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Cells Unit Notes Name:

DO NOT LOSE!

New Area of Focus: What does it mean to be living?

 Organism – Any living thing

 Characteristics of living things

 Made of SPONCH Elements

SPONCH

25 of the elements are essential for life.

SPONCH elements are the most biologically important.
• Percentage of SPONCH elements in living things.

• S. Sulfur Trace
• P. Phosphorus 1.0%
• O. Oxygen 65.0%
• N. Nitrogen 3.3%
• C. Carbon 18.5%
• H. Hydrogen 9.56%
• Other (Trace) 3.0%

 Made of cells.
 Moves.
 Responds to a stimulus.
 Uses Energy.
 Adjusts to Changes.
 Maintains steady body conditions.
 Maintains homeostasis.
 Reproduces.
 Grows and Develops.
 Grow-To increase in size.
 Develop-To change in ability.
 Adapts to Change.
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 Evolves / Inherits traits that promote survival.
 Has a life span.
 In Science theory
 Abiogenesis explains the origin of life.
 Evolution explains how life changes once it exists.
 The two are different.

 Needs of Living Things

 Energy – Supplied by the sun (most of the time) and stored in food.
TINSTAAFL!
 Oxygen – To burn the food in cells. (Respiration)
 Water – To keep things moving in and out of cells. (Universal Solvent)
 Minerals- For proper chemical balance.

NEW AREA OF FOCUS: CELLULAR BIOLOGY

 Form Follows Function: Parts of the cell are shaped to perform a particular
job.

 Cells are the structural and functional units of all living organisms
 Humans have 50-75 Trillion – Multicellular
 Some Protista have 1 – Unicellular
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 Modern Cell Theory
 -The cell is basic unit of structure and function
 -Living things are made of cells
 -All cells come from pre-existing cells.
 -Cells contain genetic information
 -All cells are similar in composition
 -Energy flow of life occurs in cells

 There are two types of cells.

 Prokaryotic
 Eukaryotic

 Prokaryotic cells
 - No nuclear membrane
 - Genetic materials is free in cytoplasm
 - No membrane-bound organelles
 - Most primitive type of cell (appeared about 3.8 billion years ago)

 Eukaryotic Cells
 - Nuclear membrane surrounding genetic material
 - Numerous membrane-bound organelles
 - Appeared approximately one billion years ago
 - Complex internal structure

ORGANELLES IN A CELL
Aid for Cell City Project
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Protoplasm – All contents of the cell

Cytoplasm
 All areas outside of nucleus.
 Area outside of organelles is called cytosol.
 Rich chemical fluid that helps breakdown molecules for use.
 Moves materials through cell (food and waste)
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CELL WALL
 Found in plants and bacteria
 Made of cellulose (permeable)
 Supports plant

Plasma Membrane

 - Made of a phospholipid bilayer

 Phospholipids have two ends, one of which is hydrophilic, or
attracted to water, and one of which is hydrophobic, or repelled by
water.

 - The cell membrane is selectively permeable. Some things can enter

some can’t.
 - Cell Membrane controls movement (cellular traffic) in and out the cell.
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Passive transport - movement of molecules from a more crowded to a less

crowded area WITHOUT the use of energy.
Diffusion: Random movement of molecules.
 From high to low concentrations
 Molecules are trying to reach equilibrium.

Osmosis: the movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane.

 Permeable: Has large holes in it to let molecules pass through.

 Semi-permeable – Some things can enter
 Impermeable – Nothing can enter

 Hypotonic Solution: A solution that contains less solute (more water)

compared to the cytoplasm of the cell.
 Water moves into the cell to equal out concentrations. The cell swells
 Hypertonic Solution: Concentration of the cell is less than outside of the cell.
 Water moves out of the cell to try to even out the concentration. Cell
Shrinks (Plasmolysis)
 Isotonic Solution: The cell has a equal proportion of concentration with the
area surrounding.
 Water continually flows in and out to keep concentration even.

 Active transport –
 - Movement of molecules from a less crowded to a more crowded area
 -Requires the use of energy
 - Proteins can do this
 - Also called reverse osmosis

 Endocytosis: (Endo - means to bring in) Energy requiring process where

cell engulfs particle.
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 Phagocytosis: Type of endocytosis. Membrane surrounds large particles

(solids)
 Pinocytosis: Membrane surrounds a liquid

 Transmembrane Protein Receptor Mediated Endocytosis: Proteins

receptors facilitate endocytosis.

 Exocytosis: (Exo - means to take out) Cell releases particle. Uses energy.

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Cellular Organelles: A membrane-bound compartment or structure in a cell

that performs a special function.
They… Support, manufacture (make materials), Breakdown material,
communicate, and transport materials within the cell.

 The Nucleus
 Largest organelle in the cell (dark spot)
 Contains genetic information (DNA)
 DNA transcription to RNA Translation to Proteins
 Chromosomes / Chromatin
 Composed of DNA
 Thicken for cellular division.
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 Set number per species.
 Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).

 Nucleolus
 Round dark spot shape in nucleus.
 Only visible when cell is not dividing.
 Contains RNA for protein manufacturing.
 Makes ribosomes that travel out of nucleus
 Nuclear Membrane
 Surrounds nucleus.
 Composed of two layers
 Numerous openings for nuclear traffic.

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Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (E.R. for short)

 - Maze-like network fused to nuclear membrane.
 - Goes from nucleus to cell membrane.
 - Stores, separates, and serves as cell's transport system
 - Ribosomes attach to and make proteins.

Rough E.R. Smooth E.R.

Smooth E.R.
 - Makes lipids (fats) and steroids.
 - Regulates Calcium production.
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 - Synthesizes sugars “Gluconeogenesis”
 - Detoxifies drugs
 -Stores important enzymes

Ribosomes
 - Each cell contains thousands
 - Amino Acids: The building blocks of proteins. 20 variations
 - Composes 25% of cell's mass
 - Most are embedded in rough endoplasmic reticulum. Some free in
cytoplasm.
 - Site of Protein Synthesis
 - Mini protein making factories
 - Proteins (ONCH) are very important to our cells and body.
 - DNA makes RNA, RNA has information to make proteins.
 - Ribosomes and mRNA

Protein Synthesis: The process in which the genetic code carried by messenger
RNA directs cellular organelles called ribosomes to produce proteins from amino
acids.

Proteins Synthesis Animation

 To make proteins
 Ribosomes are units that help read RNA
 RNA is the information code that tells the type of proteins to be made.
 Protein synthesis is the process of making
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Golgi Apparatus
 Protein packaging plant and other macromolecules.
 Sends vesicles of macromolecules to destination in cell.
 Composed of numerous layers forming a sac.
 Enzymes and contents of lysosomes are made here.

Lysosomes
 Has Digestive acids / enzymes in a sac
 Digestive organelle, recycles old cell parts.
 Breaks down proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, and bacteria.
 Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal.
 Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes

Cytoskeleton, microtubules, microfilaments

 Composed of microtubules
 Supports cell and provides shape
 Aids movement of materials in and out of cells
 Flagellum is made of microtubules

Centrioles
 Look like golden nuggets (Paired)
 Made of nine tubes
 Aid in cell division (Mitosis)

Plastids (AKA Chloroplast)

 Organelle in plants
 Contain the green pigment chlorophyll
 Has stacks called Thylakoids
 Do photosynthesis (Make the sugar)
 Has it’s own unique DNA.
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

Photosynthesis – Plants make sugar from sunlight. Light energy is turned into
chemical energy (sugars – carbon based).
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2

Photosynthesis
 Produces sugars from energy.
 Occurs only in cells with chloroplasts.
 Oxygen is produced.
 Water is used.
 Carbon dioxide is used.
 Occurs in light.

Mitochondria
 Large organelle that makes energy for the cell. (ATP)
 Has folds (surface area) called cristae
 Two membranes
 Recycles wastes, produces urea
 Has its own DNA. Reproduce independently from cell.
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Cellular Respiration: Processes whereby certain organisms obtain energy from

organic molecules.

Cellular Respiration
 C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + released energy.

Respiration
 Burns sugars for energy.
 Energy is released.
 Occurs in most cells.
 Oxygen is used.
 Water is produced.
 Carbon dioxide produced.
 Occurs in dark and light.

The carbon dioxide oxygen balance.

 Plant uses carbon dioxide and produces oxygen (photosynthesis).
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 Animal uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide (respiration).

 Vacuoles
 Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal
 Very large in plant cell
 Create turgid pressure in plants
 Contains food and water solution
 Contractile vacuoles for water removal (in unicellular organisms) +
locomotion.
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S
AVE THESE NOTES FOR THE HOMEWORK WHICH IS DUE SHORTLY!
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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