IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 23, NO.

4, APRIL 2024 1231

Low-Profile Dual-Polarized Pattern-Reconfigurable

Antenna With Independent Beam Control Capability
in Both Polarizations for Indoor Application
Yuanyuan Liu and Yan Wang , Senior Member, IEEE

Abstract—A low-profile, dual-polarized pattern-reconfigurable

antenna with the unique ability to independently control beam
direction in both polarizations is presented. The design for each
polarization incorporates two shorted patch antennas, capable of
achieving varied main beam directions through feeding phase re-
configuration. A coupled shorting structure, parasitic strips, and a
cross-shaped slot etched on the ground are employed to realize high
port isolation. Two reconfigurable feeding networks are integrated
for independent beam control in both polarizations. The fabricated
prototype shows an overlapped −10 dB impedance bandwidth
spanning 180 MHz (3.68–3.86 GHz), and the isolation between the Fig. 1. Application scenario of the proposed dual-polarized pattern-
two polarizations exceeds 25 dB. The measured tilted beams show reconfigurable antenna for 5G indoor base stations.
considerable gain improvements both in main lobe and sidelobe
directions compared to the broadside beam. Given the capability networks [3], [19]. The above pattern-reconfigurable antennas,
of independent beam control, the proposed antenna stands out as
which have superior performance for practical applications,
a promising candidate for 5G indoor communications.
mainly work at single polarization.
Index Terms—Dual-polarized antenna, indoor communication, Recently, some dual-polarized pattern-reconfigurable anten-
pattern-reconfigurable antenna. nas have also been reported. In studies [20] and [21], switchable
I. INTRODUCTION feeding networks are deployed to switch both polarizations and
radiation patterns. Meanwhile, in [22], [23], and [24], the inte-
ITH 5G wireless communication systems evolving to-
W ward intelligence and multifunctionality, the demand
for advanced indoor antennas has increased [1], [2]. Pattern-
gration of parasitic layers and an active metasurface on the dual-
polarized antenna facilitates the achievement of reconfigurable
patterns. The above designs in [20], [21], [22], [23], and [24]
reconfigurable antennas with switchable beams can effectively
do not offer independent beam control in each polarization. The
diminish multipath effects and enhance system capacity, which
antenna described in [25] combines two pattern-reconfigurable
are attractive for indoor communications [3], [4], [5], [6]. To
linearly polarized antennas orthogonally, enabling independent
augment channel capacity and minimize polarization mismatch,
beam steering across different polarizations. The profile of the
dual-polarized antennas are becoming prevalent in base station
antenna is about 0.47λ0 , which is large for indoor base stations.
applications [7], [8], [9]. This has spurred a significant interest
In this letter, a low-profile dual-polarized antenna with inde-
in designing dual-polarized pattern-reconfigurable antennas.
pendent beam control in both polarizations is proposed for 5G
Historically, efforts in the realm of pattern-reconfigurable an-
indoor base stations, as shown in Fig. 1. It is capable of meeting
tennas fall into two main categories. The first approach involves
dynamic beam coverage requirements in both horizontal and
surrounding the main radiator with parasitic structures that con-
vertical directions. Four patch elements with a coupled shorting
tain switches [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15]. Adjusting the state
structure, a cross-shaped slot etched on the ground, and para-
of these switches allows for different parasitic structures, which
sitic strips are employed to achieve high port isolation. With
in turn results in varied radiation patterns. The second strategy
high port isolation, two reconfigurable feeding networks have
aims at reconfiguring the antenna radiation modes, including
been implemented, allowing independent beam control in both
adding switches to radiators [16], adopting multi-port feed-
polarizations. To better show the contributions of this design,
ing technology [17], [18], and loading reconfigurable feeding
Table I presents a comparison of the proposed antenna with other
dual-polarized pattern-reconfigurable antennas. From Table I,
Manuscript received 8 December 2023; accepted 31 December 2023. Date of
publication 4 January 2024; date of current version 9 April 2024. This work was
one can see that the polarization independence for beam control
supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under and a low profile of 0.07λ0 are achieved in this design.
Grant 62101133; in part by the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai under
Grant 21ZR1406800; and in part by Shanghai Rising Star Program under Grant
22QC1400100. (Corresponding author: Yan Wang.)
II. ANTENNA STRUCTURE WITH DETAILED SIZES
The authors are with the Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electro- Fig. 2 illustrates the structural design and dimensions of the
magnetic Waves (MoE), School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan
University, Shanghai 200433, China (e-mail: [email protected];
proposed antenna. The design comprises four metallic layers,
[email protected]). denoted as M1, M2, M3, and M4. Four patches complemented by
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/LAWP.2024.3349997 parasitic strips are positioned on M1 and printed on the top layer

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1232 IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 23, NO. 4, APRIL 2024

TABLE I
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF DUAL-POLARIZED ANTENNAS

Fig. 3. Design steps and excitations. (a) Case 1. (b) Case 2. (c) Proposed
antenna. (d) Excitations of the three antennas.

Fig. 2. Structural design and dimensions of the proposed antenna. (a) 3-

D-view. (b) Side view. (c) Metallic layer1 (M1). (d) Metallic layer2 (M2).
(e) GND (M3). (f) Feeding network (M4). (g) Reconfigurable reflection-type
phase shifter (RPS). (RPS1: CL1 = 0.3 pF, CL2 = 0.5 pF; RPS2: CL1 = 0.9
pF, CL2 = 3 pF; RPS3: CL1 = 0.2 pF, CL2 = 0.2 pF; RPS4: CL1 = 1.2
pF, CL2 = 2.5 pF; Ld = 33 nh, Cd = 68 pF, Rd = 50 ohm; LS = 0.15 nh,
RON = 5.2 Ω, CS = 0.025 pF; Lg = 105, Wg = 105, h1 = 0.203, h2 = 5,
h3 = 0.508, L1 = 10.85, L2 = 22.25, L3 = 5.6, L4 = 20, L5 = 12, L6 = 30, Fig. 4. Simulated S-parameters and electric field distributions at 3.8 GHz for
L7 = 7, W1 = 1.6, W2 = 2.5, W3 = 1.4, W4 = 2, W5 = 1, W6 = 20, W7 = 1, (a1)–(a2) case1, (b1)–(b2) case2, and (c1)–(c2) of the proposed antenna.
gap1 = 1.5, gap2 = 0.8, d = 0.24, p = 2.4, units: mm).

A. Design Steps of the Proposed Dual-Polarized Antenna

of Substrate 1. M2 is composed of eight elongated strips, while Fig. 3 delineates the design steps of the proposed antenna.
M3 serves as the ground (GND). M2 and M3 are printed on the Starting with Fig. 3(a), Case 1 is the foundational structure of the
upper and lower facets of Substrate 2. They are interconnected dual-polarized antenna, comprising four rotationally symmetri-
using metalized vias with a diameter of d and a period of p. cal elements. Each element is a shorted patch antenna, wherein
Together, these elongated strips and metalized vias form the the patch is directly connected to the GND using metalized vias.
coupled shorting structure. Additionally, the GND features a Progressing to Fig. 3(b), Case 2 integrates a coupled shorting
cross-shaped slot. The feeding networks, for the dual-polarized structure to bridge the patches and the GND. Lastly, as shown
operation, are located on M4 and printed on the bottom layer in Fig. 3(c), eight parasitic strips surround the patches, and
of Substrate 3. Each feeding network integrates a 90° hybrid a cross-shaped slot is etched into the GND. In addition, as
coupler and a pair of reflection-type phase shifters (RPS). The depicted in Fig. 3(d), the elements in every step are fed by slots.
90° coupler’s isolated port is equipped with a 50 Ω resistance. Elements A & C and B & D are two-element arrays that operate
Each RPS is a coupler terminated by two identical reflection as horizontal polarization (HP) and vertical polarization (VP),
channels, each with two p-i-n-controlled reflection loads (CL), respectively, with the dual-feeding structures.
facilitating a switchable phase-shift. Two via holes, coupled with
a brief strip, are deployed to enable the crossover of the two feed
lines. Substrates 1 and 2 are Rogers 92ML (εr = 5.13 and tan B. Analyses of Each Step
δ = 0.011). Substrate 3 is F4BM220 (εr = 2.2 and tan δ = 0.001). To analyze the proposed antenna, Fig. 4 displays simulated
S-parameters and E-field distributions at 3.8 GHz of the anten-
nas in Fig. 3(a)–(c). From Fig. 4(a1)–(a2), in Case 1, mutual
III. ANALYSES OF THE PROPOSED ANTENNA
coupling between ports is as high as −10.6 dB. When port
To analyze the proposed antenna, the design steps are stated A is stimulated, a strong E-field coupling to ports B, C, and
first. Subsequent to that, the improvement of the port isolation D is evident. Progressing to Fig. 4(b1)–(b2), by integrating
is described. Third, mutual effect of the two polarizations is the coupled shorting structure, mutual coupling decreases to
analyzed. Finally, the performance of the proposed antenna is below −15.7 dB, and the E-field around the neighboring ports is
presented. diminished. This operating mechanism of the coupled shorting

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LIU AND WANG: LOW-PROFILE DUAL-POLARIZED PATTERN-RECONFIGURABLE ANTENNA WITH INDEPENDENT BEAM CONTROL CAPABILITY 1233

Fig. 8. Transmission characteristics of RPS for CL1 = 0.2pF with CL2

in variation and diodes in the “ON” state. (a) Transmission amplitude.
(b) Transmission phase.
Fig. 5. Schematics of the pattern reconfigurability for (a) HP.
(b) VP. TABLE II
STATES OF THE PROPOSED ANTENNA

Fig. 6. Simulated S11 for the HP in states 1, 2, and 3. (a) Case1. (b) Case2.
(c) Proposed antenna.

main lobe direction and about 4.4 dB in the sidelobe direction

as the antenna in VP transitions between states. From Fig. 7(b),
these shifts for Case 2 are subdued, dropping to 0.8 dB in the
main lobe direction and 3 dB in the sidelobe direction. For the
proposed antenna, as evident in Fig. 7(c), these radiation pattern
variations are even more minimal, fluctuating only about 0.6 dB
in the sidelobe direction, and the main lobes across the different
states almost overlap.
Fig. 7. Simulated radiation patterns of the horizontally polarized antenna in
State 2 under different states of the vertically polarized antenna. (a) Case1.
(b) Case2. (c) Proposed antenna. C. Performance of the Proposed Dual-Polarized Antenna With
the Feeding Networks
structure is similar to the fence-strip resonator described in [26]. To achieve the desired excitation phase across the different
Further, as illustrated in Fig. 4(c1)–(c2), the parasitic strips and states, eight diodes, labeled D1–D8, are incorporated into the
the cross-shaped slot on the ground augment the reduction in RPS within the feeding networks. Diodes D1–D4 are integrated
mutual coupling to below −17.1 dB, simultaneously further into RPS1–RPS2 for HP, while D5–D8 are part of RPS3–RPS4
attenuating the E-field around nearby ports. for VP. A layout view of the RPS structure is detailed in Fig. 2(g).
To analyze the mechanism of the dual-polarized pattern recon- Fig. 8 presents the transmission characteristics of the reconfig-
figurability, the schematics are presented in Fig. 5. In each design urable RPS in Fig. 2(g) for CL1 = 0.2 pF and CL2 in variation.
illustrated in Fig. 3, for HP, ports A and C are amalgamated Note that the curves labeled “Reference” in Fig. 8 are obtained
with two phase shifters and a 90° hybrid coupler, as shown in with CL1 = 0.2 pF as the p-i-n diodes in “OFF” state. When the
Fig. 5(a). When port 1 is excited, the output signals of ports A p-i-n diodes are in the “ON” state, as shown in Fig. 8, the output
and C can achieve equal amplitude and a phase difference of Δϕ. signal amplitude is less than −0.85 dB and the output signal
According to the array theory, the beam direction of the array phase varies over a range of 178° with CL2 varying from 0.2
in HP can vary with Δϕ. When Δϕ is equal to 180°, the array to 3 pF. By setting the values of CL1 , CL2 and the states of the
radiates a broadside beam, termed as State 1. Adjusting Δϕ to p-i-n diodes appropriately, the RPS can realize the desired output
+110° or −110° enables the beam to incline to the left or right, phase. Table II outlines the states of the eight diodes, D1–D8, the
corresponding to States 2 and 3. This phenomenon is also true for beam tilt angle, and the half-power beamwidth (HPBW) for each
ports B and D when port 2 is excited for VP, as shown in Fig. 5(b). state in the two polarizations. The HP comprises three states:
Given the symmetry of the design, only the performance of HP-state1, HP-state2, and HP-state3, while the VP similarly has
the horizontally polarized antenna in Fig. 3(a)–(c) is discussed. VP-state1, VP-state2, and VP-state3.
Fig. 6 captures the simulated S11 of different states. Analyzing Fig. 9 presents simulated radiation patterns of the dual-
Fig. 6(a), it’s evident that the three states in Case 1 do not polarized reconfigurable antenna across different states. As de-
overlap within the –10 dB bandwidth. Fig. 6(b) indicates an picted in Fig. 9(a1)–(a3), for HP, the main beam can shift from
overlapped −10 dB bandwidth for the three states in Case 2, 0° (State 1) to either 23° (State 2) or 337° (State 3). In State 2 (3),
spanning 110 MHz (3.73–3.84 GHz). Transitioning to Fig. 6(c), relative to State1, there’s a gain increment of 3.9 dB (4.1 dB) in
this bandwidth extends to 130 MHz (3.73–3.86 GHz) in the the 300° (60°) direction and a gain decrement of 2.5 dB (5.4 dB)
proposed design. Fig. 7 portrays simulated radiation patterns in the sidelobe direction. Analogously, for VP in Fig. 9(b1)–(b3),
of the horizontally polarized antenna in State 2 under different relative to State1, a gain increment of 3.5 dB (3.7 dB) and a
states of the vertically polarized antenna. From Fig. 7(a), the decrement of 2.9 dB (5.6 dB) in State 2 (3) are recorded in the
shifts of patterns in HP are discernible: around 2.5 dB in the 300° (60°) direction and sidelobe direction, respectively. Note
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1234 IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 23, NO. 4, APRIL 2024

Fig. 9. Simulated radiation patterns of the proposed antenna. (a1) HP-state1. Fig. 12. The simulated and measured S-parameters of the proposed antenna.
(a2) HP-state2. (a3) HP-state3. (b1) VP-state1. (b2) VP-state2. (b3) VP-state3.

Fig. 10. Simulated peak gain and efficiency of the proposed antenna for Fig. 13. Comparison of simulated and measured radiation patterns of the
(a) HP and (b) VP. proposed antenna in (a) HP and (b) VP.

(3.68–3.86 GHz), while the simulated overlap is 110 MHz

(3.73–3.84 GHz). This shows an increase of approximately
70 MHz in measurement, with a slight frequency shift. Within
this bandwidth, the measured isolation across different states
surpasses 25 dB.

B. Radiation Patterns
The simulated and measured radiation patterns of the pro-
posed antenna are depicted in Fig. 13. From Fig. 13(a), the
Fig. 11. Photos of the fabricated prototype. (a) Top view and (b) back view. measured patterns in HP reveal main beams at 0° (State1), 23°
(State2), and 337° (State3). Relative to HP-State1, the HP in
State 2 (3) registers a gain increase of 3.4 dB (3.3 dB) in the
that cross-polarization levels remain below −20 dB. Moreover,
300° (60°) direction and a gain decline of 8.2 dB (4.3 dB)
Fig. 9 validates that there is no mutual interference between
in the sidelobe direction. Fig. 13(b) indicates main beams
the radiation patterns of the two polarizations. So, the proposed
are observed at 0° (State1), 23° (State2), and 337° (State3)
antenna has polarization independence for beam control. In
for VP. Relative to VP-State1, the VP-State 2 (3) records a
addition, Fig. 10 presents the simulated peak gain and efficiency.
gain enhancement of 3.7 dB (3.2 dB) in the 300° (60°) di-
From Fig. 10, the proposed antenna exhibits a stable gain of
rection and a decline of 6.2 dB (4.9 dB) in the sidelobe di-
about 6.3 dBi and a total efficiency of about 65% for three states
rection. Also, the measured and simulated results are in good
of each polarization.
agreement.
IV. PROTOTYPE AND MEASUREMENT
V. CONCLUSION
To validate the proposed antenna, a prototype was fabricated
and measured. Fig. 11 displays photographs of the prototype. A dual-polarized pattern-reconfigurable antenna with the po-
The GND voltage is set to 0 V, and the p-i-n diode transitions larization independence is presented in this letter. Four patch
between ON and OFF states when the dc bias voltage is adjusted antennas serve as the radiation elements. A coupled shorting
to +3 V and −3 V, respectively. For stability, all substrates of structure, eight parasitic strips, and a cross-shaped slot etched
the prototype are secured using Nylon screws. on GND are employed to achieve high port isolation. Dual re-
configurable feeding networks are incorporated for independent
beam control in both polarizations. Measurements reveal an
A. S-Parameters
overlapped −10 dB bandwidth of 180 MHz with the polarization
Fig. 12 illustrates both the measured and simulated S- isolation levels exceeding 25 dB. Compared to the broadside
parameters for different states. Due to the symmetrical struc- beam, the tilted beams show considerable gain improvements
ture, only S11 and S12 are shown. The measured overlapped both in main lobe and sidelobe directions, making the design
−10 dB bandwidth across the three states spans 180 MHz suited for 5G indoor communications.
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LIU AND WANG: LOW-PROFILE DUAL-POLARIZED PATTERN-RECONFIGURABLE ANTENNA WITH INDEPENDENT BEAM CONTROL CAPABILITY 1235

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