Name: ____________________________

2024

UNIT 2
Mathematical Methods
CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS
Unit 2 Mathematical Methods 2024 ESL = every second letter

Textbook Questions to Complete LHS = left hand side

From: Cambridge Mathematical Methods Units 1 and 2 RHS = right hand side

Circular Functions (AOS 1+2)

Topic Exercise Questions to Complete Done
Measuring angles in degrees 14A 1-7
and radians
Defining circular functions: 14B 1-3
sine and cosine
Another circular function: 14C 1-3
tangent
Symmetry properties of 14D 1-7
circular functions
Exact values of circular 14E 1-3
functions
Graphs of sine and cosine 14F 1 acdfhi, 4 acgh, 5, 6ab, 7, 8
Solution of trigonometric 14G 1–8
equations
Sheet: More Trig Equations ALL
More sketch graphs 14I 1acd, 2acd
Further symm properties & 14J 1acdefh, 2 - 5
Pythagorean Identity
The tangent function 14K 1-4
Applications of circular 14N 1–8
functions

2
REVIEWING TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS
 Remember:

sin θ =

cos θ =

tan θ =

MEASURING ANGLES IN DEGREES AND RADIANS – Ex 14A

Learning Intention Success Criteria √
Know what radians are and Knowing: Be able to explain what a radian is
how they relate to degrees Utilising: Be able to convert between degrees and
when measuring angles radians to find equivalent angles
Applying: Be able to explain and show the conversion
between degrees and radians

The Unit Circle

y
 _______________________

 _______________________

3
Radians
 ________________________ is the angle subtended (formed) at the centre of the
________________________ by an ______ of length 1 unit ____________________

Degrees and Radians

360° = _________ 270° = ________ 180° = _________

90° = _________ 60° = _________ 45° = _________

30° = _________

Converting between degrees and radians

Radians to degrees Degrees to radians

Examples

1. Convert to radians in terms of π

a) 50° b) 235°

c) 120°

2. Convert to degrees.
4π 3π
a) b)
5 4

4
Which quadrant?

ANGLE QUADRANT ANGLE QUADRANT

2π 330°
3
π -45°
7
5π 148°
3
6π 235°
7
9π 162°
8
−3 π 31°
4

5
SINE, COSINE and TANGENT – Ex 14B & C

Learning Intention Success Criteria √

Know what sine, cosine and Knowing: Be able to show how angles are measured on
tangent represent on the unit the unit circle
circle, and their values for Utilising: Be able to explain what sine, cosine, and
angles that are multiples of 90 tangent represent on the unit circle
π Applying: Be able to find the value of sine, cosine and
° (or )
2 π
tangent for any angle that is a multiple of 90° (or )
2
y

 sin θ is read off the ______________

 cos θ is read off the ______________

 tan θ is read off the ______________

or tan θ =

6
  Complete this table from the Unit Circle. You will be expected to recall these values.

0° ( ) 90° ( ) 180° ( ) 270° ( ) 360° ( )

sinθ

cosθ

tanθ

 Complete with positive or negative.

Quadrant - Quadrant -

sin θ _________ sin θ _________

cos θ _________ cos θ _________
tan θ _________ tan θ _________

Quadrant - Quadrant -

sin θ _________ sin θ _________

cos θ _________ cos θ _________
tan θ _________ tan θ _________

 Positive angles are drawn anti-clockwise around the unit circle.

 Negative angles are drawn clockwise around the unit circle.

Some rules:
 sin (2π + θ) = sin θ
 cos (2π + θ) = cos θ
 tan (2π + θ) = tan θ

7
Examples
Evaluate sin θ, cos θ and tan θ for each of the following.
3π
a) θ = π b) θ =
2

c) θ = 4π

d) θ = 17π

−5 π
e) θ =
2

8
SYMMETRY PROPERTIES – Ex 14D
Learning Intention Success Criteria √
Know the symmetry properties Knowing: Be able to determine the sign (+/-) of sine,
that relate sine, cosine and cosine and tangent in each quadrant
tangents of any angle back to a Utilising: Be able to write the sine, cosine and tangent of
reference angle in the 1st any angle in terms of the reference angle in the 1st
quadrant quadrant
Applying: Be able to find the value of sine, cosine and
tangent of any angle if a relevant reference angle value is
given

2nd Quadrant
1st Quadrant
sin (π – θ) = ________________
sin θ = _________________
cos (π – θ) = ________________
cos θ = _________________
tan (π – θ) = ________________
y tan θ = _________________

3rd Quadrant 4th Quadrant

sin (π + θ) = ________________ sin (2π – θ) = _______________

cos (π + θ) = ________________ cos (2π – θ) = _______________

tan (π + θ) = ________________ tan (2π – θ) ________________

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  The same rules apply if using degrees instead of radians.

Negative Angles

sin (-θ) = __________________

cos (-θ) = __________________

tan (-θ) = __________________

Examples
1. If sin θ = 0.63, cos x = 0.37 and tan α = 0.58 and θ, x and α are all angles in the first
quadrant, find the values of:
a) sin (π – θ) b) cos (2π – x)

c) tan (π – α) d) sin (2π – θ)

2. If cos x° = 0.7, find:

a) cos (180° + x°) b) cos (360° + x°)

c) cos (-x°)

10
3. If sin x° = sin 30° and 90° < x° < 180°

4. If sin x = -sin ( π6 ) and π < x < 32π , find the value of x.

5. If sin x° = -sin 30° and -90° < x° < 0°

11
EXACT VALUES OF CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS – Ex 14E
Learning Intention Success Criteria √
Know how to evaluate the Knowing: Be able to draw the triangles that show the
value of sine, cosine and exact values of sine, cosine and tangent for 30° , 45° and
tangent for certain angles and 60°
multiples of those angles Utilising: Be able to find the exact value of sine, cosine
and tangent for 30° , 45° and 60°
Applying: Be able to find the value of sine, cosine and
tangent for any multiples of 30° , 45° and 60°

 Looking at the exact values for the following angles:

___________________________________________________________________________
π
0 and 2 (0° and 90°)

sin 0 = π
sin =
2
cos 0 = π
x cos =
2
tan 0 = π
tan =
2

π π
6
and 3
(30° and 60°)

12
 π π
sin = sin =
6 3

π π
cos = cos =
6 3

π π
tan = tan =
6 3

π
(45°)
4

π
sin =
4

π
cos =
4

π
tan =
4

Examples
Write down the exact values of:

a) sin (120°) b) cos ( 76π )

c) tan ( 74π ) d) cos (-225°)

13
e) sin ( 34π )

GRAPHS OF SINE AND COSINE – Ex 14F

Learning Intention Success Criteria √
Know how to sketch sine and Knowing: Be able to sketch the basic sine and cosine
cosine graphs that include graph
dilations and reflections Utilising: Be able to find the amplitude and period of any
sine and cosine graph
Applying: Be able to sketch any sine and cosine graph
that involve dilations and/or reflections

y = a sin (nx) ± b y = a cos (nx) ± b

x° 0° 90° 180° 270° 360°

y = sin (x°)

y = cos (x°)

y
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  Period: _____________________________________

 Amplitude: ___________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

 “b” : _________________________________________________________________

Examples
1. Sketch one complete cycle.
a) y = 3 sin (x)

period = amplitude =

15
b) y = 4 cos (2x)

period = amplitude =

2. Sketch y = sin (πx) for x  [0, 4]

period = amplitude =

16
x
3. Sketch y = -2 cos (3θ) for θ  [-π, π]

period = amplitude =

17
SOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS – Ex 14G
Learning Intention Success Criteria √
Know how to solve Knowing: Be able to find the base angle that creates a
trigonometric equations using solution for a trigonometric equation
exact angles Utilising: Be able to find all solutions for a given domain
of a trigonometric equation that does not have a
coefficient of the variable
Applying: Be able to find all solutions for a given domain
of a trigonometric equation that has a coefficient of the
variable

Solve cos (x) = ½ , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π

Method 1: Graphically

18
Method 2: Algebraically

Solve sin (2x°) = ½ , 0° ≤ x° ≤ 360°

Method 1: Graphically

Method 2: Algebraically

19
Examples
1. Solve for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
1
a) cos (x) =
√2

b) 2 sin (x) = √ 3

−1
2. Solve cos (x) = for 0 ≤ x ≤ 4π
√2

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 −1
3. Solve sin (x) = for 0° ≤ x ≤ 360°
√2

4. Solve for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
a) 2 cos (2x) = −√ 3

b) cos (x) (cos (x) – 1) = 0

c) 4 sin2 (x) = 1

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d) cos 2 (x) + 3 cos (x) + 2 = 0

MORE TRIG GRAPHS – Ex 14I

Learning Intention Success Criteria √
Know how to sketch sine and Knowing: Be able to draw in the “average value” line of a
cosine graphs that have sine or cosine graph
vertical translations as well as Utilising: Be able to sketch a sine or cosine graph that
dilations and reflections has vertical translations without labelling all key features
Applying: Be able to sketch a sine or cosine graph that
has vertical translations, including labelling all key
features

y = a sin (nx) ± b y = a cos (nx) ± b

Examples
1. Sketch each graph for x  [0, 2π], clearly labelling any axial intercepts with their
coordinates.
a) y = -2 cos (x) + 1

period = amplitude =

22
b) y = √ 2 sin (2x) + 1

period = amplitude =

23
2. Sketch y = 2 sin (x) – 1 for x  [-π, 2π]
period = amplitude =

24
FURTHER SYMMETRY PROPERTIES and PYTHAGOREAN IDENTITY – Ex 14J
Learning Intention Success Criteria √
Know the complementary Knowing: Be able to use the Pythagorean Identity to find
relationships of sine and sine, cosine or tangent when given one of the ratios
cosine for angles in the first Utilising: Be able to express different versions of sine and
two quadrants, and the cosine using the complementary relationships
Pythagorean Identity Applying: Be able to find the value of sine and cosine for
certain angles using the complementary relationships

Complementary relationships

sin ( π2 −θ )=cos ⁡( θ ) y

cos ( π2 −θ )=sin ( θ ) x

tan ( π2 −θ )= tan1( θ )

sin ( π2 +θ )=cos ( θ )

cos ( π2 +θ )=−sin (θ )
The Pythagorean Identity

y
25

x
The Tangent

Examples
1. If sin (θ) = 0.4, cos (x) = 0.7 and tan (α) = 0.2, find the values of:

a) sin (-θ) b) cos ( π2 +θ )

c) sin ( π
2
−x ) d) tan ( π
2
−α )

2. Given that 0 < θ <

π
2
and cos θ = sin ( ) find the value of θ.
3π
8

5 π
3. Given that sin (x) = and < x < π , find cos (x) and tan (x).
6 2

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THE TANGENT FUNCTION – Ex 14K
Learning Intention Success Criteria √
Know how to sketch a graph of Knowing: Be able to sketch the basic tangent function
any tangent function that Utilising: Be able to sketch tangent functions that have
includes dilations, reflections dilations and reflections
and vertical translations Applying: Be able to sketch tangent functions that have
dilations, reflections and vertical translations, which
requires solving a tangent equation

y = tan (x)

π π 3π 5π 3π 7π
x 0 π 2π
4 2 4 4 2 4

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y = a tan (nx) ± b
 “a” __________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

 “n” __________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

 _____________________________________________________________________

 _____________________________________________________________________

Examples
1. State the period and equation of the asymptotes closest to the y-axis

a) y = 3 tan (5x) b) y = ½ tan ( 3x )

period = period =

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asymptotes: asymptotes:

2. Sketch y = tan (2x) x  [0, π]

period = asymptotes:

3. Sketch y = 3 tan (3x) x  [ −π π

,
2 2 ]
period = asymptotes:

29
 y

4. Sketch y = -4 tan ( 2x ) x  [0, 3π]

period = asymptotes:

Solving Trigonometric Equations involving the tangent

 When dealing with positive domains, we can use the same method of adding 2π just
like we did for sine and cosine equations. However, a better method is to add or

30
 subtract π as this is the period of a tan graph. This is also the method which should
be used when dealing with a negative domain.

1. Solve for x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 π

−√ 3
a) tan x= b) 9 tan2 x=3
3

(
c) tan x−
π
6)=0

2. Solve tan (2 x )=1 for x ∈[−π , π ]

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APPLICATIONS OF CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS – Ex 14N
Learning Intention Success Criteria √
Know how to interpret and Knowing: Be able to sketch and solve equations on the
solve application problems CAS calculator
that involve circular functions Utilising: Be able to find specific information from a
circular function model, reading off the graph or using
the rule
Applying: Be able to formulate an equation to model a
scenario

1. It is known that the height, h, of the tide above a marker, in metres, on 1 November at
πt
h=4 sin
Kingscliff is given by the formula 6 , where t is the number of hours after midnight.
a) Plot the above equation on your calculator using appropriate window settings. Show the
first 24 hours.

b) Sketch the graph in the space below.

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c) How far from the marker did the tide reach at high tide? ___________________________

d) When was the first high tide for the day? ______________________________________

e) What was the height of the tide above the marker at 5:00am? ______________________

f) When was the second low tide of the day?_______________________________________

g) A boat can only enter the harbour when the tide is at least 2 metres above the marker.
When can the boat enter the harbour on that day?

2. The temperature, T°C, during one day in April is given by T =17−4 sin ( 12π t ) where t is
the time in hours after midnight.
a) What was the temperature at midnight?

b) What was the minimum temperature during the day and at what time did it occur?

c) Over what interval did the temperature vary that day?

33
d) State the period and sketch the graph of the temperature for t ∈ [ 0 ,24 ] .

e) If the temperature was below k degrees for 2.4 hours, obtain the value of k to 1 decimal
place.

3. A person sunbathing at a particular position P on a beachfront observes the waves wash

onto the beach in such a way that after t minutes, the distance p metres of the end of the
water’s wave from P is given by p = 3 sin (nπt) + 5.
a) What is the closest distance the water reaches to the sunbather at P?

b) Over a one-hour interval, the sunbather counts 40 complete waves that have washed
onto the beach. Calculate the value of n.

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