Chapter 14 – Circular functions

Solutions to Exercise 14A

60π π 3 From calculator:
1 a 60◦ = =
180 3
144π 4π a 0.6 = 34.38◦
b 144 =◦
=
180 5 b 1.89 = 108.29◦
240π 4π
c 240◦ = = c 2.9 = 166.16◦
180 3

d 330◦ =
330π 11π
= d 4.31 = 246.94◦
180 6
e 3.72 = 213.14◦
420π 7π
e 420 =◦
=
180 3 f 5.18 = 296.79◦
480π 8π
f 480◦ = = g 4.73 = 271.01◦
180 3
h 6.00 = 343.77◦
2π 2π 180◦
2 a = = 120◦
3 3 π
4 From calculator:
5π 5π 180◦
b = = 150◦
6 63 π a 38◦ = 0.66
7π 7π 180◦
c = = 210◦ b 73◦ = 1.27
6 6 π
180◦ c 107◦ = 1.87
d 0.9π = 0.9π = 162◦
π
d 161◦ = 2.81
5π 5π 180◦
e = = 100◦
9 9 π e 84.1◦ = 1.47
9π 9π 180◦
f = = 324◦ f 228◦ = 3.98
5 5 π
11π 11π 180◦ g 136.4◦ = 2.39
g = = 220◦
5 5 π
h 329◦ = 5.74
180◦
h 1.8π = 1.8π = 324◦
π

460
 π π 180◦ 330π 11π
5 a − =− = −60◦ e −330◦ = − =−
3 3 π 180 6
180◦ 210π 7π
b −4π = −4π = −720◦ f −210◦ = − =−
π 180 6
180◦
c −3π = −3π = −540◦ 7 a y
π
3π
180◦ θ= π
4 θ=
d −π = −π = −180◦ 4
π
5π 5π 180◦ x
e = = 300◦ 0
3 3 π
11π 11π 180◦ 5π 7π
θ=
f − =− = −330◦ θ=
4 4
6 6 π
b y
23π 23π 180◦
g = = 690◦
6 6 π θ=
2π
π
3 θ=
◦ 3
23π 23π 180
h − =− = −690◦
6 6 π
0 x

360π
6 a −360◦ = − = −2π 4π θ=−
π
180 θ= 3
3

540π
b −540◦ = − = −3π c y
27π
180 7π θ=
θ=− 6
6 π
240π 4π θ=
6
c −240 = −
◦
=−
180 3 13π
θ=
6
0 x
720π
d −720◦ = − = −4π
180

461
Solutions to Exercise 14B
1 a t = 0; sin t = 0; cos t = 1 d cos 0.3 = 0.96
3π e cos 2.1 = −0.5
b t= ; sin t = −1; cos t = 0
2
3π f cos (−1.6) = −0.03
c t=− ; sin t = 1; cos t = 0
2
g sin (−2.1) = −0.86
5π
d t= ; sin t = 1; cos t = 0
2 h sin (−3.8) = 0.61
e t = −3π; sin t = 0; cos t = −1
9π 3 a θ = 27π; sin θ = 0; cos θ = −1
f t= ; sin t = 1; cos t = 0
2 5π
b θ=− ; sin θ = −1; cos θ = 0
7π 2
g t= ; sin t = −1; cos t = 0
2 27π
c θ= ; sin θ = −1; cos θ = 0
h t = 4π; sin t = 0; cos t = 1 2
9π
d θ=− ; sin θ = −1; cos θ = 0
2
2 From calculator:
11π
a sin 1.9 = 0.95 e θ= ; sin θ = −1; cos θ = 0
2

b sin 2.3 = 0.75 f θ = 57π; sin θ = 0; cos θ = −1

c sin 4.1 = −0.82 g θ = 211π; sin θ = 0; cos θ = −1

h θ = −53π; sin θ = 0; cos θ = −1

462
Solutions to Exercise 14C
1 a tan π = tan 0 = 0 d tan (−54◦ ) = −1.38

b tan (−π) = tan 0 = 0 e tan 3.9 = 0.95

 7π  π f tan (−2.5) = 0.75
c tan = tan = undefined
2 2
d tan (−2π) = tan 0 = 0 g tan 239◦ = 1.66
 5π  π
e tan = tan = undefined 3 a tan 180◦ = tan 0◦ = 0
2 2
π π b tan 360◦ = tan 0◦ = 0
f tan − = tan = undefined
2 2
c tan 0◦ = 0
2 From calculator:
d tan (−180◦ ) = tan 0◦ = 0
a tan 1.6 = −34.23
e tan (−540◦ ) = tan 0◦ = 0
b tan (−1.2) = −2.57
f tan 720◦ = tan 0◦ = 0
c tan 136◦ = −0.97

463
Solutions to Exercise 14D
1 sin θ = 0.42, cos x = 0.7, tan α = 0.38 π 3π
b cos x = − cos ; π < x <
6 2
a sin (π + θ) = − sin θ = −0.42 π 7π
∴ x=π+ =
6 6
b cos (π − x) = − cos x = −0.7
π 3π
c cos x = cos ; < x < 2π
c sin (2π − θ) = − sin θ = −0.42 6 2
π 11π
∴ x = 2π − =
d tan (π − α) = − tan α = −0.38 6 6

e sin (π − θ) = sin θ = 0.42 √

3 1
4 sin θ = , cos θ = from diagram
f tan (2π − α) = − tan α = −0.38 2 2
√
sin θ 3 1 √
tan θ = = ÷ = 3
g cos (π + x) = − cos x = −0.7 cos θ 2 2

h cos (2π − x) = cos x = 0.7 1

a a = cos (π − θ) = − cos θ = −
2
√
2 sin x◦ = 0.7, cos θ = 0.6◦ and 3
b b = sin (π − θ) = sin θ =
tan α◦ = 0.4 2
1
a sin (180 + x)◦ = − sin x◦ = −0.7 c c = cos (−θ) = cos θ =
2
√
b cos (180 + θ)◦ = − cos θ◦ = −0.6 3
d d = sin (−θ) = − sin θ = −
2
c tan (360 − α)◦ = − tan α◦ = −0.4 √
e tan (π − θ) = − tan θ = − 3
d cos (180 − θ)◦ = − cos θ◦ = −0.6 √
f tan (−θ) = − tan θ = − 3
e sin (360 − x)◦ = − sin x◦ = −0.7
√
f sin (−x)◦ = − sin x◦ = −0.7 5 sin θ =
3 1
, cos θ = − from diagram
2 2
√
g tan (360 + α)◦ = tan α◦ = 0.4 sin θ 3 1 √
tan θ = = ÷− =− 3
cos θ 2 2
h cos (−θ)◦ = cos θ◦ = 0.6
√
3
a d = sin (π + θ) = − sin θ = −
π π 2
3 a cos x = − cos ; < x < π,
6 2 1
π 5π b c = cos (π + θ) = − cos θ =
∴ x=π− = 2
6 6 √
c tan (π + θ) = tan θ = − 3

464
 √
3 7 a sin x = sin 60◦ and 90◦ < x < 180◦
d sin (2π − θ) = − sin θ = −
2 ∴ x = 180◦ − 60◦ = 120◦
1
e cos (2π − θ) = cos θ = − b sin x = − sin 60◦ and 180◦ < x < 270◦
2
∴ x = 180◦ + 60◦ = 240◦
6 a (a, b) = (cos 40◦ , sin 40◦ )
c sin x = − sin 60◦ and − 90◦ < x < 0◦
= (0.7660, 0.6428)
∴ x = 0◦ − 60◦ = −60◦
b (c, d) = (− cos 40◦ , sin 40◦ )
d
= (−0.7660, 0.6428) cos x◦ = − cos 60◦ and 90◦ < x < 180◦

c i cos 140◦ = −0.7660, ∴ x = 180◦ − 60◦ = 120◦

sin 140◦ = 0.6428 e

cos x◦ = − cos 60◦ and 180◦ < x < 270◦
ii cos 140 = − cos 40
◦ ◦
∴ x = 180◦ + 60◦ = 240◦

f cos x◦ = cos 60◦ and 270◦ < x < 360◦

∴ x = 360◦ − 60◦ = 300◦

465
Solutions to Exercise 14E
√
1 5π π 3
g sin = − sin = −
x sin x cos x tan x 3 3 2
√ √
3 1 √ 7π π 2
a 120◦ − − 3 h cos = cos =
√2 √2 4 4 2
2 2 √
b 135◦ − −1 11π π 3
2 √2 √ i tan = − tan = −
6 6 3
1 3 3
c 210◦ − −
√2 2 3  2π   2π 
3 1 √ 3 a sin − = − sin
d 240◦ − − 3 3 3
√2 √2 √
2 2 π 3
e 315◦ − −1 = − sin = −
2 √2 √ 3 2
1 3 3 11π 3π
f 390◦ b cos = cos
√2 2 3 4 4
3 1 √ √
g 420◦ 3 π 2
2√ 2√ = − cos = −
4 2
2 2
h −135◦ − − 1 √
√2 2 13π π 3
3 1 √ c tan = tan =
i −300 3 6 6 3
2√ 2
15π 5π
3 1 √ d tan = tan
j −60 − − 3 6 2
2 2 π
= tan = undefined
2
√
2π π 3 14π 7π
2 a sin = sin = e cos = cos
3 3 2 4 2
√ 3π
3π π 2 = cos =0
b cos = − cos = − 2
4 4 2
 3π  3π
√
5π π 3 f cos − = cos
c tan = − tan = − 4 4
6 6 3 √
π 2
= − cos = −
7π π 1 4 2
d sin = − sin = −
6 6 2
11π 3π
√ g sin = sin
5π π 2 4 4
e cos = − cos = − √
4 4 2 π 2
= sin =
4π π √ 4 2
f tan = tan = 3
3 3

466
  π b If θ = 0.2 then sin θ = 0.19866933 . . .
h cos −21 = cos (−7π)
3
= cos π = −1 c If θ = −0.1
then sin θ = −0.0998334 . . .
4 a If θ = 0.1 then sin θ = 0.0998334 . . . d If θ = −0.2
then sin θ = −0.19866933 . . .

467
Solutions to Exercise 14F
1 a 2 sin θ: per = 2π, ampl = 2 1
3 a g(x) = − sin 5x: dilation of
5
2π from y-axis, reflection in x-axis,
b 3 sin 2θ: per = = π, ampl = 3 2π
2 amplitude = 1, period =
5
1 2π 1
c cos 3θ: per = , ampl = b g(x) = sin (−x): reflection in y-axis,
2 3 2
amplitude = 1, period = 2π
θ 2π
d 3 sin : per = = 4π, ampl = 3 x
2 1 c g(x) = 2 sin ( ): dilation of 3 from
3
2 y-axis, dilation of 2 from x-axis,
2π amplitude = 2, period = 6π
e 4 cos 3θ: per = , ampl = 4
3  x
d g(x) = −4 sin : dilation of 2 from
1 2π π 1 2
f − sin 4θ: per = = , ampl = y-axis, dilation of 4 from x-axis,
2 4 2 2
reflection in x-axis, amplitude = 4,
θ 2π period = 4π
g −2 cos : per = 1 = 4π, ampl = 2
2 2  x
e g(x) = 2 sin − : dilation of 3 from
2π 3
h 2 cos πt: per = = 2, ampl = 2 y-axis, dilation of 2 from x-axis,
π
 πt  reflection in y-axis, amplitude = 2,
2π period = 6π
i −3 sin : per = π = 4, ampl = 3
2 2

4 a y = 3 sin 2x:
2 a g(x) = 3 sin x: dilation of 3 from π
per = π, ampl = 3, x-intercepts 0, , π
x-axis, amplitude = 3, period = 2π 2
y
1
b g(x) = sin (5x): dilation of from
5
2π 3
y-axis, amplitude = 1, period =
5
 x
c g(x) = sin : dilation of 3 from 0 x
3 π 2π
y-axis, amplitude = 1, period = 6π
–3
d g(x) = 2 sin 5x: dilation of 2 from
1 Amplitude = 3, Period = π
x-axis, dilation of from y-axis,
5 b y = 2 cos 3θ:
2π
amplitude = 2, period = 2π
5 per = , ampl = 2,
3
π π
θ intercepts 0, ,
6 2

468
 y y

2
4

0 x
2π 4π 2π 2π
0 x
3 3 2π 4π
–2 2π 3 3
Amplitude = 2, Period =
3 –4 2π
Amplitude = 4, Period =
θ 3
c y = 4 cos :
2
per = 4π, ampl = 4, f y = 5 cos 2x:
θ intercepts 0, π, 3π per = π, ampl = 5,
π 3π
x intercepts 0, ,
y 4 4
y
4
5
π 3π
2 π 2 2π
0 θ 0 x
π 2π 3π 4π π 3π 5π 7π
4 4 4 4
–4 –5
Amplitude = 5, Period = π
Amplitude = 4, Period = 4π
θ
1 g y = −3 cos :
d y = cos 3x: 2
2 per = 4π, ampl = 3,
2π 1
per = , ampl = , θ intercepts 0, π, 3π
3 2
π π y
x intercepts ,
6 2
y
3
1
2
0 x
0 x π 2π 3π 4π
2π 4π
2π
1 3 3
– –3
2 1 2π Amplitude = 3, Period = 4π
Amplitude = 2 , Period = 3
h y = 2 cos 4θ:
e y = 4 sin 3x: π
per = , ampl = 2,
2π 2
per = , ampl = 4, π 3π
3 θ intercepts 0, ,
2π 4π 8 8
x intercepts 0, ,
3 3

469
 1 3 5
y x-intercepts 0, , , , 2
2 2 2
2
π π 3π
4 2 4 π
0 x
π 3π 5π 7π
8 8 8 8
–2
π
Amplitude = 2, Period =
2

θ
i y = −2 sin :
3 6 a f (x) = sin 2x for x ∈ [−2π, 2π]:
per = 6π, ampl = 2,
endpoints: (−2π, 0), (2π, 0)
θ intercepts 0, 3π, 6π 3π π π 3π
x-intercepts: − , −π, − , 0, , π,
y 2 2 2 2
ampl = 1, range [−1, 1]
2 y

1
0 x –3π –π π 3π
3π 3π 9π 6π
2 2 2 2
2 2 x
–2π –π 0 π 2π
–2
Amplitude = 2, Period = 6π
–1

5 a f: [0, 2] → R, f (t) = 2 cos πt x

b f (x) = 2 sin for x ∈ [−6π, 6π]:
2π 3
per = = 2, ampl = 2, endpoints: (−6π, 0), (6π, 0)
π
range = [−2, 2], x-intercepts: −3π, 0, 3π
endpoints (0, 2) and ampl = 2, range [−2, 2]
1 3
(2, 2); x-intercepts , y
2 2
y
2
2

x x
0 1 1 3 2 –6π –3π 0 3π 6π
2 4
–2
–2

b f: [0, 2] → R, f (t) = 3 sin (2πt) c f (x) = 2 cos 3x for x ∈ [0, 2π]:

2π endpoints: (0, 1), (2π, 1)
per = = 1, ampl = 3,
2π π π 5π 7π 3π 11π
range = [−3, 3], x-intercepts: , , , , ,
6 2 6 6 2 6
endpoints (0, 0) and (2, 0); ampl = 2, range [−2, 2]

470
 y 8 a f: [0, 2π] → R, f (x) = sin x;
2 per = 2π, ampl = 1, range = [−1, 1],
π 2π 4π 5π endpoints (0, 0) and (2π, 0),
3 3 π 3 3 2π other x-intercept at π
0 x
π π 5π 7π 3π 11π
6 2 6 6 2 6
–2

d f (x) = −2 sin 3x for x ∈ [0, 2π]:

endpoints: (0, 0), (2π, 0)
π 2π 4π 5π
x-intercepts: , , π, , g: [0, 2π] → R, g(x) = cos x:
3 3 3 3 per = 2π, ampl = 1, range = [−1, 1],
ampl = 2, range [−2, 2]
endpoints at (0, 1) and (2π, 1),
y π 3π
x-intercepts at ,
2 2
2
π 5π
π b sin x = cos x when x = and
3 π
4 4
0 x
2π 4π 2π
3 3 9
–2

5  2x 
7 f: [0, 2π] → R, f (x) = cos :
2 3
5 5
endpoints: f (0) = and f (2π) = −
2 4
2π 2
per = 2 = 3π so we only have period
3
3
5  5 5 
ampl = , range = − ,
2 2 2
y
5
2

0 x
3π 3π
2 –5
2π,
–5 4
2

471
Solutions to Exercise 14G
1 a f cos x = −0.2, ∴ x = π ± 1.39
1
cos x = = 1.77, 4.51
2
π π π π
x = , 2π − , 2π + , 4π − , . . .
3 3 3 3 3 Solve over [0, 360◦ ]:
π 5π 7π 11π
= , , , √
3 3 3 3 3
a cos θ = −
◦
, ∴ θ = 180 ± 30
b 2
1 = 150, 210
sin x = √
2 1
π π π π b sin θ◦ = , ∴ θ = 30, 180 − 30
x = , π − , 2π + , 3π − , . . . 2
4 4 4 4
π 3π 9π 11π = 30, 150
= , , ,
4 4 4 4 1
c cos θ◦ = − , ∴ θ = 180 ± 60
c √ 2
3 = 120, 240
sin x =
2 1
π π π π d 2 cos θ◦ + 1 = 0, ∴ cos θ◦ = −
x = , π − , 2π + , 3π − , . . . 2
3 3 3 3
π 2π 7π 8π ∴ θ = 120, 240
= , , , √
3 3 3 3 √ 3
e 2 sin θ◦ = 3, ∴ sin θ◦ =
2
2 Solve over [0, 2π]: ∴ θ = 60, 180 − 60
= 60, 120
a sin x = 0.8, ∴ x = 0.93, π − 0.93
= 0.93, 2.21 √ 1
f 2 sin θ◦ − 1 = 0, ∴ sin θ◦ = √
2
b cos x = −0.4, ∴ x = π ± 1.16 θ = 45, 180 − 45
= 1.98, 4.30 = 45, 135
√
c sin x = −0.35, 4 a 2 cos x = 3
√
∴ x = π + 0.36, 2π − 0.36 3
∴ cos x =
= 3.50, 5.93 2
π π
x = , 2π −
d sin x = 0.4, ∴ x = 0.41, π − 0.41 6 6
π 11π
= 0.41, 2.73 = ,
6 6
e cos x = −0.7, ∴ x = π ± 0.80
= 2.35, 3.94

472
 √
b 2 sin x + 1 = 0 π  π π 5π
x = ± , ± 2π − = ± ,±
3 3 3 3
1
∴ sin x = − √
2 1
c Line marked at y = − , x-values
π π 2
x = π + , 2π − are at:
4 4 π  2π 4π
5π 7π x=± π± = ± ,±
= . 3 3 3
4 4
√
c 2 cos x − 1 = 0 7 Solve over [0, 2π]:
1 a
∴ cos x = √ 1
2 sin (2θ) = −
π π 2
x = , 2π − π π π π
4 4 ∴ 2θ = π + , 2π − , 3π + , 4π −
π 7π 6 6 6 6
= , 7π 11π 19π 23π
4 4 θ= , , ,
12 12 12 12
5 Solve over [−π, π]: b √
3
1 π π cos (2θ) =
a cos x = − √ , ∴ x = π − , −π + 2
2 4 4 π π π π
∴ 2θ = , 2π − , 2π + , 4π −
3π 3π 6 6 6 6
=− , π 11π 13π 23π
4 4 θ= , , ,
√ 12 12 12 12
3 π π
b sin x = ,∴ x = ,π − c
2 3 3 1
sin (2θ) =
π 2π 2
= , π π π π
3 3 ∴ 2θ = , π − , 2π + , 3π −
6 6 6 6
1 π π π 5π 13π 17π
c cos x = − , ∴ x = π − , −π + θ= , , ,
2 3 3 12 12 12 12
2π 2π
=− , d
3 3 1
sin (3θ) = − √
2
6 a f : [−2π, 2π] → R, f (x) = cos x π π π π
y
∴ 3θ = π + , 2π − , 3π + , 4π − . . .
1.5
4 4 4 4
5π 7π 13π 15π 21π 23π
θ= , , , , ,
1

0.5
12 12 12 12 12 12
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x

-0.5

-1

-1.5

1
b Line marked at y = , x-values are at:
2

473
 √
3 b
e cos (2θ) = −
2 sin (2θ) = −0.6
π π
∴ 2θ = π ± , 3π ± ∴ 2θ = π + 0.644, 2π − 0.644,
6 6
5π 7π 17π 19π 3π + 0.644, 4π − 0.644
θ= , , ,
12 12 12 12 θ = 1.892, 2.820, 5.034, 5.961
f
1 c
sin (2θ) = − √
2 cos (2θ) = 0.4
π π π π ∴ 2θ = 1.159, 2π ± 1.159, 4π − 1.159
∴ 2θ = π + , 2π − , 3π + , 4π −
4 4 4 4
5π 7π 13π 15π θ = 0.580, 2.562, 3.721, 5.704
θ= , , ,
8 8 8 8
d cos (3θ) = 0.6

8 Solve over [0, 2π]: ∴ 3θ = 0.927, 2π ± 0.927;

4π ± 0.927, 6π − 0.927
a
θ = 0.309, 1.785, 2.403,
sin (2θ) = −0.8
3.880, 4.498, 5.974
∴ 2θ = π + 0.927, 2π − 0.927,
3π + 0.927, 4π − 0.927
θ = 2.034, 2.678, 5.176, 5.820

474
Solutions to Exercise 14H
 π
1 a y = 3 sin θ − : y
2
per = 2π, ampl = 3, range = [−3, 3]
y 2

13π
3 12
0 θ
5π
12
0 θ
π π 3π 2π 5π –2
2 2 2
√  π
–3 d y = 3 sin 2 θ − :
√2
per = π, ampl = 3,
√ √
b y = sin 2 (θ + π): range = [− 3, 3]
per = π, ampl = 1, range = [−1, 1] y
y

√3
1 3π
2
0 θ
π π
0 θ 2
π 2π
–√3

–1 e y = 3 sin (2x):
per = π, ampl = 3, range = [−3, 3]
 π
c y = 2 sin 3 θ + :
4
2π
per = , ampl = 2, range = [−2, 2]
3

475
 y y

3 √2

0 x 0 θ
π π π 5π 4π
2 3 6 3
–3 – √2

 π h y = −3 sin (2x):
f y = 2 cos 3 θ + :
4 per = π, ampl = 3, range = [−3, 3]
2π
per = , ampl = 2, range = [−2, 2]
3 y
y
3
2

0 x
θ π π
π 0 π 5π
– 2
4 12 12
–3
–2
 π
i y = −3 cos 2 θ + :
√  π 2
g y = 2 sin 2 θ − : per = π, ampl = 3, range = [−3, 3]
√3
per = π, ampl = 2, y
√ √
range = [− 2, 2]

θ
π 0 π
–
2 2
–3

476
  π  π
2 f: [0, 2π] → R, f (x) = cos x − 4 f: [−π, π] → R, f (x) = sin 3 x + :
3 4
 π 1  3π  √
a f (0) = cos − = 2
3  2 a f (−π) = sin − =−
 5π 4 √ 2
1
f (2π) = cos =
 5π  2
3 2 f (π) = sin =−
4 2
b per = 2π, ampl = 1, range [−1, 1]
2π
5π 11π
x-intercepts at , b per = , ampl = 1, range [−1, 1],
6 6 3
x-intercepts at
y 11π 7π π π 5π 3π
π − ,− ,− , , ,
,1 12 12 4 12 12 4
1 3
1 y
2π,
1 2
0, 1
2
0 x 0, 1
5π 11π √2 x
6 6 0
–1 1 1
4π –π, – –1 π, –
, –1 √2 √2
3

 π 5 y = sin x
3 f: [0, 2π] → R, f (x) = sin 2 x −
3  x
a Dilation of 2 from y-axis: y = sin ;
 2π  √ 2
3 dilation of
 x3 from x-axis:
a f (0) = sin − =−
3 2√ y = 3 sin
 10π  3 2
f (2π) = sin =−
3 2 1
b Dilation of from y-axis: y = sin 2x;
b per = π, ampl = 1, range [−1, 1] 2
dilation of 3 from x-axis: y = 3 sin 2x
π 5π 4π 11π
x-intercepts at , , ,  x
3 6 3 6
c Dilation of 3 from y-axis: y = sin ;
y 3
dilation of
 x2 from x-axis:
y = 2 sin
1 3
1
d Dilation of from y-axis: y = sin 2x;
0 x 2
π
π 5π 4π 11π translation of + (x-axis):
3 3
– 3 6 3 6
 π
2 y = sin 2 x −
–1 2π, – 3 3
2 e Dilation of 2 from the y-axis:

477
 π
 x
1
y = sin ; y = sin x+
2 2 3
π
translation of − (x-axis):
3

478
Solutions to Exercise 14I
1 Sketch over [0, 2π]: y

a y = 2 sin x + 1; (0, 1 + √2)

per = 2π, ampl = 2, range = [−1, 3],
endpoints at (0, 1) and (2π, 0) 0
1 x
y = 0 when sin x = − , 1 – √2 3π 5π 2π
2 4 4
7π 11π
i.e. when x = ,
6 6 d y = 2 sin 2x − 2;
y
per = π, ampl = 2, range = [−4, 0],
3 endpoints at (0, −2) and (2π, −2)
y = 0 when sin 2x = 1,
1 π 5π
i.e. when x = ,
0 x 4 4
–1 7π 11π
y
6 6 π 5π
√ 4 4
b y = 2 sin 2x − 3; x
0
per = π, ampl = 2,
√ √ –2
range = [−2 − 3, 2 − 3],
√ √
endpoints at (0, − 3) √
and (2π, − 3) –4
3
y = 0 when sin 2x = , √  π
2 e y= 2 sin x − +1
π π 7π 4π 4√
i.e. when x = , , , per = 2π, ampl = 2,
6 3 6 3 √ √
y range = [1 − 2, 1 + 2],
π π 7π 4π endpoints at (0,0) and (2π, 0)
2 – √3 6 3 6 3 π 1
x y = 0 when sin x − =−√
0 4 2
π π π π
–√3 i.e. when x − = − , π + , 2π −
4 4 4 4
–2 – √3 3π
i.e. x = 0, , 2π
2
√ y
c y = 2 cos x + 1; √
per = 2π, ampl
√ = √ 2,
1 + √2
range = [− 2 +√1, 2 + 1],
√ at (0, 2 + 1) and
endpoints
0 (2π, 0)
(2π, 2 + 1) x
1 1 – √2 3π
y = 0 when cos x = − √ 2
2
3π 5π
i.e. when x = ,
4 4 2 Sketch over [−2π, 2π]:

479
a y = 2 sin 3x − 2; endpoints at (−2π, −3) and (2π, −3)
2π No x-intercepts since y < 0 for all
per = , ampl = 2, range = [−4, 0],
3 real x
endpoints at (−2π, −2) and (2π, −2)
y = 0 when sin 3x = 1 y

π 5π 3π -p 0 p 2p
i.e. when x = , , -1
x
6 6 2 (2p, -3)
π 7π 11π (-p, -3) -3
− ,− ,− -5
2 6 6
y
-p -p p p 5p 3p d y = 2 cos 2x + 1;
2p
2 6 6 2 6 2
x per = π, ampl = 2, range = [−1, 3],
0
(-p, -2) (2p, -2) endpoints at (−2π, 3) and (2π, 3)
-2
1
-4 y = 0 when cos 2x = −
2
 π π
 π i.e. when 2x = ± π ± , ±3π ±
b y = 2 cos 3 x − ; 3 3
4 π 2π 4π 5π
2π ∴ x = ± ,± ,± ,±
per = , ampl = 2, range = [−2, 2], 3 3 3 3
3 √ y
endpoints at (−2π, − 2) and
√ 3
(2p, 3)
(2π, − 2) (-p, 3)
 π 0
1
y = 0 when cos 3 x − =0 -p -2p -p -1 p 2p p 4p 5p 2 p
x
4
 π  π 3π 11π 3 3 3 3 3 3
∴3 x− = ± ,± ··· ±
4 2 2 2 π 
e y = 2 cos 2 x − − 1;
π π π 5π 11π 3
x − = ± ,± ,± ··· ± per = π, ampl = 2, range = [−3, 1],
4 6 2 6 6
23π 19π 5π 11π 7π endpoints at (−2π, −2) and (2π, −2)
x=− ,− ,− ,− ,− , π 1
12 12 4 12 12 y = 0 when cos 2(x − ) =
π π 5π 3π 13π 17π 7π 3 2
− , , , , , ,
 π π  π  π
4 12 12 4 12 12 4 ∴2 x− = ± , ± 2π ± , ± 4π ±
3 3 3 3
11π π π  π   π
The solution will drop out, since x − = ± , ± π ± , ± 2π ±
6
π 3 6 6 6
adding to it will take the resulting 11π 3π 5π π
4 x=− ,− ,− ,− ,
number over 2π. 6 2 6 2
It must be replaced by the solution π π 7π 3π
π 13π , , ,
− . 6 2 6 2
4 6 y
y -5p -p p p 7p 3p
6 2 6 2 6 2
x
-11p -7p -p p 5p 9p 13p 17p 21p -p 0 p 2p
12 12 4 12 12 12 12 12 12 -2
2 (-p, -2) -3 (2p, -2)
(-p, Ö2) 0 x
-p p 2p
-2
 π
(2p, - Ö2) f y = 2 sin 2 x + +1;
6
c y = 2 sin 2x − 3; per = π, ampl = 2, range = [−1, 3],
√
per = π, ampl = 2, range = [−5, −1], endpoints at (−2π, 1 + 3) and

480
 √ π
(2π, 1 + 3)

b y = −2 sin 2 x + + 1;
π 1 6
y = 0 when sin 2(x + ) = − per = π, ampl = 2, range = [−1, 3],
6 2 √
Positive solutions: endpoints at (−π, 1 − 3) and
 π  π π π π √
2 x+ = π + , 2π − , 3π + , 4π − (π, 1 − 3)
6 6 6 6 6 π 1
π 7π 11π 19π 23π y = 0 when sin 2(x + ) =
x+ = , , , 3 2
6 12 12 12 12
 π 7π π 5π 13π
∴2 x+ =− , , ,
5π 3π 17π 7π 6 6 6 6 6
x= , , ,
12 4 12 4 π 7π π 5π 13π
Negative solutions: x+ =− , , ,
 π π π π π 6 12 12 12 12
2 x+ = − , −π + , −2π − , −3π + 3π π π 11π
6 6 6 6 6 x = − ,− , ,
π π 5π 13π 17π 4 12 4 12
x + = − ,− ,− ,− 11π
6 12 12 12 12 As with Q.2b, − drops out,
6
π 7π 5π 19π 13π
x = − ,− ,− ,− replaced by .
4 12 4 12 6
y y
-7p -p 5p 3p 17p 7p
12 4 12 4 12 4 (2p, 1 + Ö3)
3 –3π –π π 11π
(-p, 1 + Ö3) 4 12 4 12
1 +Ö3 3
x
-p 0 p 2p
-1
x
(– π, –√3 + 1) –√3 + 1 0 (π, –√3 + 1)
–1

3 Sketch over [−π, π]: π √


c y = 2 cos 2 x + + 3;
 π 4
a y = 2 sin 2 x + + 1; per = π, ampl = 2, range = [−1, 3],
3 √ √
per = π, ampl = 2, range = [−1, 3], endpoints at (−π, 3) and (π, √3)
√ π
endpoints at (−π, 1 + 3) and 3

√ y = 0 when cos 2 x + =−
(π, 1 + 3) 4 2
π 1
 π 7π 5π 5π 7π
y = 0 when sin 2(x + ) = − ∴2 x+ = − ,− , ,
3 2 4 6 6 6 6
π 5π π 7π 11π π 7π 5π 5π 7π
x + = − ,− , ,

∴2 x+ = − ,− , , 4 12 12 12 12
3 6 6 6 6 5π 2π π π
π 5π π 7π 11π x = − ,− , ,
x + = − ,− , , 6 3 6 3
3 12 12 12 12 y
3π 5π π 7π
x = − ,− , , 2 + √3
4 12 4 12 (– π, √3) (π, √3)
y 1 + √3
–3π –5π π 7π x
4 12 34 12 (π, 1 + √3) –π √3 – 2 0 π
(–π, 1 + √3)
−5π −2π π π
1 + √3
x 6 3 6 3
–π 0 –1 π

481
Solutions to Exercise 14J
π
1 sin x = 0.3, cos α = 0.6 and tan θ = 0.7 c cos θ = sin
12
a cos(−α) = cos α = 0.6 π π 5π
∴θ=( − )=
2 12 12
b sin( π2 + α) = cos α = 0.6 3π
d sin θ = cos
7
c tan(−θ) = − tan θ = −0.7
π 3π π
∴θ=( − )=
d cos( π2 − x) = sin x = 0.3 2 7 14

e sin(−x) = −sin x = −0.3 3 3π

3 cos x = , < x < 2π:
1 10 5 r2
f tan( π2 − θ) = =
 3 2 4
0.7 7 sin x = ± 1 − =±
5 5
g cos( π2 + x) = −sin x = −0.3 4th quadrant: sin x = −
4
5
h sin( π2 − α) = cos α = 0.6 4 3 4
tan x = − ÷ = −
5 5 3
2 + α) = −cos α = −0.6
i sin( 3π
5 π
3π 4 sin x = , < x < π:
j cos( − x) = −sin x = −0.3 13r2
2  5 2 12
cos x = ± 1 − =±
13 13
π 12
2 0<θ< 2nd quadrant: cos x = −
2 13
5 12 5
π tan x = ÷− =−
a cos θ = sin 13 13 12
6
π π π
∴θ=( − )= 1 3π
2 6 3 5 cos x = , < x < 2π:
π 5 r2 √
b sin θ = cos 2√
 1 2 24
6 sin x = ± 1 − =± =± 6
π π π 5 5 5
∴θ=( − )= 2√
2 6 3 4th quadrant: sin x = − 6
5
2√ 1 √
tan x = − 6 ÷ = −2 6
5 5

482
Solutions to Exercise 14K
π
1 a y = tan(4x), per = y
4
2x π 3π
b y = tan( ), per = =
3 2 2
3 x
π − π 0 π π
π 2 2
c y = −3 tan(2x), per =
2

2 a y = tan(2x): 3 Solve over [−π, π]:

π
x-intercepts at 0, ± , ±π
2 a 2 tan 2x = 2, ∴ tan 2x = 1
π 3π
Vertical asymptotes at x = ± , ± 7π 3π π 5π
4 4 ∴ 2x = − , − , ,
y 4 4 4 4
7π 3π π 5π
x = − ,− , ,
8 8 8 8
π √
–π –π π x √ 3
0 b 3 tan 3x = 3, ∴ tan 3x =
2 2 3
17π 11π 5π π 7π 13π
∴ 3x = − ,− ,− , , ,
–3π –π π 3π 6 6 6 6 6 6
x= x= x= x=
4 4 4 4 17π 11π 5π π 7π 13π
x=− ,− ,− , , ,
b y = 2 tan(3x): 18 18 18 18 18 18
π 2π √ √
x-intercepts at 0, ± , ± , ±π c 2 tan 2x = 2 3 tan 2x = 3
3 3 5π 2π π 4π
Vertical asymptotes at ∴ 2x = − ; − ; ;
π π 5π 3 3 3 3
x = ± ,± ,± 5π π π 2π
6 2 6 ∴ x = − ;− ; ;
y 6 3 6 3
√
√ 3
d 3 tan 3x = − 3, ∴ tan 3x = −
3
π π
x 13π 7π π 5π 11π 17π
–π –2π
3
–π
3
0
3
2π
3
∴ 3x = − ,− ,− , , ,
6 6 6 6 6 6
13π 7π π 5π 11π 17π
x=− ,− ,− , , ,
x=
–5π
x=
–π
x=
–π
x=
π
x=
π
x=
5π 18 18 18 18 18 18
6 2 6 6 2 6

c y = −2 tan(3x): 4 Sketch over [−π, π]:

π 2π
x-intercepts at 0, ± , ± , ±π √
3 3 a y = 3 tan x + 3
Vertical asymptotes at 1
π π 5π x-intercepts where tan x = − √
x = ± ,± ,± 3
6 2 6 π 5π
∴ x=− ,
6 6

483
 π
Vertical asymptotes at x = ± y
2
y

(π, 2)
(–π, 2) 2
x
–π 0 3π
(–π, √ 3) (π, √ 3)
√3 4 4
x
–π 0 5π
6 6
–π π
x= x=
2 2
–π π
x=
2
x=
2 c y = 3 tan x − 3
x-intercepts where tan x = 1
b y = 2 tan x + 2 π 3π
x-intercepts where tan x = −1 ∴ x = ,−
4 4
π 3π π
∴x=− , Vertical asymptotes at x = ±
4 4 2
π
Vertical asymptotes at x = ± y
2

–3π π
4 4
x
0 π
(–π, –3) (0, –3) 2 (π, –3)

484
Solutions to Exercise 14L
1 From calculator: 2 y = a sin(bθ + c) + d From calculator:

a cos x = x, ∴ x = 0.74 a y = 1.993 sin(2.998 θ + 0.003) + 0.993

b sin x = 1 − x, ∴ x = 0.51 b y = 3.136 sin(3.051 θ + 0.044) − 0.140

c cos x = x2 , ∴ x = ±0.82 c y = 4.971 sin(3.010 θ + 3.136) + 4.971

d sin x = x2 , x = 0, 0.88

485
Solutions to Exercise 14M
π
1 a sin x = 0.5, ∴ x = (primary 3
6
 π √
solution) 2 cos 2x + = 2
4
π 5π
2nd solution is x = π − =  π 1
π
6 6
π ∴ cos 2x + = √
∴ x = (12n + 1) , (12n + 5) ; n ∈ Z 4 2
6 6 π π
2x + = (8n ± 1)
√ π 4 4
b 2 cos 3x = 3, ∴ 3x = ± 8nπ π
6 2x = , (8n − 2)
π 4 4
x=± π
18 2x = 2nπ, (4n − 1)
π
∴ x = (12n ± 1) ; n ∈ Z 2
18 π
√ √ ∴ x = nπ, (4n − 1) ; n ∈ Z
4
c 3 tan x = −3, ∴ tan x = − 3 Over (−2π, 2π) the solutions are:
5π π 3π 7π
x=
2π x = − , −π, − , 0, π, ,
3 4 4 4 4
π
∴ x = (3n + 2) ; n ∈ Z
3 √ π 
4 3 tan − 3x − 1 = 0
6
π π π
2 a sin x = 0.5, ∴ x = ,π − 1

6 6 ∴ tan − 3x = √
6 3
π 5π π π
= , − 3x = (6n + 1)
6 6 6 6
√ 6nπ
√ 3
b 2 cos 3x = 3, ∴ cos 3x = −3x = = nπ
2 6
nπ
π 11π ∴ x= ; n∈Z
3x = , 3
6 6 Over [−π, 0] the solutions are:
π 11π 2π π
∴ x= , x = −π, − , − , 0
18 18 3 3
√ √
c 3 tan x = −3, ∴ tan x = − 3
2π 5π 5
∴ x= , √
3 3 2 sin (4πx) + 3=0
√
3
∴ sin (4πx) = −
2
π π
4πx = (6n + 4) , (6n + 5)
3 3
3n + 2 6n + 5
∴ x= , ;n ∈ Z
6 12
Over [−1, 1] the solutions are:
2 7 1 1 1 5 5 11
x = − ,− ,− ,− , , , ,
3 12 6 12 3 12 6 12

486
Solutions to Exercise 14N
1 a y
5
4
3
2
1
0 x
–1 3 6 9 121518 2124
–2
–3
–4
–5
π 
b Maximum values occur when sin t =1
6
That is when t = 3 and t = 15

c h(3) = h(15) = 5. The maximum height is 5 m above mean sea level

 π  5 √3
d h(2) = 5 sin = m above mean sea level
3 2
 7π  √
5 3
e h(14) = 5 sin = m above mean sea level
3 2
π 
f 5 sin t = 2.5
6
π  1
sin t =
6 2
π π 5π 13π 17π
t= , , ,
6 6 6 6 6
t = 1, 5, 13, 17
Tide is higher than 2.5 m for t ∈ [1, 5] ∪ [13, 17]

2 a x = 3 + 2 sin 3t
When sin 3t = 1, x = 3 + 2 = 5, the greatest distance from O.

b When sin 3t = −1, x = 3 − 2 = 1, the least distance from O.

c When x = 5, 3 + 2 sin 3t = 5
∴ sin 3t = 1
π 5π 9π
∴ 3t = or or or . . .
2 2 2
π 5π 9π
∴ t = or or or . . .
6 6 6

487
 ∴ t = 0.524 or 2.618 or 4.712 seconds for t ∈ [0, 5]

d When x = 3, 3 + 2 sin 3t = 3
∴ sin 3t = 0
∴ 3t = 0 or π or 2π or . . .
π 2π
∴ t = 0 or or or . . .
3 3
∴ t = 0 or 1.047 or 2.094 seconds for t ∈ [0, 3]

e Particle oscillates about x = 3, from x = 1 to x = 5.

3 x = 5 + 2 sin(2πt). Note that the particle oscillates between x = 3 and x = 7

a Greatest distance from O when sin(2πt) = 1. Therefore greatest distance from O is

7m

b Least distance from O when sin(2πt) = −1. Therefore least distance from O is 3 m

c 5 + 2 sin(2πt) = 7
2 sin(2πt) = 2
sin(2πt) = 1
π 5π
2πt = , ,...
2 2
1 5 9 13 17
t= , , , ,
4 4 4 4 4

d 5 + 2 sin(2πt) = 6
2 sin(2πt) = 1
1
sin(2πt) =
2
π 5π 13π 17π 25π 29π
2πt = , , , , , ,...
6 6 6 6 6 6
1 5 13 17 25 29
t= , , , , ,
12 12 12 12 12 12
e Particle oscillates between x = 3 and x = 7

 πt 
4 h(t) = 10 sin + 10
3
 
a i h(0) = 10 sin 0 + 10 = 10

488
 π √
ii h(1) = 10 sin + 10 = 10 + 5 3
3
 2π  √
iii h(2) = 10 sin + 10 = 10 + 5 3
3
 4π  √
iv h(4) = 10 sin + 10 = 10 − 5 3
3
 5π  √
v h(5) = 10 sin + 10 = 10 − 5 3
3
π
b Period = 2π ÷ = 6seconds
3
c Greatest height = 20 m
 πt 
d 10 sin + 10 = 15
3
 πt 
10 sin =5
3
 πt  1
sin =
3 2
πt π 5π 13π 17π
= , , , ...
3 6 6 6 6
1 5 13 17
t= , , ,
2 2 2 2
 πt 
e 10 sin + 10 = 5
3
 πt 
10 sin = −5
3
 πt  1
sin =−
3 2
πt 7π 11π 19π 23π
= , , , ...
3 6 6 6 6
7 11 19 23
t= , , ,
2 2 2 2

 πt 
5 T = 17 − 8 cos
12
 
a T (0) = 17 − 8 cos 0 = 9
The temperature was 9◦ C at midnight

b Maximum temperature 25◦

489
 Minimum temperature 9◦
 πt 
c 17 − 8 cos = 20
12
 πt 
−8 cos =3
12
 πt  3
cos =−
12 8
πt 3 3
= π − cos−1 , π + cos−1 , . . .
12 8 8
t = 7.468 . . . , 16.53 . . .
That is between 7 : 28 and 16 : 32

d T
25
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
9
8
6
4
2
t
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24

 πt 
6 a D(t) = 10 + 3 sin , 0 ≤ t ≤ 24
6
2π
period = π = 12; amplitude = 3;
6
translation in the positive direction of the D(t)-axis = 10
D
13 –
10 –
7 –

| | | | |
0 3 6 12 18 24 t
 πt 
b When D(t) = 8.5, 10 + 3 sin = 8.5
 πt  6
∴ 3 sin = −1.5
 πt6 1
∴ sin =−
6 2

490
 πt 7π 11π 19π 23π
∴ = or or or or . . .
6 6 6 6 6
∴ t = 7 or 11 or 19 or 23 or . . .
From the graph, D(t) ≥ 8.5 implies
0 ≤ t ≤ 7, or 11 ≤ t ≤ 19, or 23 ≤ t ≤ 24, for 0 ≤ t ≤ 24
∴ {t : D(t) ≥ 8.5} = {t : 0 ≤ t ≤ 7} ∪ {t : 11 ≤ t ≤ 19} ∪ {t : 23 ≤ t ≤ 24}

c The maximum depth is 13 m. D

From the graph, the required period of time is w
[2.5, 3.5].
The largest value  occurs for t = 2.5.
of w
 2.5π
w = 10 + 3 sin ≈ 12.9
6
The largest value of w is 12.9, correct to 1
decimal place.
0 2.5 3.5 t

360
7 a period = 2 × 6, and also period =
r
360
∴ = 12 ∴ r = 30
r
7+3
translation parallel to D-axis = =5
2
∴p=5
7−3
amplitude = =2 ∴ q=2
2
b When t = 0, D = 7 D
When t = 6, D = 3 7 –
5–
3 –

| |
0 6 12 t

c D = 5 + 2 cos (30t)◦
When D = 4, 5 + 2 cos (30t)◦ = 4
1
∴ 2 cos (30t)◦ = −1 ∴ cos (30t)◦ = −
2
∴ (30t)◦ = 120◦ or 240◦
∴ t = 4 or 8 (from graph, only two values required)
Low tide is at t = 6, hence it will be 2 hours before the ship can enter the harbour.

491
Solutions to Technology-free questions
 π  11π
11π 11π  180◦ 
1 a 330◦ = 330 = h − =− = −495◦
180 6 4 4 π
 π  9π
23π 23π  180◦ 
b 810 = 810
◦
= i − =− = −1035◦
180 2 4 4 π
 π 
c 1080◦ = 1080 = 6π √
180 11π 3π 2
3 a sin = sin =
 π  23π 4 4 2
d 1035 = 1035
◦
= √
180 4  7π  π 2
 π  3π b cos − = cos =
4 4 2
e 135◦ = 135 =
180 4 11π π 1
 π  9π c sin = − sin = −
6 6 2
f 405 = 405
◦
= √
180 4  7π  5π 3
 π  13π d cos − = cos =−
6 6 2
g 390◦ = 390 =
180 6 √
 13π  π 3
 π  7π e cos = cos =
h 420 = 420
◦
= 6 6 2
180 3
23π π 1
 π  4π f sin = − sin = −
i 80 = 80
◦
= 6 6 2
180 9  23π  π 1
g cos − = cos =
3 3 2
5π 5π  180◦ 
2 a = = 150◦ √
6 6 π
 17π  π 2
h sin − = − sin = −
4 4 2
7π 7π  180◦ 
b = = 315◦
4 4 π θ
11π 11π  180◦  4 a 2 sin
c = = 495◦ 2
4 4 π 2π
Ampl = 2, per = 1
= 4π
3π 3π  180◦  2
d = = 45◦
12 12 π b −3 sin 4θ
2π π
15π 15π  180◦  Ampl = 3, per = =
e = = 1350◦ 4 2
2 2 π
1
3π 3π  180◦  c sin 3θ
f − =− = −135◦ 2
4 4 π 1 2π
Ampl = , per =
2 3
π π  180◦ 
g − =− = −45◦
4 4 π

492
 d −3 cos 2x π 2π
2π at 0, ,
Ampl = 3, per = =π 3 3
2 y
 x
e −4 sin
3 2
2π
Ampl = 4, per = 1 = 6π
3 x
0 π 2π
2  2x 
f sin 3 3
3 3 –2
2 2π
Ampl = , per = 2 = 3π
3 3
 x
d y = 2 sin
3
Per = 6π, ampl = 2, x-intercepts
5 a y = 2 sin 2x
at 0, 3π, 6π
Per = π, ampl = 2, x-intercepts
π y
at 0, , π
2
y 2

2 y = 2sin 2x x
0 3π 6π
x
0 π –2

–2  π
e y = sin x −
4
 x Per = 2π, ampl = 1, x-intercepts
b y = −3 cos π 5π
3 at ,
Per = 6π, ampl = 3, x-intercepts 4 4
3π 9π
at , y
2 2
y π
1 y = sin x –
x 4
3 y = –3 cos
3 0 x
π 5π 9π
x
0 3π 6π –1 4 4 4
passes through 5π
–3 point (6 π, –3)
4
is the final point
 2π 
c y = −2 sin 3x f y = sin x +
3
Per =
2π
, ampl = 2, x-intercepts Per = 2π, ampl = 1, x-intercepts
3 π 4π
at ,
3 3

493
 √
y 3 2π π
6 a sin θ = − ,∴ θ = − ,−
2 3 3
(No solutions over [0, π])
1 2π √
y = sin x + 3
3 b sin (2θ) = −
x 2
–2π 0 π 4π 2π π 4π 5π
∴ 2θ = − , − , ,
3 –1 3 3 3 3 3 3
π π 2π 5π
θ = − ,− , ,
3 6 3 6
5π 

g y = 2 cos x −  π  1
6 c sin θ − =−
Per = 2π, ampl = 2, x-intercepts 3 2
π 4π π π 7π
at , ∴ θ − =− ,
3 3 3 6 6
y π 3π
θ= ,
6 2
2  π
d sin θ + = −1
x 3
0 5π 4π 11π 14π 17π π 3π
∴ θ+ =
6 3 6 6 6 3 2
–2 7π
5π
y = 2cos x – –– θ=
6
6 (Only 1 solution for −1 and 1)
 π π  1
h y = −3 cos x + e sin − θ = −
6 3 2
Per = 2π, ampl = 3, x-intercepts π π 5π
π 4π ∴ − θ = − ,−
at , 3 6 6
3 3
π 7π
y −θ = − , −
2 6
π 7π
θ= ,
3 2 6

x
–π 0 π 5π 4π 11π
6 3 6 3 6
–3

494
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
3
1 C sin−1 ≈ 37◦ 7 E y = tan ax has vertical asymptotes at
5 π
y=±
2a
2 D 3 − 10 cos 2x has range π π
If = , then a could be 3
[3 − 10, 3 + 10]. 2a 6
So the minimum value is 3 − 10 8 E 3 sin x + 1 = b
 π If b > 0 the only value of b possible
3 E 4 sin 2x − has range [−4, 4].
2 is 4, since the only positive value of
y for sin x with one solution over a
x  2π
4 C 3 sin − π + 4 has per = 1 = 4π period is 1.
2 2 3 sin x + 1 = 4, ∴ sin x = 1
5 E y = sin x:
9 C b = a sin x, x ∈ [−2π, 2π], a > b > 0
Dilation of 21 from y-axis:
2 periods, each with 2 solutions = 4
y = sin 2x
Translated + π4 units in x-axis:  πt 
 π 10 B D(t) = 8 + 2 sin , 0 ≤ t ≤ 24
y = sin 2 x − 6
4 Find primary solution for D = 9:
πt
2π 8 + 2 sin = 9
6 D f (x) = a sin (bx) + c : per = 6
b πt 1
sin =
6 2
πt π
=
6 6
∴ t=1

495
Solutions to extended-response questions
1  1
1 a i When t = 5.7, d = 12 + 12 cos π 5.7 +
6 3
= 0.001 83 = 1.83 × 10−3 hours

1  1
ii When t = 2.7, d = 12 + 12 cos π 2.7 +
6 3
= 11.79 hours
1  1
b When d = 5, 12 + 12 cos π t + =5
6 3
1  1
∴ 12 cos π t + = −7
6 3
1  1 7
∴ cos π t + =−
6 3 12
1  1 
∴ π t+ = 2.193 622 912, 4.089 562 395
6 3
(first two positive values required)
2.193 622 912 × 6 1 4.089 562 395 × 6 1
∴ t= − , −
π 3 π 3
∴ t = 3.856, 7.477
When t = 3.856, the date is 26 April. When t = 7.477, the date is 14 August.
 4π 
2 a When t = 4, A = 21 − 3 cos = 19.5
12
The temperature inside the house is 19.5◦ C at 8 am.
 πt    πt 
b D = A − B = 21 − 3 cos − 22 − 5 cos
12 12
 πt   πt 
= 21 − 3 cos − 22 + 5 cos
12 12
 πt 
∴ D = 2 cos − 1, 0 ≤ t ≤ 24
12
c amplitude = 2,
translation in positive direction of D-axis = −1,
2π
period = π = 24
12
D

1 –
0 | | | |
–1 – 6 12 18 24 t

–3 –

496
 d When A < B, D<0
 πt 
When D = 0, 2 cos −1=0
12
 πt  1
∴ cos =
12 2
πt π 5π
∴ = or or . . .
12 3 3
∴ t = 4 or 20 for t ∈ [0, 24]
When D < 0, 4 < t < 20
∴ {t : A < B} = {t : 4 < t < 20}
 πt 
3 a d = 3 + 1.8 cos
6
π
amplitude = 1.8; period = 2π ÷ = 12
6
d (m)

4.8 –
3–
1.2 –
| | | |
0 6 12 18 24 t (hours)

b High tides occur when t = 0, t = 12 and t = 24, i.e. at 3 am, 3 pm and 3 am.

c Low tides occur when t = 6 and t = 18, i.e. at 9 am and 9 pm.

d The ferry operates from t = 5 to t = 17.

πt
Consider 3 + 1.8 cos =2
6
 πt  −1
∴ cos =
6 18
−5
=
9
πt 5 5 5 5
∴ = π − cos−1 , π + cos−1 , 3π − cos−1 , 3π + cos−1
6 9 9 9 9
6 −1 5
  6 −1 5
  6 −1 5
  6 −1 5
 
t = 6 − cos , 6 + cos , 18 − cos or 18 + cos
π 9 π 9 π 9 π 9
≈ 4.125 or 7.875 or 16.125 or 19.875
50
∴ earliest time, 7.875 − = 7.04
60
∴ ferry can leave Main Beach at 10.03 am.

497
 e i Ferry must be in and out harbour by t = 16.125. It must leave 55 minutes earlier,
i.e. at t = 15.208. . . It can leave Main Beach no later than 6.12 pm.

ii Starts at 10.03 am and last trip leaves at 6.12 pm. Five trips are possible.

4 D = p − 2 cos (rt)

a Low tide depth is 2 m. High tide is 8 hours later, and the depth is 6 m.
2π
period is 16 ∴ = 16
r
π
∴ r=
8
The centre is 4, as the upper value is 6 and the lower value is 2, ∴ p = 4.
The amplitude is 2.

b D (m)

6 –

4 –

2 –
| |
0 8 16 t (hours)

c The first low tide is at 4 am. The second low tide will be at 8 pm.

d The depth is equal to 4 metres when t = 4 and t = 12, i.e. at 8 am and 4 pm.

e i 7.5 − 6 = 1.5 metres

ii At 2 pm, t = 10, and the depth is 5.414. . . metres.

7.5 − 5.414. . . = 2.085. . .
The length of pole exposed = 2.086 m.

f When d = 3.5, t = 3.356. . . ∴ by symmetry,

total time = 6.713. . . = 6 hours 42 minutes 47 seconds
∴ time covered = 16 − 6.713 = 9.287
= 9 hours 17 minutes

498