Systems of Linear Equations and

3 Matrices

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3.1 Basic Matrix Operations
What is a Matrix? ▪ Sizing a matrix▪ Special Matrices▪ Addition
and Subtraction of Matrices ▪ Scalar Multiplication

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What is a matrix?

A Matrix is just rectangular array of items.

A typical matrix is a rectangular array of numbers
arranged in rows and columns.

 21 62 33 93
 
A =  44 95 66 13 
3x 4
77 38 79 33

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Sizing a matrix

By convention matrices are “sized” using the

number of rows (m) by number of columns (n).
 21 62 33 93 7 3 2 
 
A =  44 95 66 13  
B = 8 4 1  
3x 4 3 x3
77 38 79 33  6 5 9 
11 4 
14 7 
C =  D = 17
4x2 16 8  1x1
 
 22 3 
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“Special” Matrices
Square matrix: a square matrix is an mxn matrix in which m = n.
That is a matrix with equal number of rows and columns.

7 3 2 

B = 8 4 1  
3 x3
 6 5 9 
Vector: a vector is an mxn matrix where either m OR n = 1
(but not both).
If m = 1, it is a row vector 12 
9
If n = 1, it is a column vector   X= Y =  7 −22 14
4 x1  −4  1x 3
 
0
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“Special” Matrices

Scalar: A scalar is an mxn matrix where BOTH m and n = 1.

D = 17
1x1 0 0 
0 = 0 0 
Zero matrix: A matrix of zeros.
3x2
0 0 
Identity Matrix: A square (mxm) matrix with 1s on the
diagonal and zeros everywhere else. 1 0 0
I = 0 1 0 
3 x3
0 0 1 
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Example1 Finding Values to Make Two Matrices Equal
Find the values of the variables for which each
statement is true, if possible.

(a)

Since corresponding elements are equal, a = –3,

b = 9, c = –5, and d = 0.
(b)

The statement cannot be true.

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Example 2 Adding Matrices
Find each sum, if possible.

(a)

10 −13 
= 
 6 0 
 −18 
 12 
(b) = 
 0 
 
 7 

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Example 2 Adding Matrices (cont.)

(c) A + B if and

A and B cannot be added because A is a 2 × 3

matrix, while B is a 3 × 2 matrix.

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Example 3 Subtracting Matrices
Find each difference, if possible.

(a)

16 −13 
= 
 1 −9 
 −9 
(b) =  −15 
 
 12 

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Example 3 Subtracting Matrices (cont.)

(c) A – B if and

A – B is not possible because, A is a 2 × 3 matrix,

while B is a 2 × 2 matrix.

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Example 4 Multiplying Matrices by Scalars

Find each product.

 −6 15 
(a) = 
12 0 

 −20 8 
(b) = 
 12 −36 

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Section 3.2 - Matrix Products and Inverses

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Example 5 Deciding Whether Two Matrices Can Be Multiplied

Suppose C is a 2 × 5 matrix and D is a 4 × 2 matrix.

Can the product CD be calculated? If so, what size is it?

No, CD cannot be calculated.

Can the product DC be calculated? If so, what size is it?

Yes, DC can be calculated.

The result is a 4 × 5 matrix.

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Example 6 Multiplying Matrices

Find each product, if possible.

(a) AB AB cannot be calculated.

(b) BA
A 2 × 2 matrix multiplied by a 2 × 3 matrix results in a
2 × 3 matrix.

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Example 6 Multiplying Matrices (cont.)

13 −16 14 
= 
 −1 12 −63 

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Example 7 Multiplying Square Matrices

❑ Find each product.

(a) CD

 −4 −23 
= 
 −16 27 

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Example 7 Multiplying Square Matrices (cont.)

(b) DC

 30 −19 
= 
 −14 −7 

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Example 8 Multiplying Square Matrices
2 −3 2 3
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐴 = ,𝐵 =
1 −1 −1 −1

❑ Find each of the following.

(a) 𝐴2
2 2 −3 2 −3
𝐴 = 𝐴 ∙ 𝐴=
1 −1 1 −1
2 2 + (−3)(1) 2 −3 + (−3)(−1)
=
1 2 + (−1)(1) 1 −3 + (−1)(−1)
= 4 − 3 −6 + 3
2 − 1 −3 + 1
= 1 −3
2 −2

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Example 8 Multiplying Square Matrices (cont.)

(b) (𝐴 + 𝐵)2

(𝐴 + 𝐵)2 = (𝐴 + 𝐵) (𝐴 + 𝐵)

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The Determinant of a Matrix

The determinant of a matrix A is denoted by |A|

(or det(A)).
Determinants exist only for square matrices.

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Example

3 1
A= 
1 2
A = (3)(2) − (1)(1) = 5

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The Inverse of a Matrix (A-1)

For an n  n matrix A, if there is a matrix B such

that AB = I = BA, then matrix B is the inverse of
matrix A.
The inverse is analogous to a reciprocal
A matrix which has an inverse is non-singular.
A matrix which does not have an inverse is
singular.
An inverse of a matrix A exists only if A  0

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How to find inverse of matrices? determinants? and
more?

a b 
If A =   and |A|  0
c d 

1  d − b
A -1
= − c a 
det( A)  

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Example
 1 2
Find the inverse of A=  − 3 4
 

−1 1 4 − 2 0.4 − 0.2
A =  =
10 3 1  0.3 0.1 


To check AA-1 = A-1 A = I

 1 2 0.4 − 0.2 1
−1 0
AA =     =  =I
− 3 4 0.3 0.1  0 1
−1 0.4 − 0.2  1 2 1 0
A A=    =  =I
0.3 0.1  − 3 4 0 1

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Singular Matrix

Singular Matrix: A matrix is considered singular if

the determinant of the matrix is zero and the matrix
cannot be inverted

2 6
A =  A = ( 2*3) − (1*6 ) = 0
2x2
1 3

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 Given matrices A and B as follows, determine whether B is the
Example: inverse of A:
 −3 1
 1 2 
A=  ; B= 1 .
4 6  2 − 
 2

Solution: B is the inverse of A if AB = I and BA = I , so we find those

products.
 −3 1
1 2   1 0
AB =  1 = = I;
4 6   2 −  0 1 
 2
 −3 1
1 2  1 0
BA =  1  = = I.
 2 −   4 
6  0 
1
 2

Therefore, B is the inverse of A; that is, A−1 = B. (It is also

true that A is the inverse of B, or B −1 = A.)

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Section 3.3 - Applications of Matrices

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Example 1 Solving Systems of Equations Using Matrix
Inverses
Use the inverse of the coefficient matrix to solve the
system.

Write the system in matrix form. That is A X = B

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Example 1 Solving Systems of Equations Using Matrix
Inverses (cont.)
Find :

𝒅𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑨 𝒊𝒔 𝑨 = (𝟓)(𝟑) − (𝟐)(𝟐) = 𝟏𝟏

𝟏 𝟑 −𝟐
𝑨−𝟏 =
𝟏𝟏 −𝟐 𝟓

−1  3 −2

A =  −2
11 11
5 
 11 11 

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Example 1 Solving Systems of Equations Using Matrix
Inverses (cont.)
Now find :

 −3 
= 
7

Solution set: {(–3, 7)}

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Example 2
Use matrix algebra to solve the given matrix equation for X.
8 12 3 2
𝐴 = 𝐵𝑋 − 𝑋; 𝐴= ,𝐵 =
2 4 2 1

Given, 𝐴 = 𝐵𝑋 – 𝑋
𝐴 = 𝐵𝑋 – 𝐼𝑋 where 𝐼 is an identity matrix
𝐴 = (𝐵– 𝐼)𝑋
(𝐵– 𝐼)−1 𝐴 = (𝐵– 𝐼)−1 (𝐵– 𝐼)𝑋
(𝐵– 𝐼)−1 𝐴 = 𝐼𝑋
(𝐵– 𝐼)−1 𝐴 = 𝑋

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Example 2 (cont.)

Find 𝐵 – 𝐼 :
3 2 1 0 2 2
𝐵−𝐼 = − =
2 1 0 1 2 0
Find (𝐵 – 𝐼)−1 :

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Example 2 (cont.)

Now find 𝑋 = (𝐵– 𝐼)−1 𝐴:

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