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Cells Unit Notes Name:

DO NOT LOSE!

New Area of Focus: What does it mean to be living?

 Organism – Any _______________ thing

 Characteristics of living things

 Made of __ __ __ __ __ __ Elements

SPONCH

25 of the elements are essential for _____.

SPONCH elements are the most ________________
important.

• Percentage of SPONCH elements in living things.

• S. Sulfur Trace
• P. Phosphorus 1.0%
• O. __________ 65.0%
• N. Nitrogen 3.3%
• C. Carbon 18.5%
• H. _____________ 9.56%
• Other (Trace) 3.0%

 Made of ____________.
 Moves.
 Responds to a ______________.
 Uses _____________.
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 Adjusts to ________________.
 Maintains ______________ body conditions.
 Maintains homeo___________.
 Reproduces.
 Grows and _______________.
 Grow-To increase in ________.
 Develop-To change in ___________.
 Adapts to _______________.
 Evolves / Inherits __________ that promote survival.
 Has a life span.

 In Science theory
 Abiogenesis explains the origin of __________.
 ___________________ explains how life changes once it
exists.
 The two are different.

 Needs of Living Things

 Energy – Supplied by the ________ (most of the time)
and stored in food. TINSTAAFL!
 Oxygen – To burn the food in cells. (________________)
 Water – To keep things ________________ in and out of
cells. (Universal Solvent)
 Minerals- For proper chemical ________________.

NEW AREA OF FOCUS: CELLULAR BIOLOGY

 Form Follows Function: Parts of the cell are shaped to

perform a particular _____________.
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
 Cells are the _________________ and
________________units of all living organisms
 Humans have ___-_____ Trillion – Multicellular
 Some Protista have 1 – Uni_____________

 Modern Cell _____________

 -The ________ is basic unit of structure and function
 -Living things are ________ of cells
 -All cells come from _________________ cells.
 -Cells contain ________________ information
 -All cells are similar in __________________
 -Energy ________ of life occurs in cells

 There are two types of cells.

 Pro____________
 Eu_____________

 Prokaryotic cells
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 - No nuclear ___________________
 - Genetic materials is free in _______________
 - No membrane-bound ______________.
 - Most primitive type of cell (appeared about _______
billion years ago)

 Eukaryotic Cells
 - Nuclear membrane ________________ genetic material
 - Numerous membrane-bound ________________
 - Appeared approximately ______ billion years ago
 - __________________ internal structure

ORGANELLES IN A CELL
Aid for Cell City Project
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Protoplasm – All contents of the cell

Cytoplasm
 All areas outside of _______________.
 Area outside of organelles is called ____________.
 Rich chemical fluid that helps breakdown
________________for use.
 Moves materials through cell (food and waste)
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CELL WALL
 Found in __________ and ___________ and Fungi.
 Made of __________________ (permeable)
 __________________ plant

Plasma Membrane

 - Made of a phosphor__________ bilayer

 Phospholipids have two ends, one of which is
hydro__________, or attracted to water, and one of
which is hydro_________, or repelled by water.
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 - The cell membrane is selectively ____________. Some
things can enter some can’t.
 - Cell Membrane controls _________________ (cellular
traffic) in and out the cell.

P_______________ transport - movement of molecules from a

__________ crowded to a _______ crowded area WITHOUT
the use of energy.

Diffusion: Random ___________________of molecules.

 From ______ to _______concentrations
 Molecules are trying to reach ________________.

Osmosis: the movement of water through a __________-

permeable membrane.

 Permeable: Has large holes in it to let _____________pass

through.
 Semi-permeable – Some things can enter
 Impermeable – ___________ can enter

 Hypotonic Solution: A solution that contains _______ solute

(more ____________) compared to the cytoplasm of the cell.
 Water moves _______ the cell to equal out
concentrations. The cell swells
 Hypertonic Solution: Concentration of the cell is
___________ than outside of the cell.
 Water moves ________ of the cell to try to even out the
concentration. Cell Shrinks (Plasmolysis)
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 Isotonic Solution: The cell has an ______________ proportion
of concentration with the area surrounding.
 Water continually __________ in and out to keep
concentration even.

 Active transport –
 - Movement of molecules from a _______ crowded to a
______ crowded area
 -Requires the use of ___________
 - Proteins can do this
 - Also called reverse ____________.

 Endo______________: (Endo - means to bring in) Energy

requiring process where cell engulfs particle.

 Phago_____________: Type of endocytosis. Membrane

surrounds large particles (_________)
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 Pinocytosis: Membrane surrounds a ____________

 Transmembrane Protein Receptor Mediated Endocytosis:

___________ receptors facilitate endocytosis.

 Exocytosis: (Exo - means to take out) Cell _____________

particle. Uses ______________.

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Cellular __________________: A membrane-bound

compartment or structure in a cell that performs a special
___________________.
They… Support, ___________ (make materials),
______________ material, communicate, and transport
materials within the cell.

 The Nucleus
 _______________ organelle in the cell (dark spot)
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 Contains ___________ information (DNA)
 DNA transcription to ______ Translation to Proteins
 Chromosomes / ________________
 Composed of_______
 Thicken for cellular ________________.
 Set number per species.
 Humans have _____ chromosomes (23
pairs).

 Nucleolus
 Round dark spot shape in ___________.
 Only ______________ when cell is not dividing.
 Contains _______ for protein manufacturing.
 Makes ______________ that travel out of nucleus
 Nuclear Membrane
 Surrounds ____________.
 Composed of ___________ layers
 Numerous _______________ for nuclear traffic.
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Rough ____________________ reticulum (E.R. for short)

 - Maze-like network fused to nuclear membrane.
 - Goes from nucleus to cell _______________.
 - Stores, separates, and serves as cell's ____________
system
 - Ribosomes attach to and make ___________.
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Rough E.R. Smooth E.R.

Smooth E.R.
 - Makes __________(fats) and ____________.
 - Regulates ______________ production.
 - Synthesizes sugars “Gluconeogenesis”
 - Detoxifies ____________
 -Stores important________________
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Ribosomes
 - Each cell contains _________________
 - Amino Acids: The building blocks of proteins. 20
variations
 - Composes _______% of cell's mass
 - Most are embedded in
_____________________________________. Some free
in cytoplasm.
 - Site of Protein ________________
 - Mini protein making factories
 - Proteins (ONCH) are very important to our cells and
body.
 - DNA makes __________, RNA has information to
make ________________.
 - Ribosomes and mRNA

Protein Synthesis: The process in which the _____________

code carried by messenger RNA directs cellular organelles
called ribosomes to produce ________________ from amino
acids.
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Proteins Synthesis Animation
 To make proteins
 R_________________ are units that help read RNA
 RNA is the information code that tells the type of proteins
to be made.
 Protein synthesis is the process of making

Golgi Apparatus
 _________________ packaging plant and other
macromolecules.
 Sends _____________________ of macromolecules to
destination in cell.
 Composed of numerous layers forming a ______.
 Enzymes and contents of ________________________
are made here.

Lysosomes
 Has Digestive ___________ / enzymes in a sac
 Digestive organelle, ________________ old cell parts.
 ___________________down proteins, lipids, and
carbohydrates, and bacteria.
 _____________________ undigested material to cell
membrane for removal.
 Cell breaks down if lysosome _________________
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Cytoskeleton, microtubules, microfilaments

 Composed of ___________________
 ______________ cell and provides shape
 Aids __________________ of materials in and out of
cells
 Flagellum is made of microtubules

Centrioles
 Look like ___________ nuggets (Paired)
 Made of ______ tubes
 Aid in cell division (_____________)

Plastids (AKA Chloroplast)

 Organelle in _______________
 Contain the _____________ pigment chlorophyll
 Has stacks called Thyla_________
 Do photosynthesis (Make the ___________)
 Has its own unique _______.


Photosynthesis – Plants make___________ from sunlight. Light

energy is turned into ___________ energy (sugars – carbon based).

6CO2 + 6_____ + light energy = C6H12O6 + 6_____

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Photosynthesis
 Produces ________________ from energy.
 Occurs only in cells with ______________.
 _______________ is produced.
 ________________is used.
 ______________dioxide is used.
 Occurs in ___________.

Mitochondria
 Large organelle that makes __________ for the cell.
(ATP)
 Has folds (surface area) called _____________
 _____ membranes
 Recycles ___________, produces urea
 Has its own _________. Reproduce independently from
cell.
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Cellular Respiration: Processes whereby certain organisms obtain

____________ from organic molecules.

Cellular Respiration
 C6H12O6 + 6____ = 6CO2 + 6_____ + released energy.

Respiration
 Burns ___________for energy.
 Energy is released.
 Occurs in most cells.
 ____________ is used.
 _____________ is produced.
 _____________dioxide produced.
 Occurs in ________ and light.
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The carbon dioxide oxygen ______________.

 Plant uses carbon dioxide and produces ____________
(photosynthesis).
 Animal uses oxygen and produces
__________________________ (respiration).

 Vacuoles
 Membrane-bound sacs for _________, digestion, and
waste removal
 Very __________ in plant cell
 Create _______________pressure in plants
 Contains food and _____________ solution
 Contractile vacuoles for water removal (in unicellular
organisms) + locomotion.
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SAVE THESE NOTES FOR THE HOMEWORK WHICH IS

DUE SHORTLY!
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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