity and a lower abundance of bifidobacteria. They may also be less abundant in elderly populations, patients with
rheumatoid arthritis, and in individuals diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease. Patients with active inflammatory bowel disease
(IBD) have a lower abundance of Bifidobacterium spp. than patients whose IBD is in remission. Taking a probiotic containing
bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, and streptococci might help in controlling ulcerative colitis symptoms and preventing their
recurrence. Some Bifidobacterium strains have been shown to have beneficial effects in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
Bifidobacterium spp. abundance has been shown to be diminished with IBD and with long term use of macrolide antibiotics.
Luminal bifidobacteria is reduced with restriction of fermentable carbohydrates, i.e. a low FODMAP diet. High fat dietary
feeding is also associated with reduced abundance of bifidobacteria. Consumption of maize and barley-based whole grain
products and red berries, which are comprised of anthocyans, are known to increase levels of bifidobacteria.
Bacteroidetes (phylum)
Bacteroidetes make up approximately 28% of the gut microbiota in healthy human adults. They are early colonizers of the infant
gut and are amongst the most stable, at a species and strain level, in the host. A low preponderance of Bacteroidetes in relation
to Firmicutes has been associated with obesity, though this can increase with weight loss and restricted calorie intake.
Firmicutes (phylum)
The phylum Firmicutes constitutes the most diverse and abundant group of gastrointestinal microbiota which are grouped into
four classes, Bacilli, Clostridia, Erysipelotrichia, and Negativicutes. They constitute about 39% of gut bacteria in healthy adults,
but may increase to as high as 80% in an imbalanced microbial community.
Clostridium (genus)
Clostridium spp. represents an extremely heterogeneous class of organisms that are still actively undergoing taxonomic
revision. Clostridium spp. are strict anaerobic, spore-forming bacteria. Decreased abundance of the genus Clostridium was
found to be associated with prediabetes. Some Clostridium spp. are transferred to infants from breast milk within the first
months of life. Increased levels of some Clostridium spp. were observed in irritable bowel syndrome patients. Many species,
some of them related to diarrhea, were decreased after consumption of inulin combined with maltodextrin.

Page: 12 of 15
Nordic Laboratories Aps UK Office:
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Tlf. +45 33 75 10 00 Tel: +44 (0)1580 201 687 [email protected]

© Copyright 2024 Nordic Laboratories. Reproduction may be made for personal use only. Systematic electronic or print reproduction and distribution including
duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of the paper are prohibited.
 PATIENT: Adelina Munteanu TEST REF: TST-NL-144591
TEST NUMBER: (P240810259)
T-NL-1356537 RECEIVED: 21-Mar-2024 PRACTITIONER:
GENDER: Female TESTED: 28-Mar-2024 Dr. Alina Cernea
AGE: 36 COLLECTED: 17-Mar-2024 Intrarea catedrei nr 17-23
014162 Bucuresti, Romania

TEST NAME: GI360 Complete x3 days

Commentary

Microbiome Abundance Information continued...

Clostridium methylpentosum (species)
Appropriate digestion and metabolism of complex dietary carbohydrates from plants drives healthy diversity in the gut
microbiota. Clostridium methylpentosum ferments the naturally occurring sugar L-rhamnose that is released by microbial
breakdown of plant-derived pectin. Rhamnose is fermented to propionate and acetate which are short chain fatty acids that
have pivotal regulatory roles in the maintenance of mucosal barrier integrity, gut microbiota balance, post-prandial appetite
suppression and normoglycemia. Lower levels of C. methylpentosum were reported for children with autism and pervasive
developmental disorder compared to neurotypicals controls. Consumption of probiotic yogurt LKM512 containing
Bifidobacterium animalis (subspecies lactis LKM512) increased the levels of C. methylpentosum.
Dorea (genus)
Dorea is a genus within the Lachnospiraceae family that is in the Firmicutes phylum. Dorea species are known to produce
hydrogen and carbon dioxide as end-products of glucose fermentation and may be associated with bloating. Decreased
levels of Dorea spp. were observed in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Recent studies have identified increased levels of
Dorea spp. in patients diagnosed with IBS, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, multiple
sclerosis and colorectal cancer.
Eubacterium hallii (species)
Eubacterium hallii and Eubacterium rectale are both part of the Lachnospiraceae family that is in the Firmicutes phylum. E.
hallii and E. rectale produce butyrate that is a key regulator of mucosal barrier integrity and function. Decreased levels of
Eubacterium spp. have been associated with very high protein diets. Eubacterium hallii is capable of metabolizing glucose
into products with antimicrobial properties.
Lactobacillus (genus)
Decreased and normal levels of Lactobacillus spp. have been reported in patients with irritable bowel syndrome.
Lactobacillus spp. abundance was shown to be lower in the active phase of ulcerative colitis. Lactobacillus levels were
shown to be increased after inulin consumption, but decreased after consumption of maltodextrin. Polyphenols derived from
chocolate, green tea, blackcurrant, red wine and grape seed extracts have been shown to increase Lactobacillus species.
The increased abundance of Lactobacillus species has been associated with amelioration of inflammation.
Streptococcus (genus)
Higher abundance of S. salivarius and S. thermophilus (Firmicutes phylum) have been associated with a moderate to severe
disease course in newly diagnosed ulcerative colitis (UC) patients. These findings are in accordance with a study that
showed that UC patients have significantly increased Streptococcus spp. and depletion of Bifidobacterium spp. Higher levels
of Streptococcus spp. were also observed in patients with colorectal cancer compared to healthy controls. Administration of
S. salivarius together with Bifidobacterium bifidum was shown to reduce the incidence of acute diarrhea and rotavirus
shedding in infants. S. salivarius and S. thermophilus are also widely used in dairy products like yogurt and cheese.
Veillonella (genus)
Veillonella (Firmicutes phylum) are known for their ability to ferment lactate, producing the short chain fatty acids propionate
and acetate. Veillonella spp. were shown to be significantly increased in patients with Crohn’s disease, type 1 diabetes, and
patients diagnosed with liver cirrhosis. Increased amounts of Veillonella have been found in patients with constipation
dominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-C). It is hypothesized that the relationship between Veillonella strains and IBS stems
from its robust production of organic acids (propionate and acetate) which contribute to bloating, anxiety and abdominal pain.
Higher levels of Veillonella were found in formula-fed infants compared to breast-fed infants.
Proteobacteria (phylum)
Proteobacteria include a wide variety of pathogens, including species within the Escherichia, Shigella Salmonella, Vibrio, and
Helicobacter genera. The phylum includes a number of species that are permanent residents of the microbiota and capable of
inducing nonspecific inflammation and diarrhea when their presence is increased. Proteobacteria make up approximately 2% of
the gut microbiota in healthy adults.

Page: 13 of 15
Nordic Laboratories Aps UK Office:
Nygade 6, 3.sal • 1164 Copenhagen K • Denmark 11 Old Factory Buildings • Stonegate • E. Sussex TN5 7DU • UK www.nordic-labs.com
Tlf. +45 33 75 10 00 Tel: +44 (0)1580 201 687 [email protected]

© Copyright 2024 Nordic Laboratories. Reproduction may be made for personal use only. Systematic electronic or print reproduction and distribution including
duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of the paper are prohibited.
 PATIENT: Adelina Munteanu TEST REF: TST-NL-144591
TEST NUMBER: (P240810259)
T-NL-1356537 RECEIVED: 21-Mar-2024 PRACTITIONER:
GENDER: Female TESTED: 28-Mar-2024 Dr. Alina Cernea
AGE: 36 COLLECTED: 17-Mar-2024 Intrarea catedrei nr 17-23
014162 Bucuresti, Romania

TEST NAME: GI360 Complete x3 days

Commentary

Microbiome Abundance Information continued...

Tenericutes (phylum)
Tenericutes are cell wall-less bacteria that do not synthesize precursors of peptidoglycan. Tenericutes consist of four main clades
designated as the Acholeplasma, Spiroplasma, Pneumoniae and Hominis clusters.Tenericutes are typically parasites or
commensals of eukaryotic hosts.
Verrucomicrobia (phylum)
Verrucomicrobia is a less common phylum in the human gut microbiota, but one with increasing recognition with regards to
health. Verrucomicrobia includes Akkermansia muciniphila. The obligate anaerobe A. muciniphila constitutes 3-5% of total
bacteria in a healthy microbiome, and has a protective or anti-inflammatory role in the intestinal mucosa.
GI Pathogens
Introduction
The GI Pathogen profile is performed using an FDA-cleared multiplex PCR system. It should be noted that PCR testing is much
more sensitive than traditional techniques and allows for the detection of extremely low numbers of pathogens. PCR testing does
not differentiate between viable and non-viable pathogens and should not be repeated until 21 days after completion of treatment
or resolution to prevent false positives due to lingering traces of DNA. PCR testing can detect multiple pathogens in the patient’s
stool but does not differentiate the causative pathogen. All decisions regarding the need for treatment should take the patient’s
complete clinical history and presentation into account.
Parasitology
Microscopic yeast
Microscopic examination has revealed more yeast in this sample than normal. While small quantities of yeast (reported as rare)
may be normal, yeast observed in higher amounts (moderate to many) is considered abnormal. Yeast does not appear to be
dispersed uniformly throughout the stool. Yeast may therefore be observed microscopically, but not grow out on culture even
when collected from the same bowel movement. Further, some yeast may not survive transit through the intestines rendering it
unviable for culturing. Therefore, both microscopic examination and culture are helpful in determining if abnormally high levels of
yeast are present. If significant yeast are reported by microscopy, but not by culture, consider the presentation of patient
symptoms.
Microbiology
Pathogenic/Dysbiotic Flora
In a healthy balanced state of intestinal flora, the beneficial bacteria make up a significant proportion of the total microflora.
However, in many individuals there is an imbalance or deficiency of beneficial flora (insufficiency dysbiosis) and an overgrowth of
non-beneficial (imbalance) or even pathogenic microorganisms. This can be due to a number of factors including: consumption of
contaminated water or food; daily exposure of chemicals that are toxic to beneficial bacteria; the use of antibiotics, oral
contraceptives or other medications; poor fiber intake and high stress levels.
A number of toxic substances can be produced by the dysbiotic bacteria including amines, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, phenols,
and secondary bile acids which may cause inflammation or damage to the brush border of the intestinal lining. If left unchecked,
long-term damage to the intestinal lining may result in leaky gut syndrome, allergies, autoimmune disease (e.g. rheumatoid
arthritis), irritable bowel syndrome, fatigue, chronic headaches, and sensitivities to a variety of foods. In addition, pathogenic
bacteria can cause acute symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, and fever in cases of food poisoning.
Bacterial sensitivities to a variety of prescriptive and natural agents have been provided for the pathogenic bacteria that were
cultured from this patient’s specimen. This provides the practitioner with useful information to help plan an appropriate treatment
regimen. Supplementation with probiotics or consumption of foods (yogurt, kefir, miso, tempeh, tamari sauce) containing strains
of lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, and enterococci may help restore healthy flora levels. Soluble fiber and polyphenols derived from
chocolate, green tea, blackcurrant, red wine and grape seed extracts have been found to increase the numbers of beneficial
bacteria. Hypochlorhydria may also predispose an individual to bacterial overgrowth, particularly in the small intestine. Nutritional
anti-inflammatories can aid in reversing irritation to the GI lining. These include quercetin, vitamin C, curcumin, gamma-linoleic
acid, omega-3 fatty acids (EPA, DHA), and aloe vera. Other nutrients such as zinc, beta-carotene, pantothenic acid, and L-
glutamine provide support for regeneration of the GI mucosa. A comprehensive program may be helpful in individuals in whom a
dysbiotic condition has caused extensive GI damage.

Page: 14 of 15
Nordic Laboratories Aps UK Office:
Nygade 6, 3.sal • 1164 Copenhagen K • Denmark 11 Old Factory Buildings • Stonegate • E. Sussex TN5 7DU • UK www.nordic-labs.com
Tlf. +45 33 75 10 00 Tel: +44 (0)1580 201 687 [email protected]

© Copyright 2024 Nordic Laboratories. Reproduction may be made for personal use only. Systematic electronic or print reproduction and distribution including
duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of the paper are prohibited.
 PATIENT: Adelina Munteanu TEST REF: TST-NL-144591
TEST NUMBER: (P240810259)
T-NL-1356537 RECEIVED: 21-Mar-2024 PRACTITIONER:
GENDER: Female TESTED: 28-Mar-2024 Dr. Alina Cernea
AGE: 36 COLLECTED: 17-Mar-2024 Intrarea catedrei nr 17-23
014162 Bucuresti, Romania

TEST NAME: GI360 Complete x3 days

Commentary

Microbiology continued...
Imbalanced Flora
Imbalanced flora are those bacteria that reside in the host gastrointestinal tract and neither injure nor benefit the host. Certain
dysbiotic bacteria may appear under the imbalanced category if found at low levels because they are not likely pathogenic at the
levels detected. Imbalanced bacteria are commonly more abundant in association with insufficiency dysbiosis, and/or a fecal pH
more towards the alkaline end of the reference range (5.8 - 7.0). Treatment with antimicrobial agents is unnecessary unless
bacteria appear under the dysbiotic category.
Stool Chemistries
Secretory IgA (sIgA) High
The concentration of sIgA is abnormally high in this fecal specimen. Secretory IgA represents the first line of defense of the
gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa and is central to the normal function of the GI tract as an immune barrier. Elevated fecal sIgA is an
appropriate response to antigens such as pathogenic bacteria, parasites, yeast, and viruses. Eradication of the pathogenic
microorganisms will bring sIgA back down into the normal range. sIgA may remain elevated up to six weeks after a GI viral
infection. Elevated fecal sIgA may also be associated with autoinflammatory conditions such as reactive arthritis and
spondyloarthritis. Actively breast-feeding infants may exhibit high fecal sIgA due to high maternal milk content. Consumption of
bovine colostrum does not artificially increase fecal sIgA because the assay is specific for human sIgA.
Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)
The total concentration and/or percentage distribution of the primary short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are abnormal in this
specimen. Beneficial bacteria that ferment non-digestible soluble fiber produce SCFAs that are pivotal in the regulation of
intestinal health and function. Restoration of microbial abundance and diversity, and adequate daily consumption of soluble fiber
and polyphenols can improve SCFA status.
The primary SCFAs butyrate, propionate and acetate are produced by predominant commensal bacteria via fermentation of
soluble dietary fiber and intestinal mucus glycans. Key producers of SCFAs include Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Akkermansia
muciniphila, Bacteroides fragilis, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium and Lactobacillus spp. The SCFAs provide energy for intestinal
cells, and regulate the actions of specialized mucosal cells that produce anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial factors, mucins that
constitute the mucus barriers, and gut active peptides that facilitate appetite regulation and euglycemia. The SCFAs also
contribute to a more acidic and anaerobic microenvironment that disfavors dysbiotic bacteria and yeast. Abnormal SCFAs may
be associated with dysbiosis (including insufficiency dysbiosis), compromised intestinal barrier function (intestinal permeability)
and inappropriate immune and inflammatory conditions.
“Seeding” with supplemental probiotics may contribute to improved production and status of SCFAs, but it is imperative to “feed”
the beneficial microbes. Sources of soluble fiber that are available to the microbes include chick peas, beans, lentils, oat and rice
bran, fructo- and galacto- oligosaccharides, and inulin.

Page: 15 of 15
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Nygade 6, 3.sal • 1164 Copenhagen K • Denmark 11 Old Factory Buildings • Stonegate • E. Sussex TN5 7DU • UK www.nordic-labs.com
Tlf. +45 33 75 10 00 Tel: +44 (0)1580 201 687 [email protected]

© Copyright 2024 Nordic Laboratories. Reproduction may be made for personal use only. Systematic electronic or print reproduction and distribution including
duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of the paper are prohibited.