Data Center College of the Philippines

A.G. Tupaz cor. M.V. Fariñas Sts.

Brgy. 8 San Vicente, Laoag City

Macro Perspective
of
Tourism and Hospitality
Lecture Notes

Ms. Hannah James

Instructor

For Private Use only

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course is designed to give a clear and whole overview of Tourism and Hospitality as an ecosystem
and goes beyond the usual closed concept of tourism it introduces the concepts and terms that are common
throughout the different sectors.it also intends to develop, update and maintain local knowledge as well as
tourism industry knowledge. It shows the structure and scope of tourism as well as the impact of Tourism as an
industry in relation to the world economy and society. It also illustrates the effects of the convergence of tourism
with the other local industries and let the students appreciate its multiplier effect in various fronts. It discusses
the major factors that influence the history and future of tourism in the world and in the Philippines. It also
introduces the sustainable goals of tourism and discusses, among others, how to develop protective
environments for children in tourism destinations; to observe and perform risk mitigation activities;etc. The
students will also learn to appreciate the key global organizations and the roles they play in influencing and
monitoring tourism trends.
INSTRUCTION/ CURRICULUM GUIDE

This module contains several lessons. Instruction are explained with activities and examples. Understand
and internalize the learning outcomes. Read well the contents of each lesson. A strategy is used to let you learn
and improve your learning ability and to develop your higher order thinking skills. At the end of each module,
there is an assessment/examination. Understand and answer it as directed.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Page

Topic 1: Basic Principles Of Tourism 1

Etymology Of Tourism
Relationship Of Tourism And Hospitality
Tourism Industry Sectors
Types Of Tourism

Forms Of Tourism 2

Characteristics Of Tourism 5
Elements Of Travel
The Tourist Product
The Tourist Destination

Tourism Phenomenon Model 6


Basic Approaches To The Study Of Tourism 7

Impacts Of Tourism 9

Topic 2: Tourism System 10
Functioning Tourism System Model

The Trips Model 11

The A’s Of Tourism

Visitor, Tourist And Excursionist 12

Tourist Destination, Tourist Attraction And Tourist Spot

Topic 3: Psychology Of Travel 13

Motivation For Travel
Travel Constraints

Maslow'S Hierarchy Of Needs 14

Classification Of Travelers
TOPIC 1:
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF TOURISM

This module discusses the basic principles of Tourism. Specifically, it provides the definition of Tourism
and explains its concept that distinguishes tourism from other industries.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
 Define Tourism
 Identify the different forms of Tourism
 Know the Characteristics of Tourism
 Explain what are the Tourist Product, Tourist Services and Tourist Destination
 Know the basic approaches in study of Tourism
 Know the impacts of Tourism

 TOURISM
- is travel for pleasure or business; also the theory and practice of touring, the business of attracting,
accommodating, and entertaining tourists, and the business of operating tours.
- According to United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), tourism comprises the activities
of persons traveling to, and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one
consecutive year for leisure, business, and other purposes.

 ETYMOLOGY OF TOURISM
- The word tourist was used in 1772 and tourism in 1811. It is formed from the word tour, which is
derived from Old English turian, from Old French torner, from Latin tornare; 'to turn on a lathe,' which
is itself from Ancient Greek tornos (τόρνος); 'lathe'

 RELATIONSHIP OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY

-The relationship between Hospitality and Tourism: Tourism and hospitality go hand in hand, the hospitality
industry offer services like accommodation, transportation, food and beverage, recreation and leisure. Tourism is
the activity by the tourists where they engage in travelling to destinations where they want to experience
recreational and leisure activities and most of the time avails of accommodation, food and beverage. The
hospitality industry is the supplier of the services for tourism.

 TOURISM INDUSTRY SECTORS

1. Lodging
2. Attraction
3. Transportation
4. Food service
5. Entertainment
6. Recreation and special events

 TYPES OF TOURISM
1. Domestic tourism
- is the tourism of resident visitors within the economic territory of the country of reference.
2. Inbound tourism
- is the tourism of non-resident visitors within the economic territory of the country of reference.

Macro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality 1

3. Outbound tourism
- is the tourism of resident visitors outside the economic territory of the country of reference.
4. Internal tourism
- is the tourism of visitors, both resident and non-resident, within the economic territory of the country of
reference.
5. National tourism
- is the tourism of resident visitors, within and outside the economic territory of the country of reference.
6. International tourism
- Inbound tourism, which visits to a country or region by non-residents.

Travel and tourism are used interchangeably. But we need to understand that not all travels are tourism.
So, a need to differentiate travelers from visitors is vital.
Travelers- are people on a trip between two or more places
Visitors- are people who engaged in tourism

Visitors are different from other travelers because of the following criteria:

1. The trip should be to place other than that of the usual environment

2. The stay in the place visited should not last more than 12 consecutive months.

3. The main purpose of the trip should be other than the exercise of the activity remunerated from
within the place visited

It should be note that all travelers who engage in tourism are called visitors. The term visitors is regarded
by the World Tourism Organization (WTO) as the basic unit for the whole system of tourism statistics.

 Types of Visitors:

 Tourist or Overnight visitor  International visitor

 Same-day visitor  Domestic visitor

Philippine Definition

The Philippine definition of visitors is in agreement with the WTO definition: The Department of
Tourism includes the following as part of visitor arrival statistics:

1. Aliens entering the country for a temporary stay not exceeding one year and for purposes other than
immigration, permanent residence or employment for remuneration not exceeding one year.

2. Balikbayan or a Filipino national residing permanently abroad on temporary stay in the Philippines not
exceeding one year.

 FORMS OF TOURISM
1. Cultural Tourism
- It is related to the tours to culturally rich places. The tours are arranged to provide knowledge on culture,
religion, beliefs, attitudes, social behaviors and so forth.
2. Adventure Tourism
- a type of tourism that involves exploring or traveling to remote and exotic places. It involves three basic
components; an element of risk, higher level of physical involvement, and specialized skills to participate.
For e.g. rafting, trekking, bungee-jumping etc.

Macro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality 2

3. Eco-Tourism
- This type of tourism is the need of modern era. This type of tourism is organized in natural environment
and the tourists observe man-nature relationship.
4. Historical Tourism
- It focuses on visiting historically important places like museums, monuments, archaeological areas and
so forth.
5. Ethnic Tourism
- This type of tourism is concerned with organizing tours to visit many indigenous communities and native
people of the places. It is also called as ‘Aboriginal Tourism’ and ‘Ethno Tourism”.
6. Religious Tourism
- It is also called as Pilgrimage tourism / Spiritual tourism. It is a form of tourism, where people travel
individually or in groups for pilgrimage. The world's largest form of mass religious tourism takes place at
the annual Hajj pilgrimage in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Modern religious tourists are more able to visit holy
cities and holy sites around the world.
7. Health Tourism
- It is also called as Medical tourism. People have been travelling for centuries to improve and rebuild their
health and stamina.
8. Business Tourism
- The business traveler’s main motive for travel is work. Tourists visit a particular destination for various
reasons pertaining to his /her work such as attending a business meeting, conferences, conventions
selling products, meeting clients.
9. Sports Tourism
- travelers here target places which are known for a particular sporting facility. Skiing, for example, is a
type of sports tourism. Also included in this category are those who go to a destination to experience a
sports spectacle such as the Olympics, FIFA World Cup and others.
10. Pleasure Tourism
- usually includes yoga workshops and detox vacations, among others.
11. Sustainable Tourism
- This concept emphasizes on public participation. It does deal with the study of carrying capacity of the
earth.
12. Agritourism
- Also called as farm tourism. It is the activity of visiting a working farm for the purpose of enjoyment,
education or active involvement in operation that adds to the economic viability of the site.
13. Art Tourism
- Focuses on the exposure to different forms of art like painting, sculpture and so forth.
14. Disaster Tourism
- Involves visiting areas that have been affected floods, hurricanes, volcanic eruption etc.
15. Festival Tourism
- Involves visiting fiestas and festivals which showcases spirituality, creativity and hospitality.
16. Culinary Tourism
- Involves a tour that includes food sampling for main meals and snacks complemented by sightseeing
and photo opportunities. Also called as ‘Food Tourism’.
17. Extreme Tourism
- Also called as Dark Tourism. It is traveling to dangerous places and traveling to native societies, ghettos
and jungles.
18. Garden Tourism
- Traveling or visiting to botanical garden and places significant to the history of gardening.
-

Macro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality 3

19. Events Tourism
- Traveling to fair ceremonies, commemorations, concert, competition and parades.
20. Music Tourism
- Traveling or act of visiting a city or town in order to see a gig or music festival.
21. LGBT Tourism
- A form of niche tourism targeted at gays, lesbians, bisexuals and transgender.
22. Nature Tourism
- It is all about turning a natural resource into a tourism attraction and making money out of it.
23. Nautical Tourism
- Type of tourism that combines sailing and boating with vacationing and travel.
24. Pop-culture Tourism
- Traveling locations featured in literature, film, music, or any form of popular entertainment.
25. Wine Tourism
- Travel for the purpose of tasting, consumption or purchase of wine.
26. Sex Tourism
- Tourists visit areas to seek pleasure and sexual activities.
27. Voluntourism or Volunteer Tourism
- Traveling for charitable or volunteer purposes.
28. Gaming Tourism
- Traveling for the purpose of gambling.
29. Poverty Tourism or Poorism
- Similar to slumming, travel to less developed places to observe people living in property.
30. Educational Tourism
- It is a form of travel involving organized learning usually for students not actively seeking a degree.

 CHARACTERISTICS OF TOURISM
1. Tourism is a combination of phenomena and relationship.
2. It has 2 essential elements: the dynamic element (the journey) and the static element (the stay).
3. The journey and stay are to and from destinations outside the place of residence and work.
4. The movement to destination is temporary and short-term.
5. Destinations are visited for purposes.
6. Tourism is people-oriented.
7. Tourism is multidimensional phenomenon.
8. Tourism can be seasonal.
9. Tourism is dynamic.

 ELEMENTS OF TRAVEL
- There are 4 basic elements that have been used as criteria for defining travelers and/or tourist.

1. Distance
- The difference between local travel or traveling within a person’s home community and non-local travel
or traveling away from home.

2. Length of stay at destination

- This defines the difference of tourist and excursionist.

3. Residence of the traveler

- It is the origin of the traveler

Macro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality 4

 4. Purpose of travel
- This can be divided into visiting friends and relatives, conventions/seminars, business, outdoor
recreation, entertainment, personal and others.

 THE TOURIST PRODUCT

- It consists of what the tourist buys. It is the combination of what the tourist does at the destination and
the services he/she uses during his/her stay.
- There are 4 characteristics of tourist products:
1. Service- this is intangible because it cannot be inspected physically.
2. Psychological in its attraction- it is the temporary use of a different environment, its culture,
heritage and experiences.
3. The product varies in quality and standards
4. Supply of product is fixed

 THE TOURIST DESTINATION

The tourist destination is a geographical unit which the tourist visits and where he stays. It may be a village,
a town, a city, a district, a region, an island, a country or a continent. Tourist destination’s success depends
upon the interrelationship of three basic factors:

 Attractions which may be site or event attraction  Accessibility

 Amenities or facilities

Figure 1. The Tourism phenomenon: Components of tourism and tourism management

Macro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality 5
 TOURISM PHENOMENON MODEL
Tourism is a complex phenomenon, one that is extremely difficult to describe succinctly. Any “model” of
tourism must “capture” the composition - or components of the tourism system, as well as the key processes
and outcomes that occur within the tourism. These processes and outcomes include the very essence of
tourism, the travel experience and the supporting means by which the tourism is made possible.

 The tourist
The very heart of the tourism phenomenon.

 Natural resources and Environment

A fundamental dimension of the model indeed, the very basis of much tourism- is the natural resources and
environment component. Any given destination is primarily and unchangeable characterized by its
Physiography, climate and people.

 The Built environment

Another dimension of tourism phenomenon that has been created by humans.
1. Culture 4. Technology
2. Infrastructure 5. Information
3. Tourism Superstructure 6. Governance

 Operating Sectors of the Tourism Industry

1. Transportation Sector
2. Accommodation Sector
3. Food Service Sector
4. Attractions Sector
5. Events Sectors
6. Adventure And Outdoor Recreation Sectors
7. Entertainment
8. Travel Trade Sector And Tourism Services

 Spirit of Hospitality
The operating sectors of tourism are responsible for delivering high-quality, memorable experiences. Care
must be taken, however, to wrap these experiences in a warm spirit of hospitality.

 Planning, Development, Promotion, and Catalyst Organization

A hidden component of tourism that is equally important in determining the success of a tourism
destination.

 The importance of Integrated/ Collaborative Planning and Development

The “wavy line” that forms the interface between the public and the private sector convey the
importance of integrated or collaborative planning and development efforts
 The Process, Activities and Outcomes of tourism
The nature of the processes and activities that both surrounds and occurs within the tourism system and
that in the end create the outcomes that are the essence of the phenomenon we call tourism.

 Careers in Tourism
The people in the tourism industry who provide experiences as in an industry, must perform a vast number
of organizational functions.

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 BASIC APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF TOURISM
 Institutional approach
Considers the various intermediaries and institutions that perform tourism activities.

 Product approach
Involves the study of various tourism products and how they are produced, marketed and consumed

 Historical approach
It involves analysis of tourism activities and institutions from an evolutionary angle. It searches for the
cause of innovations, their growth or decline, and shifts of interests.
 Managerial approach
Is firm-oriented (micro-economic), focusing on the management activities necessary to operate a tourist
enterprise
 Economic approach
Is useful in providing a framework for analyzing tourism and its contributions to the country’s economy and
economic development.
 Sociological approach
This approach examines social classes, habits and customs of both hosts and guests.
 Geographical approach
The geographer specializes in the study of location, environment, climate, landscape, and economic
aspects
 Interdisciplinary approach
Attention of legislative bodies which created the laws, regulations, and legal environment in which the
tourism industry must operate, so we have a legal approach.
 System approach
A set of interrelated groups coordinated to form a unified whole and organized to accomplish a set of goals.
It integrates the other approaches into a comprehensive method dealing with both micro and macro issues.

FIGURE 2. Disciplinary inputs to the Tourism Field

Macro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality 7

 IMPACTS OF TOURISM
Benefits of Tourism - Economic
 Provides employment opportunities
 Generates foreign exchange
 Increases incomes
 Can be built existing infrastructures
 Can be developed with local products and resources
 Diversifies the economy
 High multiplier impact
 Increases government revenues

Disadvantages of Tourism - Economic

 Develops excess demand
 Results in high leakage
 Creates difficulties of seasonality
 Causes inflation
 Can result in unbalanced economic development
 Increases vulnerability to economic and political changes

Benefits of Tourism - Cultural

 Reinforces preservation of heritage and tradition
 Visitor interest in local culture provides employment for artists, musicians and other performing artists
enhancing cultural heritage
 Breaks down language barriers, sociocultural barriers, racial barriers, political barriers and religious
barriers
 Creates a favorable worldwide image for a destination
 Promotes a global community
 Promotes international understanding and peace

Disadvantages of Tourism - Social

 Creates social problem
 Degrades the natural physical environment and creates pollution
 Degrades the cultural environment
 Threatens family structure
 Commercializes culture, religion and arts
 Creates misunderstanding
 Creates conflicts in the host society
 Contributes to disease, economic fluctuation, and transportation problem

Macro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality 8

TOPIC 2:
TOURISM SYSTEM
This module discusses the definition of Tourism system. It provides different models of Tourism System to
understand the important roles related to Tourism Industry.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
 Identify the different Tourism system models
 Differentiate Visitor, Tourist and Excursionist
 Differentiate Tourist Destination, Tourist Attraction and Tourist Spot

 THE TOURISM SYSTEM

It is a group of interrelated, interdependent, and interacting elements that together form a single
structure. The system, in its simplest form, has five interdependent core elements, namely:
a) At least one tourist
b) At least one tourist-generating region
c) At least one transit route region
d) At least one tourist destination
e) A travel and tourism industry

 FUNCTIONING TOURISM SYSTEM MODEL

Clare Gunn of Texas A&M University and Neil Leiper of Southern Cross University, described the
Functioning Tourism System Model that has five elements consisting the supply side of attractions, services,
promotion, information and transportation.
a. The Human Element
a.1 The tourist- it is the actor in this system.
b. The geographical Elements:
b.1 Traveler-generating region- the feeder markets for the destination. It provides the “push” to
stimulate and motivate travel. This is where the tourist searches for information, books a trip and
departs.
b.2 Transit route-represents the short period of travel to reach the destination and also the
intermediate places visited en route
b.3 Tourist destination region- it is the “sharp end” of tourism. This is where the full impact is felt,
and planning and management strategies are implemented. It is considered the “pull” to visit
destinations,energizing the whole tourism system and creating demand for travel in the generating
region

Figure 3. Geographical element of Tourism

Traveler Tourist
Transit Destination
Generating
Region Region
Route

c. The Industrial element (the travel and tourism industry)- it is described as the range of businesses
and organizations involved in delivering the tourism product

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 THE TRIPS MODEL

 Tourists traveling within and outside their home countries

 Residents of the place visited

 Industry or the business entities that provide and distribute travel products

 Place or destination

 Supervision of the government and other entities that oversee the development of tourism in the
destination

RESIDENTS INDUSTRY

TOURISTS
PLACE (COMMUNITY) SUPERVISION (GOVENRMENT)

Figure 4. In this rough model of the tourism system, the tourists are the central actors. The tourists affect
and are affected by the interlocking elements of the system.

 THE A’s OF TOURISM

Each components of tourism can be explained by concepts with the letter A. For that reason, we shall call
them “A’s of Tourism”. the tourist and residents are the primary actors in the tourism system. As far as the
industry is concerned, the most important components are:

 Access

 Accommodation

 Activities

 Attraction

 Amenities

 Atmosphere

 Attitude

 Administration

 Assistance

 Awareness

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 VISITOR, TOURIST AND EXCURSIONIST
VISITOR TOURIST EXCURSIONIST
Any people visiting a country Any person coming to country for Any person visiting a country
other than that in which he/she legitimate reason other than other than his residence and
has his usual place of residence, immigration and who stays at remaining less than 24 hours.
for any reason other than least 24 hours and at most 6
following occupation remunerated months during the same year.
from with country visited and
remaining at least 24 hours.
They stay more than 24 hours They stay more than 24 hours They stay less than 24 hours.
and less than 1 month. and less than 6 months.
They are not involved in earning Their activities should be of They shouldn’t get involved in
activities. ‘Economic Nature’. earning activities.
All visitors are not tourists. Al the tourists are called visitors. All visitors may be excursionists.

 TOURIST DESTINATION, TOURIST ATTRACTION and TOURIST SPOT

Tourist Destination
- A geographical unit which the tourist visits and where he stays. It may be a village, a town, a city, a
district, a region, an island or a country.

Tourist Attraction
- is a place of interest where tourists visit, typically for its inherent or exhibited natural or cultural value,
historical significance, natural or built beauty, offering leisure and amusement.
- It may be:
a. Site attraction- one of which the destination itself has appeal
b. Event attraction- one in which tourists are drawn to the destination
- It may be:
a. Natural attraction- this includes the natural landscapes and bodies of water
b. Man-made attraction- this includes buildings of historical or architectural interest

Tourist Spot
- This may be a place or activity that is well-known and well-visited by tourists.

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TOPIC 3:
PSYCHOLOGY OF TRAVEL
This module discusses the psychological impact of a traveler. It provides information of why a person can /
cannot travel, its behaviour on handling different circumstances towards Tourism Industry.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
 Identify the reasons why people travel
 Differentiate the Basic travel motivators
 Importance of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
 Differentiate travelers based on personality and purpose of travel
 Identify the different Travel Constraints

 MOTIVATION FOR TRAVEL

- Why people travel? It is because of the following reasons:
 Escape
 Relaxation
 Relief of tension
 Physical
 Health
 Family togetherness
 Roots or ethnic
 Maintain social contacts
 Convince oneself of one’s achievement
 Show one’s importance to others
 Status and prestige
 Self-discovery
 Cultural
 Education
 Profession/business
 Wanderlust
 Interest in foreign areas
 Scenery

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 Using Discretionary Money: is the money that is left over after paying for the necessities of life such as
food, shelter and clothing.

 TRAVEL CONSTRAINTS
- The main constraints to travel are:
1. Lack of money
2. Lack of time
3. Lack of safety and security
4. Physical disability
5. Family commitments
6. Lack of interest in travel
7. Fears of travel

 Basic travel motivators can be divided into 4 classes:

1. Physical motivators- includes those related to physical rest, sports, participation, beach recreation,
relaxing entertainment, and other motivations directly connected with health.
2. Cultural motivators- include the desire to know about other countries- their music, art, folklore,
dances, paintings and religion.
3. Interpersonal motivators- pertain to the desire to meet other people, visiting friends or relatives,
escape from the routine, from family and neighbors.
4. Status and prestige motivators- concern ego needs and personal development. Included in this
group are trips to business, conventions, study and pursuit of hobbies and education.

 MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS is a theory in psychology proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943
paper "A Theory of Human Motivation" in Psychological Review which explains that as human meet basic
needs, they seek to satisfy successively higher needs that occupy a set of hierarchy.

Figure 5. Diagram of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF TRAVELERS
Centrics

Dependables Venturers

Less Daring More daring

Destinations
 Travel only  Prefer  Comfortable  Comfortable  Prefer  Travel to
to nearby familiar with familiar with unusual very unique
places places foreign less-known exotic places
destinations foreign places
destinations

Products
VFR, Travel by car Escorted tours Cruises Fly-drive packages Independent travel

Figure 6. The Plog Continuum

1. Based on Personality
-Stanley Plog classified tourists along a continuum with allocentric,midcentric and psychocentric.
a. Psychocentric
- Dependables
- Low risk-taking
- Non-active lifestyle
- They prefer to visit “safe” and familiar travel destinations.

b. Allocentrics
- Venturers
- Adventurous
- Highly curious and thrive on stimulation and change.
- They have strong need for variety and new experiences.
- They want to experience totally different cultures and environments.
- Enjoy sense of discovery and delight in new experiences before others have visited the area

c. Midcentric
- Centrics
- Occupy a psychological middle ground between Dependables and Venutrers
- Not particularly adventurous, yet they are not afraid to try new experiences as long as these are neither
too odd nor too challenging.
- Constitutes the mass market or the bulk of the population.

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2. Based on Purpose of Travel
a. Business travelers
a.1 Regular Business Travelers- cost of the trip is shouldered by the company; hence, travel is not
influenced by personal income.
a.2 M.I.C.E. Travelers- trips for the purpose of attending meetings, conventions or congresses.
a.3 Incentive Travelers- travel given by a firm to employees as a reward for some accomplishment ot
encourage employees to achieve more.

b. Pleasure/Personal Traveler
- Consists of people traveling for vacation or pleasure. They are also called non-business travelers.
- They are classified with the following categories:
b.1 Resort Travelers
b.2 Family Pleasure Travelers
b.3 The Elderly
b.4 Singles and Couples

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TOPIC 4:
TRAVEL INDUSTRY
This module discusses the importance of travel in Tourism industry and its impact in the transportation
sector. It explains the history and evolution of transportation and travel.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
 Understand the different sectors of Travel Industry
 Understand how travel sold
 Know the importance of transportation in tourism
 Trace the evolution of transportation and travel

 TRAVEL
- Going from one place to another; and doing things when arriving there; for reasons not associated with
everyday life.
- It is the movement of people between distant geographical locations. Travel can be done
by foot, bicycle, automobile, train, boat, bus, airplane, or other means, with or without luggage, and
can be one way or round trip.
- Travel can also include relatively short stays between successive movements.
- The origin of the word "travel" is most likely lost to history. The term "travel" may originate from the Old
French word travail, which means 'work'. According to the Merriam Webster dictionary, the first known
use of the word travel was in the 14th century.
- It is divided into 2 broad categories:
leisure travel (travel for the purpose of enjoyment) and business/corporate travel (travel beyond
one’s general home area for reasons related to work.

- Leisure travel is subdivided to 3 ways:

a. Escorted tour- transportation, sightseeing, some/all meals, lodging and the service of a tour
manager are all per-arranged
b. Package tour (Inclusive tour), an arrangement in which transport and accommodation is bought by
the tourist at an all-inclusive price and the price of the individual elements cannot be determined by
the purchaser himself.
c. Independent tour, one in which the tourist buys these facilities separately, either making
reservations in advance through a travel agent or en route during his tour.

 SECTORS OF THE TRAVEL INDUSTRY

1. The Air Transportation Industry
- This segment includes airlines of all sizes and sorts, airline catering services, government organizations
for aviation and airports.
2. Lodging companies
- This segment includes all accommodation facilities from budget hotels to high-star hotels.
3. Travel agencies
- These business help the public with their travel plans and needs.
4. Cruise lines
- Constitutes means of transportation accessible at bodies of water.

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 5. Motor coach operators
- Companies who own and operate buses.
6. Tour operators
- Segment of the travel industry that provides different forms of tours.
7. Car rentals
- This segment provides vehicles to tourist the freedom to go where and when they want without having to
rely on public transportation.
8. Rail travel
- One of the dominant form of transit that includes subways, streetcars and cable cars.
9. Store and shops
- This includes souvenir shops, factory outlets malls and duty-free stores.
10. Attractions

 HOW TRAVEL SOLD?

- This refers to the distribution of a certain travel product.
- It includes the following key players:
a. Consumer- it includes individuals who “consume” or use the travel product.
b. Suppliers- companies that create, own, and provide the travel products being sold.
c. Intermediaries- companies that act as go-between, linking supplier with the traveling public.

 DIAGRAM OF THE DISTIRBUTION OF THE TRAVEL PRODUCT

Suppliers (airlines, tour operators, cruise line, car rental companies,

rail companies, etc.

-(Direct) (Indirect)- Travel

Agencies

THE PUBLIC

 TRANSPORTATION
Since the beginning of time, people have been travelling by various modes, from foot to riding in a
supersonic aircraft. Tourism and transportation are inextricably linked. As world tourism increases, additional
demands will be placed on the transportation sector.
An increase in traffic due to world tourism growth puts pressure on transportation facilities, and this can
have adverse effects. Situations in the world vary widely within regions, countries, states and provinces. Those
problems needing the urgent attention of policy makers are as follow:
 Congestion  Environment
 Safety and security  Seasonality

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 HISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION AND TRAVEL EVOLUTION
A review of the history of transportation and travel shows that their evolution took seven eras.
1. Pre-Industrial Travel System Era
In this period, there were few common carriers. There were almost no regularly scheduled transportation
service. There was little travel. It was the era of the stagecoach and the wayside inn. Only few people had the
money and the reason to travel.

2. Early-Industrial Travel System Era

During the era, road improvements such as railways, canals and steamship services were brought about
due to rapid industrialization and advance in transportation technology. Travel increased because more people
who had money traveled.

3. Mature-Railway System Era

This era was characterized by railway which expanded their operations by running hotels and providing
other travel-related services. Thomas Cook, an innovator in this field during this era, began his company’s
activities in the United Kingdom in 1840. more people traveled in this era than in the previous one.
4. Express-Travel System Era
During this era, express services increased. Trains and other forms of transportation did not stop at every
station or terminal but only at the major ones. This increased the speed of travel and encouraged more travel
than before.

5. Automobile-Based Travel System Era

This influence of the privately owned automobile was enhanced in North America and Europe from the
1920’s onward. Car ownership boomed in North America. Motorways, interstate highways and other truck
highways were developed in the latter half of this era which was from 1920-1974. the automobile was
predominant over other travel modes from 1920-1945.

6. Modern-Tourism Travel System Era

The period from 1945-1974 is known as the modern tourism travel system era. Car ownership continued to
grow at a fast rate, mainly at the expense of long-distance rail travel mass. The introduction of wide bodied jets
in 1970 greatly increased air travel. The “mass tourism” philosophy and marketing approaches were prevalent
during the 1950s and 1960s.

7. Post-Mobility Adjustment Era

This era began in 1973-1974 as a result of oil embargo generated by OPEC and the resulting increase in
fuel prices. The events of the energy crisis basically changed the travel patterns throughout the world. The
present era is one in which travelers continue to look to alternative, group-oriented modes of transportation.

 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORT SYSTEM

The early tourists traveled on foot, on beasts of burden, by boat and on wheeled vehicles.
The desire to travel is stimulated with the improvement in transportation. Before World War I, it took seven
days for the traveler from coast to coast by steam locomotive. By 1950, travelers could complete the journey in
two and a half days by train. In 1938, an airplane with the speed of 400 miles per hour made possible nonstop
coast to coast flights of less than eight hours. In 1950, travel time from coast to coast was lessened to four
hours. At present, the Concorde can make a flight in two and a half hours.

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 Table 1. Historical Development of Transport System
Year Mode of Transport Speed (Miles per Hour)
6000 BC Camel caravan 8
1600 BC Chariot 20
1784 AD First English mail coach 10
1825 First steam locomotive 12
1890 Improved steam locomotive 100
1931 Land speed record (bluebird: Sir Malcolm Cambell)
1938 Land speed record ( Napier-Railton CarlJohn Cobb) 350
1938 Piston aircraft 400
1952 United States Liner from New York to Le Havre 41
1958 Jet fighter aircraft 1,300
1958 Boeing 707 and DC-8 aircraft 600
1961 Space ship (Vostok 1 orbiting) 17,560
1967 Rocket plane 4,534
1970 Fighter bomber (Mirage VI) 1,450
1970 Commercial aircraft - Concorde 1,320
1970 Boeing 747 625

source: https://visual.ly/community/Infographics/transportation/history-transportation
-3500 BC FIRST WHEELED VEHICLES Cornelis Drebble invented the first submarine - a
Fixed wheels on cars are invented - the first wheeled human oared submersible
vehicles in history. Other early wheeled vehicles
include the chariot. -1662 PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
Blaise Pascal invents the first public bus -
-3500 BC FIRST BOARDS horse-drawn, regular route, schedule, and fare
River boards are invented - ships with oars. system

-2000 BC HORSES -1740CLOCKWORK CARRIAGE

Horses are domesticated and used for transportation. Jacques de Vaucanson demonstrates his clockwork
powered carriage
-181-234THE WHEELBARROW IS INVENTED
-1783STEAMBOAT INVENTED
-770HORSESHOES First practical steamboat demonstrated by Marquis
Iron horseshoes improve transportation by horse. Claude Francois de Jouffroy d'Abbans - a paddle
wheel steamboat
-1493 DA VINCI'S FLYING MACHINES
Leonardo da Vinci first to seriously theorize about -1783HOT AIR BALLOON
flying machines - with over 100 drawings that The Montgolfier brothers invent the first hot air
illustrated his theories on flights. balloons

-1620 SUBMARINES -1769FIRST SELF-PROPELLED ROAD VEHICLE

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First propelled road vehicle invented by Nicolas
Joseph Cugnot -1889THE ZEPPELIN
Ferdinand von Zeppelin invents the first successful
-1790MODERN BICYCLES INVENTED dirigible - the Zeppelin

-1801 STEAM LOCOMOTIVE -1903 FIRST HUMAN FLIGHT

Richard Trevithick invented the first steam powered The Wright Brothers invent and fly the first engined
locomotive [deisigned for roads] airplane

-1807 MOTORS WITH INTERNAL COMBUSTION -1907 HELICOPTER

Isaac de Rivas makes a hydrogen gas powered Very first helicopter - unsuccessful design
vehicle - first with internal combustion power -
however, very unsuccessful design -1908 BETTER CAR PRODUCTION
Henry Ford improves the assembly line for
-1807 STEAMBOAT REGULAR SERVICE automobile manufacturing
First steamboat with regular passenger service -
inventor Robert Fulton's Clermont -1980 HYDROFOIL BOATS
Hydrofoil boards co-invented by Alexander Graham
-1815 RAILROAD LOCOMOTIVE Bell and Casey Baldwin - boats that skimmed the
George Stephenson invents the first practical steam water.
powered railroad locomotive

-1862FIRST GAS ENGINE AUTOMOBILE -1926 ROCKETS LAUNCHED

Made by Jean Lenoir First liquid propelled rocket launched

-1867MOTORCYCLE INVENTED -1940MODERN HELICOPTERS INVENTED

-1868COMPRESSED AIR BRAKES -1947FIRST SUPERSONIC JET FLIGHT

George Westinghouse invents the compressed air
locomotive brake - enabled trains to be stopped with -1956HOVERCRAFT INVENTED
fail-safe accuracy
-1964BULLET TRAIN TRAVELS MADE POSSIBLE
-1871CABLE CAR INVENTED
-1969APOLLO LANDS ON THE MOON
-1885FIRST USABLE CAR WITH INTERNAL
COMBUSTION -1970JUMBO JET FLIES
Karl Benz builds the world's first practical automobile
to be powered by an internal combustion engine -1981FIRST SPACE SHUTTLE MISSION

 SELECTION OF TRANSPORTATION MODE

There are many reason why people select one transportation mode over another for their business and
pleasure trips. The most common reasons are Cost, Travelling time, Safety,Convenience, Comfort, Availability,
Frequency of trips, Ground Services, Terminal Facilities, location, status and prestige, Departure and Arrival
Times.

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Theory identifying Transportation Variables and the Value of Travelers by Jagdish Sheth:
travelers choose a travel mode based on how they psychologically weigh five factors:
1. Functional - the functional utility of the mode is expected performance for a specific purpose. Ex.
Departure and arrival times, safety records, directness of the trip and the number of stops and transfers
2. Aesthetic/ Emotional- is related to such aspects as fear, social concern, style, luxury, comfort and other
personal feelings than the form of transportation might evoke.
3. Social/ Organizational- shows that the frequent users of certain kinds of transportation are stereotyped
according to sex, racial origin, income, price/cost and education
4. Situational- refers to how conveniently located the particular mode of transportation and its terminal
facilities are for the travelers.
Curiosity- curiosity utility refers to the traveler’s perceived need to do something new and different.

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TOPIC 5:
RIBBONS IN THE SKY: THE AIR TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY

 AVIATION SYSTEM
- Industry that builds and flies aircraft.
- It is divided into:
a. Military Aviation (aircraft flown by the nation’s air force and other branches of its military)
b. Civil Aviation (industry that flies the public from place to place)
Types:
1. Domestic Service- flight must start and end within the borders of the same country.
2. International Service- flight starts in one country and ends in another.

 AIRLINE SERVICE AND ROUTES

1. Scheduled service
- Air transportation that operates regularly at set, advertised times, no matter how many people are booked
on the flight.
2. Charter flight
- Occasional flights flown by charter airlines. This is also called as ‘direct air carrier’.
3. Privately owned jet
- Business travelers fly on a corporate jet that their company owns.
Flight type and Routes
1. Nonstop Flight- the traveler goes from Point A to Point B on the same aircraft.
2. Direct Flight- the traveler goes from Point A to Point B on the same aircraft but that aircraft stops at an
airport in between.
3. Connecting Flight- the traveler, to get to his/her destination, must change planes once, twice or even
more times.
Diagram of Flight Types

Nonstop A B

Direct A B C
(No Change of planes)

Connecting A B C
(Change of planes)

Flight Route
1. One-way flight itinerary- the traveler just goes from Point A to Point B.
2. Round-trip flight itinerary- the traveler flies from Point A to Point B, stays awhile, and then returns from
Point A to Point B
3. Open-jaw flight itinerary- the traveler flies from Point A to Point B, then travels by ground transportation
from Point B to Point C, then returns by air transportation from Point C to Point A.
4. Circle flight itinerary- the traveler has two or more extended stopovers and returns to the originating city.

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Diagram of Flight Route

One-way OAK MIA

Round-trip OAK MIA

Open-Jaw OAK MIA

LAX

Circle OAK MIA

LAX

Controlling the Skies

 The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA): is in charge of air traffic control operations, license pilots,
inspect aircraft, and oversees maintenance.
 The Air Transport Association (ATA): an airline trade association that standardize and regulates
ticketing
 The Airline Reporting Corporation (ARC): also owned by the airlines. Controls the distribution of ticket.
 The International Air Transport Association (IATA): an association made up of most of the world’s
airlines set standard of civil aviation.
 The International Airlines Travel Agent Network (IATAN): a subsidiary of IATA, links airlines with
travel agencies and other air travel distributions. One of its most important duties is to set standards to
determine who is a legitimate seller travel and therefore is eligible for industry benefits (from all supplies,
not just one airlines)
 The Transportation Security Administration (TSA): is a government entity responsible for security at
airport in the United State. Its agents staff security checkpoints, check luggage, and do whatever is
necessary to keep air travelers safe. At some airports, they may be assisted by local police and personnel
from private security firms.
 Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP): classifies airports in the country.

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Aircraft
1. Prop Planes (Propellers)- are smaller, go relatively slowly (about 300 mph) and travel short
distance.
2. Jet Aircraft- fly faster (520 to 560 mph or so), can go much longer distances, and tend to be
longer.
3. Jet Prop Planes- which combines features of both prop and get engines.
 Jet come in two variations:
1. Narrow-body jet
2. Wide-body jet (also called “jumbo jets”)
 Narrow vs Wide
Regional, short route jets that seat fewer than 100 passengers have been omitted. The most common
models of jets in use worldwide today are the following:

Aircraft
4. Prop Planes (Propellers)- are smaller, go relatively slowly (about 300 mph) and travel short
distance.
5. Jet Aircraft- fly faster (520 to 560 mph or so), can go much longer distances, and tend to be
longer.
6. Jet Prop Planes- which combines features of both prop and get engines.
 Jet come in two variations:
3. Narrow-body jet
4. Wide-body jet (also called “jumbo jets”)
 Narrow vs Wide
Regional, short route jets that seat fewer than 100 passengers have been omitted. The most common
models of jets in use worldwide today are the following:
Wide-Body Jets
Boeing 747
Boeing 767
Boeing 777
Boeing Jet (under development)
Airbus A300
Airbus A330
Airbus A340
Airbus A380 (under development)
Mc Donnel- Douglas DC-10
Narrow-Body Jets
Boeing Super 80
Boeing 717
Boeing 727
Boeing 737
Boeing 757
Mc Donnel- Douglas DC-9

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 Mc Donnel- Douglas MD-80
Airbus A318
Airbus A319/A320

In turn, each airliner type may have a series number after its model number. So a Boeing 737-800 is newer, with
more up-to date features, than a Boeing 737-300 unless the Boeing 737-300 has been refurbish. Because
aircraft are built to last for decades, airlines often install a new interior to freshen up an older aircraft.

Configuration refers to the way seating is arranged within the aircraft. For example, a plane’s coach section
might have 3 seats on its left side (labeled ABC), an aisle, and then 3 seats on the right side (labeled DEF). It’s
first-class cabin might have two seats on its left side (AC), an aisle, and two seats on the right (DF).

See figure on the next page for reference.

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Seating charts for a Boeing 737 jet (left) and a wide-body Airbus A310 (right)

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 DIFFERENT CLASSES OF SERVICE ON A PLANE
Airlines traditionally have three travel classes, First Class, Business Class, and Economy Class. Depending
on the cabin configuration will determine how many classes of service are offered. Here’s a breakdown of the
classes of service:

 FIRST CLASS: The first class section of an airplane is the class with the best service, and it is typically the
highest priced. The services offered are superior to those in business class, and they are available on only
a small number of long flights. First class is characterized by having a larger amount of space between seats
(including those that can be converted into beds), a personal TV set, high quality food and drink,
personalized service, privacy, and providing travelers with complimentary items (ex. pajamas, shoes and
toiletries). Passengers in this class have a separate check-in, access to the airline's first-class lounge,
preferred boarding, or private transportation between the terminal and the plane. Due to its high cost, there
are few airlines that offer this service
 BUSINESS CLASS: is more expensive, but it also offers more amenities to travelers than the classes below
it. These may include better food, wider entertainment options, more comfortable seats with more room to
recline and more legroom, among others.
 PREMIUM ECONOMY CLASS: is a travel class offered by some airlines in order to provide a better flying
experience to the economy traveler, but for much less money than business class. It is often limited to a few
extras such as more legroom, as well as complimentary food and drinks.
 ECONOMY CLASS: is the airline travel class with the lowest ticket price, as the level of comfort is lower
than that of the other classes. This class is primarily characterized by the short distance between each seat,
and a smaller variety of food and entertainment

Airline hub, or hub airport, is a city or airport where an airline has a heavier presence, usually in cities that also
feature the airline’s headquarters, administrative offices, or acts as a regional gateway city.
Seat pitch: refers to the space or distance between a point on one seat and the same point on the seat in front
of or behind it.Sometimes called legroom. For many carriers, more seat pitch can mean more legroom, but
legroom is also affected by the thickness of the seat back.
Seat width: is the distance from armrest to armrest. In Economy class this is typically around 43–46 centimeters
Aisle chair: is a mobile seat designed for wheelchair-enabled patrons.
Window seats: are located at the sides of the aircraft, and usually next to a window, although some aircraft have
seat rows where there is a window missing. Window seats are preferred by passengers who want to have a view,
or a wall which they can lean against. Passengers in seats adjacent to the aisle have the advantage of being
able to leave the seat without having to clamber over the other passengers, and having an aisle they can stretch
their legs into. If a seat block has three or more seats, there will also be middle seats which are unpopular
because the passenger is sandwiched between two other passengers without advantages of either window or
aisle seats. Middle seats are typically booked last
Bulkhead: is a physical partition that divides a plane into different classes or sections. Typically, a bulkhead is a
wall but can also be a curtain or screen. Bulkheads can be found throughout the plane, separating the seats
from the galley and lavatory areas.
Exit row: is a row of seats on board a commercial airliner that is next to an emergency exit.
Aircraft Cabin: In commercial air travel, particularly in airliners, cabins may be divided into several parts. These
can include travel class sections in medium and large aircraft, areas for flight attendants, the galley (The galley
is the compartment of a ship, train, or aircraft where food is cooked and prepared) and storage for in-flight
service. Seats are mostly arranged in rows and alleys. The higher the travel class, the more space is provided.
Cabins of the different travel classes are often divided by curtains, sometimes called class dividers, but not on
all airlines. Passengers are not usually allowed to visit higher travel class cabins in commercial flights

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Airline ticket: is a document or electronic record, issued by an airline or a travel agency, that confirms that an
individual is entitled to a seat on a flight on an aircraft. The airline ticket may be one of two types: a paper ticket,
which comprises coupons or vouchers; and an electronic ticket (commonly referred to as an e-ticket). The ticket,
in either form, is required to obtain a boarding pass during check-in at the airport. Then with the boarding pass
and the attached ticket, the passenger is allowed to board the aircraft.
Regardless of the type, all tickets contain the following information:
 The passenger's name.
 The issuing airline.
 A ticket number, including the airline's 3 digit code[2] at the start of the number.
 The cities the ticket is valid for travel between.
 Flight that the ticket is valid for. (Unless the ticket is "open")
 Baggage allowance. (Not always visible on a printout but recorded electronically for the airline)
 Fare. (Not always visible on a printout but recorded electronically for the airline)
 Taxes. (Not always visible on a printout but recorded electronically for the airline)
 The "Fare Basis", an alpha or alpha-numeric code that identifies the fare.
 Restrictions on changes and refunds. (Not always shown in detail, but referred to).
 Dates that the ticket is valid for.
 "Form of payment", i.e., details of how the ticket was paid for, which will in turn affect how it would be
refunded.
 The Rate of Exchange used to calculate any international parts of the fare and tax.
 A "Fare Construction" or "Linear" showing the breakdown of the total fare
 times on airline tickets are generally for the local time zone where the flight will be at that moment.

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AIRLINES
The Major North American Airlines with their airline codes.
o Aeromexico (AM)
o Air Canada (AC)
o American Airlines (AA)
o Delta Air Lines (DL)
o United Airlines (UA)
o US Airways (US)
-because these carriers have been around for a long time, they’re sometimes called legacy airlines.

Other countries major airlines, with their codes:

o Air France (AF)
o Air New Zealand (NZ)
o British Airways (BA)
o Japan Airlines, or JAL (JL)
o KLM-Royal Dutch Airlines (KL)
o Lufthansa (LH)
o Qantas Airways (QF)
o SAS Scandinavian Airlines (SK)
o Singapore Airlines (SQ)
o Virgin Atlantic

Domestic Carrier- an airline that offers only service within a country

International or Foreign Carrier- one that offers service among multiple countries

Many carriers have formed worldwide alliances that enable them to work more efficiently with one another.
Oneworld (includes AA, BA, and QF, among others) and Star Alliance (consisting of UA, LH, AC and others).
Each alliance partner may share the following services with the others: common ticketing, reciprocal
frequent-flyer mileage, connecting boarding passes, coordinated baggage transfer, departures from the same
terminal, and coordinated connections to minimize waiting time.

Secondary Airlines- several airlines aren’t as huge as the majors but do offer considerable service. For
example, Alaska Airlines (AS) has many flights up and down the western coasts of the United State, Canada,
and Mexico, and Hawaiian Airlines (HA) offers service among the islands of Hawaii, as well as to and from the
U.S. mainland.

Low-Fare Airlines- often called low-frills, they offer fare that are often lower –sometimes much lower- than the
majors. Low-fare airlines also offer highly simplified rate structures compared to the other major airlines.

Regional Airlines- also called commuter airlines, serve a limited section of the country and are often
affiliated with a major airline (for example, American Eagle provides short regional flights out of American
Airlines’ Hubs.)

Here are some commonly used terms in air travel:

 Commercial flight: a flight whose seats have been sold by an airline to the general public. Commercial
flights are not military or private flights.
 Code sharing: When an airline uses the code of another carrier for a scheduled flight. For example, UA
3506 may also be LH 445. Used among partner airlines (often within their “alliances”), code-shares
make each airline appear to offer greater service than it actually does.
 Red-eye flight: An overnight flight. Called “red-eye” because the passengers are trying to sleep-
usually unsuccessfully- on the plane.
 Interline agreement: A formal agreement between two airlines. Often both are code-sharing partners,
with easy baggage transfer and acceptance of each other’s documents (such as tickets).
 Gateway: a city and /or airport that serves an airline as its departure/arrival point for international travel.
For example, Air Jamaica might have 16 cities with non-stop travel to Jamaica. These are its gateways.
 Yield Management: A computer-assisted process that, by assessing supply and demand, enables
airlines to arrive at pricing that yields maximum load factors and revenue.
 Flight attendants: Airline personnel who see to the safety, comfort, and needs of passengers on a
plane. Formerly called stewards and stewardesses.
 Mechanical: when a flight is cancelled because of a problem with the aircraft (for example, the door
does not close properly), as opposed to a flight canceled for extreme weather conditions.

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Magic at Sea: The Cruise Industry

Why People Cruise:

 Getting away from it all. Unwinding at the sea will be a special experience.
 Luxury and Service. At one time, the pampered service provided on cruise ship was reserved for the rich
and powerful.
 Interesting destinations. Ships can travel a great distance, stopping at the most interesting ports along
the way.
 You can do it all. Cruises offer a vast variety of activities, events, ports, and dining options to occupy your
time.
 You can also do nothing. People are free to do as they wish on a cruise. Sleep in. Relax by the pool. It’s
your choice.
 Something for everybody. Because of the many dining, entertainment, and activity options, a cruise can
satisfy virtually anyone.
 A learning experience. Cruising exposes you to different people and cultures.
 A friendly experience. A cruise ship offers many opportunities to socialize and meet new people.
 A romantic experience. It is known that a cruise ship is a good place to spark a relationship.
 A safe experience. The ship is tightly managed and secured. Access onto and off the ship is strictly
controlled. Safety devices and construction features make the chance of fire- or an iceberg- sinking the
ship highly unlikely. Increasingly stringent sanitation procedures make illness onboard less probable.
 A trendy experience. People tend to book a cruise in reaction to the most powerful form of advertising:
word of mouth. Plus, positive images of cruising on television, in movies, and in social media promote the
idea that a cruise ship is an “in” place to be.
 A no-hassle vacation. Transportation, food, and lodging are all part of one seamless experience.
 A prepackage vacation. A cruise is categorized as an inclusive vacation. In other words, you get many of
the core components of your vacation in one price. A cruise package generally includes stateroom
accommodations; toiletries; most, if not all, meals; entertainment; onboard activities; fitness facility
access; and, of course, transportation by the ship.
 A vacation value: dollar for dollar, travelers find they get more for their money on a cruise than on a similar
land-based vacation.

KINDS OF CRUISE LINES AND SHIPS

The diversity of cruise vessels and the cruise lines that operate them is divided into three general
categories: Mass-market, Specialty, and Miscellaneous.

1. Mass-market- most of these ships feature multiple dining facilities, a swimming pool or two, a casino, a large
showroom, an exercise facility and spa, shops, a small medical facility, a reception area, and, of course, cabins
or usually referred to as stateroom.
2. Specialty cruise companies focus on narrower segments of consumers:
 Luxury cruise lines appeal to wealthy travelers, operate small vessels, and offer astonishing levels of
service.
 Educational and adventure cruise lines target people who want their cruise to be built around
learning and exploration-type experiences.
 Masted sailing ships have real sails and reproduce an experience that once dominated seafaring.
 Riverboats fall into two categories: paddle wheelers that sail on the Mississippi and its tributaries,
re-creating a Mark Twain-like adventure, and contemporary riverboats that ply such legendary rivers as
the Nile, the Danube, and the Rhine.
3. Miscellaneous cruise carry cargo and serve as transportations for locals in Norway’s fjord-lined west coast.
Huge ferry ships transport people overnight. One ship is, in fact, a floating university.

Who Owns Cruise Lines

The issue of cruise line ownership is a complex one. Several large companies own most of the two dozen
major cruise lines. For example, Carnival Corporation owns Holland America, Princess, Seabourn, Cunard, and
Costa, as well as its own Carnival brand. Royal Caribbean owns Celebrity and Azamara.

What Cruises Cost

Primarily, prices are based on the type of stateroom requested, and, in general:
 The higher the deck the stateroom is located on, the greater the cruise price will be
 Outside often called “ocean-view”. Staterooms cost more than inside state rooms (which are
usually windowless). Outside staterooms with obstructed views (for example, by a lifeboat) are less
expensive than those with a clearer view
 An outside stateroom with a veranda (a private balcony) costs more than an ocean-view room.
 Larger state rooms are typically priced higher than smaller ones.
 Suites (rooms with separate sitting areas) cost more than regular staterooms. Extra amenities (such as
robes, champagne, and butler service) are usually included

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Pre-, Post-, and Off-Ship Experience

Pre-cruise and Post-cruise Packages

You can certainly arrive in the departure port city and immediately embark the ship for your cruise. Frequently,
passengers decide to extend their vacation either before or after, in or around the city where their cruise begins
and/or ends. A consumer can purchase an air-sea package that consists of airfare, airport-to-dock-to-airport
transportation, and perhaps lodging.

Intermediary Port Stops and Shore Excursions

Cruise lines do an excellent job of informing their guests about the options available to them at the places they’ll
be visiting. Facts about the history and culture of the destination, shopping and sightseeing tips, and
information about the tours and excursions available for purchase.

When ships arrives in port, passengers have four options:

1. They may elect to stay on board.
2. They can explore the port on their own.
3. They may buy a tour or activity from a vendor (usually waiting for them at the dock).
4. They may go on a shore excursion that they purchase from the cruise line before the cruise or onboard
the ship. Occasionally, some or all shore excursions are included in the price of a cruise (usually on very
upscale or river cruises).
Excursions offered by a cruise line can range from sightseeing tours aboard a motor coach to underwater
exploration in a submarine.
How Cruises are sold
People typically purchase a cruise through:
 Travel agents
 Tour Companies
 Cruise consolidators
 Cruise lines

Here are some additional insights into the cruise industry:

 The Caribbean is the world’s most popular place to cruise, followed by Europe, Alaska, Mexico, the
Panama Canal, trans-Atlantic, South America, the South Pacific, the northeast United States/Canada,
Hawaii, and Bermuda.
 Small boats, called tenders, transport passengers to and from shore if the ship is too large or the port is
too shallow for docking directly at the pier. In exotic places like ANtartica, passengers might board a
large inflatable rubber boat called a zodiac.
 On most ships, smoking is limited to certain designated spaces. A few ships allow smoking practically
everywhere on board.
 Many cruises feature themed sailings, such as jazz, history, or baseball. These often appeal to people
who would not otherwise take a cruise.

Cruise related terms you should know:

 Berth: A bed on a ship. Also, the place where a ship docks.
 Bow: The front of the ship.
 Deck: A floor of a ship.
 Port: A place a ship visits. Also, when facing forward on the ship, the left-hand side.
 Stabilizer: An underwater device that helps reduce a ship’s motion
 Starboard: When facing forward, the right-hand side of the ship.
 Stern: The back of a ship.

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 Extra Specials: Other Segments of the Travel Industry
RAILWAYS
Railways are one of the main ways that people travel domestically, while many rail services also facilitate
long-distance international travel too. Moreover, underground or subway-style train services tend to provide a
convenient way for travelers to get around large cities once they have arrived.

 Stockton & Darlington Railway, in England, first railway in the world to operate freight and passenger
service with steam traction.

 In the Philippines currently has two operational commuter lines: the PNR Metro Commuter Line, located
in Metro Manila, and the PNR Bicol Commuter Line, located in the Bicol Region. Both of these lines are
operated by Philippine National Railways.

 Considered one of the earliest modes of transportation.

 Serves as one of the major transport services in many countries.
– Includes: India, Japan, China and South Korea.
– Widespread in European countries
 To date, this mode of transportation still attracts travelers as they continue to offer:
– Comfort
– Reasonable fares and;
– Less travel time

 The Eurail
 The Eurail also known as the Eurorail
 One of the most extensive railway systems in the world.
 Its major product, offers rail passes for train travel all across Europe
The Eurail Passes
Types
Global Pass
The Eurail Global Pass lets you visit 23 countries throughout Europe, and see them in any order you
like.
Select Pass
Gives you flexibility to plan your trip, and also comes with the most options.
Can choose from 3, 4 or 5 bordering countries and 5 up to 15 travel days.
Regional Pass
Combine two bordering countries.
Offer the ability to concentrate your European adventure within a specific region.
One Country Pass
The Eurail One Country Pass is for if you want to spend your time exploring one country or area.
Valid for one month, and the number of travel days available varies per country.
Unfortunately this service is not available for everyone.
– Not available for residents of Europe, the UK, Morocco, Turkey, or any of the countries of the
former Soviet Union.
– If you are a citizen of any of these countries, but are a resident of the United States, Caribbean,
Mexico, Central America or Canada, Eurorail are able to sell the rail pass or tickets to you.
– Passes are based on residency not citizenship, and the country of your residence will be printed on
the rail pass as well as the names on the pass and on the passport have to match.
 Undersea Railway Tunnels
Links two countries or areas that are separated by bodies of water through an undersea tunnel.
 The Channel Tunnel
– Aka Chunnel; Euro tunnel
– Connects France and Britain
– Stretches around 49.89 kms
– The Longest Tunnel underneath the sea.
– Consists of three tunnels. The first 2 tubes serve rail traffic. The third is an emergency escape
route.

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  The Seikan Tunnel
– Located in Japan
– The longest seabed tunnel in the world.
– Passes by the Tsugaru Strait to the Honshu and Hokkaido islands
Amtrak
 Amtrak is the marketing name for the National Railroad Passenger Corporation
 Provides rail passenger transportation in the major intercity markets of United State
 Amtrak launched its Acela Express service between Boston and Washington, D.C., in December 2000
to serve the Northeast Corridor.
 Passengers can enjoy high-speed rail travelling at 150 miles per hour in modern comfort.
High-Speed Rail

 Shanghai Maglev Train

Aka Shanghai Transrapid with an operational speed of 430km/hr and average speed of 251
km/hr is a magnetic levitation train launched in China in 2003.
 Shinkansen (Bullet Train)
Many would credit Japan with being the inventor of the concept because in 1964, country
launched the famous Shinkansen with speed of 210 km/h.
 TGV (Train à Grande Vitesse)
A French high-speed train, TGV holds the world record hitting a top speed of 574.8km/hr.
However, its operational speed is 300-320 kmph.
The Motorcoach Industry

 Motorcoach
– is a type of bus used for conveying passengers on excursions and on longer distance intercity bus
service between cities—or even between countries.
– Unlike transit buses designed for shorter journeys, coaches often have a luggage hold that is
separate from the passenger cabin and are normally equipped with facilities required for longer
trips, including comfortable seats and sometimes a toilet
 Executive Motorcoach
– Executive motor coaches offer a higher level of comfort and luxury and are great for special
business and social occasions
– It is a mobile office, and a boardroom on wheels.
– An Executive bus may have a conference room, galley, shower, and luxurious seating.
– An executive motor coach is ideal for groups of 5 to 20 traveling 300 to 400 miles.
– It is also a good option for local outings, such as corporate meetings or transporting wedding
parties, when you want a more intimate setting for your group.
Advantages of Motorcoach Travel
 No driving
 Hassle-free planning
 Expertise of a Tour Guide
 Socialize
 Safety
 It’s great for the environment

The Automobile

 Most of the travel in the world takes place in the automobile.

 The real inventor of the automobile was Car Benz, of Mannheim, Germany.
 Brought decline of the train’s popularity in most developed countries.
 Auto travel is the most inexpensive and convenient form of travel.
 The growth of car ownership necessitated road improvements.
 Two important aspects of automobile travel are:
o Car Rentals
o Recreational Vehicles
Car Rentals
Car rental plays a key role in the travel industry, dealing with the provision of temporary access to cars and other
similar vehicles. For travelers, the main benefit of this is the freedom that is provided via access to a car, as it
means the process of getting around is not reliant on scheduled public transport services.

 The car rental business is a world-wide industry.

 Four countries dominate the U.S. market with 85 percent market share.
 These are Hertz, Avis, Budget, and National.

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  Hertz is the airport market leader.
 Air travel is critical to the car rental business as airport revenues account for much of overall car rentals
in the US.
 Hertz is the airport market leader with about 29 percent of the airport rental business.
 Computerized navigation systems have come to rental cars and are predicted to be a growing
attraction. Bookings over the internet is increasing
Car Rental Motivations
Most people rent a car for some or many of these reasons:
 To get around easily.
 To best navigate and experience a place
 To save money
 To do business
 To replace your own car
 To try out a car you’re thinking of buying
 Because you prefer driving vacations
What Car Rentals Cost
The number-one factor that determines a car rental’s cost is the category or class of car the renter
selects
Usual Categories are as follows (order of price from least-most expensive)

 Subcompact or economy
- Very small cars that have few amenities, comforts, or options.
- Suited for three or four people or for those with lots of baggage
 Compact
- Small cars that are a little larger than subcompacts, are a bit more comfortable, and come with
more options
 Mid-size or intermediate
- Fairly small, these autos feature a good selection of options and can accommodate three or four
people with some comfort
 Full-size or standard
- Often called ‘family cars”, these can seat three, four, or more people comfortably, have plenty of
trunk space, many amenities
 Premium
- These cars rank higher than full-size but aren’t quite as luxurious as the deluxe
 Luxury or Deluxe
- These are among the largest and most upscale cars you can rent. Examples are Lincoln and
Cadillacs. They provide great comfort and spaciousness.
 Specialty
- This is a catch-all class, which most car rental companies further subdivide into separate
categories. Among the possibilities are SUVs, Convertibles, Vans, Minivans, Jeeps, Trucks,
Sport Cars, and exotic or super-luxury brands such as Mercedes or Jaguar.
How Car Rentals are Sold
Car rental companies sell their product much like other travel suppliers through:

 Travel agencies
 Via toll-free numbers
 Online
 Even in their service counters

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HOME AWAY FROM HOME: THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY
Accommodation

The term accommodation is used in reference to a room or building in which an individual may live or
stay.

Today the hotel industry is experiencing a rapid growth. With the development of airlines, especially
budget airlines, more people from all walks of life can afford to travel. People spend more not only on
holidays but on services in general, so the entire tourist market is thriving.

 Hotel came from the word ”hostel “ which origin goes all the way back to the Old French.

A hotel is an establishment that provides paid lodging on a short-term basis. Hotel rooms are usually
numbered (or named in some smaller hotels and B&Bs) to allow guests to identify their room. Some
boutique, high-end hotels have custom decorated rooms. Some hotels offer meals as part of a room and
board arrangement.

1. Oldest hotel in operation is the Nisiyama Onsen Keiunkan in Yamanashi, Japan.

2. The Manila Hotel
-is the oldest premier hotel in the Philippines officially opened in July 4,1912 Located along Roxas
Boulevard, the iconic hotel was designed by architect William Parson and it has endured the test of
time.
Types of Hotel Guest:

 Corporate Individuals- are guest who are travelling for business purposes they are not in group.
 Corporate Groups- travel purely for business, but unlike corporate individuals they are usually
attending for conferences and small meetings.
 Leisure Travelers- often travel with their families on sight seeing trips or on trips to visit their friends.
 Long Term Stay- guests requiring lodging until permanent housing.

Hotel Categories
 Hotels can be categorized by size, location, ownership, price and other factors (such as service,
guests rooms format or clientele).
1. Size refers to the numbers of rooms . Various categories of the basis of the size are:
a. Small Hotel- a hotel with 25 rooms or less is called a small hotel.
b. Average Hotel- a hotel with 26 to 99 rooms
c. Above average hotel- a hotel with 100 to 299 rooms
d. Large Hotel- a hotel with more than 300 rooms.

2. Location -many hospitality publications and consulting firms categorize hotels by location.
a. Center City
-most of hotels in the city are full service facilities operated or manage by hotel chain.
-these hotels are centrally located and at a convenient distance from markets, railway.
Station, aiport, etc.
b. Resort
– are generally found in destinations that are desirable spots because of the climate,
scenery, recreational activities or historical interest.
c. Sub urban

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 – most hotels from these are resorts or hotel that influenced by its locale.
- Usually writters ,poets, low budget tourist etc. prefer to stay at sub urban hotel.
- located at the sub uburb of cities moderately priced and are of mostly medium, large, or
small.
d. Highway- offer the same facilities found in the downtown and sub urban hotels but with a
distinct identity of their own.
e. Airport
- majority of the airports are affiliated with chains.
- vary widely in size and level of services.
- Typical target market includes business clientele airline ppassenger and overnight
layovers or canceled flights
- hotel owned courstesy vans often transport guests between the hotel and the airport.

3. Ownership- there are 4 different ways hotels can be owned and operated. Hotels can be:
a. Independently own and operated – is not connected with any established hotel and its
owned by indidual or group of investors.
b. Management Company- may or not may have any of its own funds invested.
c. Hotel Chain- is a group of affiliated hotels.
d. A franchise Hotels- for example an individual who has applied and been granted a license
to do business under franchisor’s name.

4. Price- hotel chain create a different brands or hotel names that the offer different benefits and
charge different prices.

Three broad categories of hotels distinguished by price are:

A. Limited service-economy and budget – low room construction cost and also provide limited services
and facilities.
• Bathrooms
1. All rooms must have bathrooms which shall be equipped with fittings of the highest quality
befitting a luxury hotel with 24-hour service of hot and cold running water;
• Telephones
There shall be a call bell in each guest room.
• Cold Drinking Water
shall be a cold drinking water and glasses in each bedroom.
• Room Service
Room service shall be provided at selected hours.
B. Mid- Price -are attractive for customers because low room construction but full in service.
• Bathrooms
1. All rooms must have bathrooms which shall be equipped with fittings of the highest quality
befitting a luxury hotel with 24-hour service of hot and cold running water;
• Telephones
There shall be a telephone in each guest room.
• Cold Drinking Water
There shall be a cold drinking water and glasses in each bedroom.
• Room Service
Room service shall be provided at selected hours.
C. First Class/Luxury – the top of the price scale from full service to luxury properties.
• Bathrooms
1. All rooms must have bathrooms which shall be equipped withfittings of the highest quality
befitting a luxury hotel with 24-hour service of hot and cold running water;
2. Bathrooms shall be provided with bathtubs and showers;
• Telephone
There shall be a telephone in each guest room and an extension line in the bathroom of each suite.

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• Radio/Television
There shall be a radio, a television and relayed or piped-in music ineach guest room.
• Cold Drinking Water
There shall be a cold drinking water and glasses in each bedroom.
• Refrigerator/Mini-Bar
There shall be a small refrigerator and a well-stocked bar in each guest room.
• Room Service
There shall be a 24-hour room service (including provisions for snacksand light refreshments).

Types of Hotel

Commercial Hotels

-primarily cater to individual travelers. Besides, commercial hotels are located in business centers, cities, or
towns. They provide basic facilities to their guests. The private owners run the hotels. Hence, the success
of commercial hotels depends on the type of service and facilities they provide.

Apartment

-The idea of the Apartment was started in America. This kind of hotel is often defined as residential homes
with hotel facilities. It is known as an apartment hotel because the facilities are similar to our home.

Rotel

- is an air-conditioned coach; it offers lodging, sleep, food, and complete transport. The Rotel offers a bed,
reading lamp, article rack, and a personal mirror for each passenger. Besides, the sleeping coach of a Rotel
has a three-tier room with a bed next to the wardrobe. In addition, this kind of hotel has a kitchen with a sink,
cupboard, and fridge.

Floating Hotels

-The old ships, which were used for passenger transport, are converted into hotels, with modern facilities.
These converted hotels are known as floating hotels. This type of hotel is located on the surface of the
water, rivers, or lakes. The facilities of this hotel are similar to regular hotels. Hence, it has become popular
in many locations.

Heritage Hotel

-are converted into hotels to let the guests experience the culture and tradition of the Royal families. These
properties are renovated with modern facilities for the guests..

Resort

The resort provides visitors a place to sleep, relax, and enjoy. Resort hotels meet the needs of visitors
traveling for health or climate change. The focus of resorts is rest, relaxation, and recreation.

The resorts are located close to the ocean, hills, and other areas of natural beauty. Therefore, the
classification of resorts depends on the locations, the climate, and topography. For eg summer resort,
winter resort, hilly resort, Health Resorts, Forest Resorts, and Beaches.

Besides, the resort provides facilities sus as swimming pools, golf courses, tennis courts, skiing, boating,
surfing, etc. and various indoor sports. However, the facilities at the resort may be different from each other
due to their locations

Motels

The motels serve the basic requirements for motorists. Motels do not have star grading. Compared to the
hotels and due to the lack of amenities motels are less expensive.

Besides, they provide a basic necessity to the motorist such as parking area, lodge, meals, and basic
services to travelers. The guests in the motel stay for the short-term. The buildings are single or double
storied. They are located on the major highway or outskirts of the town.

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The Types of Supplementary Hotels

These hotels offer meals and a place to sleep. The facilities in these hotels are minimal. The room charges
are based on the services provided. Therefore, these types of hotels have the following advantages:

1. It is more reasonable than the star hotels

2. Also offers a close approach to the natural environment
3. It provides a platform for social contact and amusement.

Tourist Bungalows

These bungalows are located at tourist centers to cater to the needs of travelers. The facilities are moderate
and minimal. Mostly, the middle-class and budget traveler prefer these types of hotels.

This kind of hotel provides a friendly environment that is suitable for family travelers. Therefore, the
structure of the hotel is relatively smaller than the star hotels.

Circuit House

These houses are superior in terms of facilities as compares to tourist bungalows. Therefore, the hotel is
suitable for senior government officials and student groups.

The guests in this hotel can use the rooms with facilities according to the requirements. Besides, there is a
large hall with several single beds. Each bed has shelves, common toilets, and showers. The price of the
room is nominal. However, they do not provide food.

Boarding House

This type of hotel provides accommodation usually with meals at a definite time, week, or month. It is a
small enterprise that is perfect for guests who are staying for a certain duration. Therefore, the booking has
to be done in advance.

Paying guest accommodation

The idea of this type of hotel was from the British. It has now become popular in India. Many international
travelers prefer this kind of hotel.

Besides, it allows travelers to communicate with Indian families because the owner and the guests stay in
the same building. The advantage of this system is that it responds quickly to the seasonal needs of the
guests. In Rajasthan and Goa, it is very common.

Youth Hostel

The idea was launched in 1900. A youth hostel provides a clean, easy, affordable place to stay for young
individuals. This kind of hostel is popular amongst the young budget domestic travelers. Thus, young
travelers while traveling on holidays or for educational reasons prefer this type of stay.

The youth hostel provides a place where young people with different social and national backgrounds can
meet and understand each other. Also, the comfort is modest, stays are limits and costs are low.

Travel Lodge

This is a simple hotel located in a remote location. Besides, it is quite famous at the remote tourist
destination. The lodge’s rooms are comfortable and air-conditioned.

Most of the basic requirements are serve in these lodges. Besides basic requirements, daily needs are
available in these lodges. As it is not feasible for visitors to go to distant cities to buy daily needs, therefore,
they provide a dining room with fixed or slightly improved menus and daily necessities such as oil, comb,
towels, tea, and coffee, etc.

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Hospices

This type of hotel caters to the need of people who travel primarily for a religious reason. The property
owner provides housing pilgrims who can find a place to sleep, a fire to keep warm, and something to eat.

3. New Concepts of Hotels

Most of these fresh hotels are based on ideas from the USA and Europe. They are neither completely
traditional nor supplementary accommodation. Therefore, the services provided by this accommodation
differ from each other.

Some of the new concepts of hotels are:

Condominium

It is a new concept type of hotel. The kind of hotel includes joint ownership. The owner of the hotel gives out
the hotel on a contract basis to the Management Company to operate. Besides, the owner and the
management company share the profits from the hotel at the end of the year.

Family travelers mostly prefer this type of hotel, since they provide enough space and facilities for cooking
and are also economical.

Capsule Hotels

In the year 1979, this type of hotel was started in Osaka, Japan. A capsule hotel is a box made of plastic or
glass-reinforced cement. The capsule box has the entrance either on one side or another side of the box.

Besides, this type of hotel provides basic facilities such as beds, televisions, flexible lightning, and boxes for
valuables and desks. Therefore, to some extent, it is similar to a second-class AC train. Facilities such as
toilets, washrooms, vending machines, and lounge areas are located on each floor.

Boutique Hotels

This is a designer’s hotel with themes that offer customers luxury personalized services. They are smaller
and cheaper than star hotels. This kind of hotel has around three to one hundred rooms.

All-Suite Hotels

It is the latest hotel management idea. The payments for the room are the same as any hotel deluxe room.
This concept has brought the unit into the ranks of junior managers. This type of hotel provides only basic
services to the guests. Initially, this type of service is provided in India by Sheraton, Hilton, Hyatt, and
Radisson. Gradually, most of the star hotels have adopted this new idea of hotel keeping.

Pensions

This type of hotel is popular in Europe and the United States. The hotel is owned and run by a family that
stays in the same building. The pension is also called a residential hotel. Thus, they play an important role
to cater to the guests, especially those with limited budgets.

Farmhouse

In England and India, they are very common. The tourists who are looking for good food and outdoor life
prefer this kind of stay. Large farmers are building farmhouses on agricultural land and sell it to the visitors
for extra income. In Denmark, the packaging of farm holidays through travel agents for the international
market is quite effective

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Eurotel

This type of hotel is very similar to apartment houses. Its characteristics feature is that co-owners can use
another apartment in another place and another building through the exchange system agreed upon in
advance.

Hotel ratings
 often used to classify hotels according to their quality. From the initial purpose of informing travelers
on basic facilities that can be expected, the objectives of hotel rating have expanded into a focus on
the hotel experience as a whole. Today the terms 'grading', 'rating', and 'classification' are used to
generally refer to the same concept, that is to categorize hotels.

Star Rating:

Star Rating Criteria according to Star Ratings EUROPE

Properties that typify luxury across all areas of operation. Guests will enjoy an extensive range of
facilities an comprehensive or highly personalised services. Properties at this level will display
excellent design quality and attention to detail.
Properties which achieve a deluxe guest experience. A wide range of facilities and superior design
qualities are typically complemented by service standards that reflect the varied and discerning
needs of the guest.
Properties that deliver a broad range of amenities that exceed above-average accommodation
needs. Good quality service, design and physical attributes are typically fit for purpose to match
guest expectations.
Properties that focus on the needs of price conscious travellers. Services and guest facilities are
typically limited to keep room rates affordable and competitive but may be available upon request or
fee-based.
Properties that offer budget facilities without compromising cleanliness or guest security. Guests
may access fee-based services or facilities upon request.

Half-star ratings (not used alone) indicate modest improvements in the quality and condition of
guest facilities.

Criteria according to Star Ratings DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM

Philippines
Star Rating Corresponding Summary
Points
851–1000 Reflects characteristics of "luxury and sophistication". Facilities are deemed
"world class in every manner" and services are deemed meticulous and
"exceeding all guests' expectations".
701–850 "Up-scale in all areas" and accommodation is "refined and stylish". Service is
deemed responsive, and has an extensive array of facilities.
551–700 Accommodation is deemed "very good". More spacious public areas and higher
quality facilities and a greater variety of services.
401–550 Appeals to tourists looking for more than basic accommodation. Has expanded
facilities and "higher level" of comfort.
251–400 Has limited facilities and services. Appeals to "budget minded" tourists.

0-250 N/A

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FOOD SERVICES
Food services, the industry that provides dining and food to people, usually outside their own home
environment. By this definition, restaurants, buffets, hotel room service, and even a food court in a mall
would qualify, BUT supermarkets would NOT.
A common term applied by marketers to food services is concept, which refers to those food service
elements that, together, address the needs and expectations of costumers.
Among these elements are the following:
 Location. As with real state, food providers must carefully select the right location for the concept they
are trying to achieve. E.g., A restaurant with a view of Niagara Falls would need to have plenty of
space and large windows to achieve an optimum effect for guests. Location dictates the approach.
 Size of facility. Usually, the size of a dining facility is described by the number of seats. Again, location
drives the concept. E.g., A coffee shop near a limited-service hotel will be smaller than a dinner theater
in Branson, Missouri, which can accommodate busloads of tourists.
 Hours of operation. Customer needs dictate when a food service will operate. Luxury or big resort
hotels, for example, are expected to provide 24-hour room service, as are major airport hotels, where
travelers arrive at all hours. On the other hand, a museum cafeteria is open only during that museum’s
operating hours.
 Theme. As with hotels, theming has become a popular path toward food service success. Some
examples are the Rainforest café, which makes you feel as if you’re in a jungle; and Planet Hollywood,
which displays movie memorabilia. Theme restaurants especially rely on tourists for their success
because they are, in effect, destinations unto themselves and are frequently placed at or near tourist
destinations.

Types of Service
1. Table Service. Also known as sit-down service. Usually a greeter seats you, a server takes your order
from a menu, and then food and beverage are delivered to your table. Before leaving, you pay your
server or a cashier. Table-service restaurants can provide anything from an upscale, fine-dining
experience to an extremely casual, budget approach. Virtually every segment of the travel industry uses
traditional table-service restaurants.
2. Banquet table service. This form of service comes in three versions. 1) Everyone is served the same
meal, at the same time. 2) Features several choices, but again, all meals are served at the same time.
Both of these approaches are common at conventions and hotel meetings. 3) Found on many cruise
ships: guests select from a menu and are served at about the same time, at what the cruise business
calls a seating.
3. Cafeteria service. Guests pick up a tray, select their food (which is dished up- either in advance or at
the diner’s request- by service people), place their choices on the tray, pay for their selections at a
cashier, and take the food themselves to a table. In the travel industry, attractions, airports, and theme
parks often use cafeteria.
4. Buffet service. This is very similar to cafeteria service, except that it’s even more self-serve. A critical
difference from cafeteria service is that one price, paid in advance, covers everything (rather than
paying per food items selected)
5. Room service. Guests order meals from a special in-room menu, and the meal is brought to their
guestroom, usually within 30 to 45 minutes. A service charge and perhaps gratuity are, in most cases,
automatically added to the bill, which appear on the guest’ folio and is paid when they check out.
6. Fast-food service. Provide limited menu of food choices. Most fast-food facilities have an open-seating
area. Family or road travelers often use fast-food outlets to save time and money. Occasionally,
escorted tour groups use them too, and these facilities have become popular in airport terminals as well.
7. Fast actual service. Guests order food at a counter, like they do at a fast-food restaurant, but usually
the food is of higher quality and the atmosphere is nicer.
8. Delivery service. Food is prepared and delivered, usually to the costumer’s home. However, hotels
are increasingly using delivery services to provide an alternative to in-house room service.
Limited-service hotels often rely entirely on delivery service because they have no full kitchen on site.
Miscellaneous information:
– Ownership of food outlets is similar to what you find in the lodging industry. The facility may be
independently owned, part of a chain, or franchised. As with hotels, a large company may control
many different food service chains or franchise brands.
– Other segments of food service affect travel and tourism. Food courts, with multiple fast-food outlet
sand common seating can serve shoppers on vacations. Vending machines- providing everything
from snacks and beverages to full-course-dinners- are located at just about every travel venue. Mini

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 -bars in hotel rooms are, in essence, a variation of vending machines. And Airline and rail catering
companies constitutes a huge business.
– Menu planning is an art that requires not only skill and inspiration but also a clear, insightful
understanding of what the typical customer wants in a dining experience.
– Visitors to foreign countries make their dining choices very much according to their comfort level.
Dependables (cautious people) prefer food familiar to their own country, no matter where they are
travelling. Ventures prefer trying the cuisine of the locals wherever they go.
– Entertainment venues and bars that serve drinks to patrons are also technically part of food
services. In fact, they often have limited food menus.
– Food services are critical to a cruise’s success. In fact, many experts categorize cruising as part of
the hospitality industry.

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