CHAPTER THREE

Personality

P ersonality is generally defined as enduring patterns of

perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and
oneself. We generally react to and deal with the world and those
around us in a consistent and unique manner. As distinct as each of
us is in our physical features, we are equally unique in our
personalities.

Character traits
Personality traits are prominent aspects of personality that are
exhibited in a wide range of social contexts. They are characteristic
ways in which the person interacts with the world. These traits make
up our personality.
Research within psychology has only recently confirmed what
Allah, the All-Compassionate, All-Merciful revealed to us in the
Qur'an. There is evidence to indicate that each of us is born with a
distinct, unique temperament, which influences many aspects of our
developing personality. Temperament is seen as: ªRelatively
consistent, basic dispositions inherent in the person that underlie and
modulate the expression of activity, reactivity, emotionality, and
98 Character traits

1
sociability.'' It has its origins in the genetic codes that guide the
development of the brain, and elements of it are apparent from birth.
Within a few months after birth, temperamental individuality is
clearly established. This character then influences a person's
reactions to, and interactions with, the environment. The
environment may have an impact upon the personality as well.

Allah indicates this natural, inherent characteristic of humans in

this verse:

{He [Moses] said: Our Lord is He who gave each thing its form and
then guided [it].} (Qur'an 20: 50)

Although the word `form' may refer to those aspects that are
common to humans, it also applies to traits that differ from one
individual to the next. This adds to the diversity in experience and is
part of Allah's plan in creation. For example, some people may be
more extroverted, preferring social connections, while others may be
more introverted or reserved.

While certain aspects of personality are genetic, experience and

H
the choices that we make also shape who we are. As mentioned
earlier, Allah ( ) created humans with the potential for both good
and evil. The test for every human being is to choose which of these

H
characteristics we will support and develop, and which we will
2
attempt to control or eliminate. Allah ( ) says:

{And [by] the soul and He who proportioned it, and inspired it [with
discernment of] its wickedness and its righteousness. He has
succeeded who purifies it, and he has failed who instils it [with
corruption].} (Qur'an 91: 7-10)

1
Eder, R. A. & Mangelsdorf, S. C., 1997, Basis of Early Personality
Development: Implications for the Emergent Self-Concept, in Hogan, R.,
Johnson, J. A., & Briggs, S. R. (Eds.), Handbook of Personality Psychology,
San Diego, CA: Academic Press, p. 210.
2
Zarabozo, 2002, p. 60.
 Personality 99

The choices that we make will be reflected in our behaviour,

thoughts, and emotions.
This verse suggests that it is possible for the personality of an
individual to be changed or adapted, preferably towards the path of
goodness. Human beings are not simply `victims' of genes or
environment, but instead are freely acting agents who can choose to
develop our full potential. We cannot use the excuses of genetics or
environment to avoid responsibility and accountability. If, for
example, a man claims to have been born with a tendency to be
aggressive just like his father, he cannot expect this innate tendency
to exonerate him and prevent him from being held accountable for his
H
own bad behaviour. This is a test from Allah ( ), and He has
provided him with the tools to be successful in the test. Allah is also
merciful and understands the challenges faced by each and every
human being; He will take those factors into consideration when
passing judgment.
The stories of many of the Companions of the Prophet ( ) |
highlight this important point. These Companions were individuals
who disbelieved, followed their own desires, and engaged in sins, but
they changed to become men and women with lofty aspirations and
righteous behaviour. Their main objective shifted from a focus on
H
S
this world to the worship of Allah ( ), and this was reflected in their
behaviour and attitudes. `Umar ibn al-Khat.t.aÃb ( ), for one, went
from being a man who was strongly against Islam and the Prophet
|
( ), to one of the most righteous and just members of the Muslim
community, and one who was much loved by the Prophet ( ) |
himself.

The personality of the believer

The true believers have a distinct personality with a particular
way of thinking about, and relating to, the world that is different from
100 The personality of the believer

that of other people. In addition to having their own unique

personality traits, they follow the guidance of Allah in all areas of

|
life, and they work on developing noble and virtuous characteristics.

Allah's Messenger ( ) said in the following hadiths: «The most

perfect man in his faith, among the believers, is the one with the best

à wood)
behaviour.» (a sound hadith recorded by Abu Da

«Nothing is weightier on the scale of deeds than one's good

manners.» (recorded by Bukhari)

«The Prophet ( | ) asked: Would you like me to tell you which

one of you I love the most and who will be closest to me on the Day

of Judgment? The Companions fell silent, and the Prophet repeated

his question two or three times until they said: Yes, O Prophet, tell us.

He said: The ones among you with the best manners.» (recorded by

Bukhari)

According to these hadiths, the nature of Muslims is to be very

concerned about performing good deeds and acquiring virtues. They

never tire of attempting to perfect themselves; they continue to

struggle until the end of their lives. One of the best of the virtues is

learning and teaching religious knowledge, because it is this

knowledge that enables people to distinguish between good and evil.

The Prophet Muhammad ( | ) exemplified virtuous character

H
traits, and he is our model for personality development and self-

actualization. Allah ( ) mentions his character in the Qur'an:

{And indeed, you are of a great moral character.} (Qur'an 68: 4)

The Prophet |
( ) said: «Indeed, I was sent to perfect (or

complete) noble (traits of) character.» (recorded by Bukhari)

The Prophet ( | ) directed us to the path of purification of the

H
soul and the path of moderation and balance. Since these paths lead

us to fulfil the natural inclination to worship Allah ( ), there will be

no distress or conflict in our personality. Sound mental and emotional

health can also be attained by restraining the negative attributes of the

self, such as jealousy, greed, anger, and so forth.

 Personality 101

Positive character traits

As the believers submit their souls to Allah (H) and direct
themselves to the straight path, they attempt to engage in virtuous
behaviours. Over time, the virtuous behaviours become habitual and
enter into their behavioural repertoire; they become part of their
personality, as Al-Jaza'iry mentions:
When these traits result in the desire for virtue and the truth, love
of good deeds, longing to perform charitable deeds, and being
pleased with good things, being displeased with disgraceful
things, and when this is the basic source of motivation to
habitually do good deeds, then this is called `good character'.3
There are many positive character traits, and these are discussed
in more detail in other sources.4 Some of the traits that the believers
strive to develop include kindness, mercy, truthfulness, humility,
patience and justice.
Kindness, compassion and mercy
Kindness and compassion are fundamental character traits
whose absence in an individual may lead to various sorts of evil. This
kindness must extend to everyone and everything with whom the
individual interacts, including spouses, children, relatives, animals,
the environment, and society as a whole. The significance of
kindness is mentioned in several hadiths. The Prophet (|) said:
«Kindness is not found in anything but that it adds to its beauty, and it
is not withdrawn from anything but it makes it defective.» (recorded
by Muslim)

3 al-Jaza'iry, A. B. J., 2001, Minhaj al-Muslim, Riyadh: Darussalam, Vol. 1, p.

287.
4 See for example al-Hashimi, The Ideal Muslim and The Ideal Muslimah
(Riyadh: International Islamic Publishing House).
102 Positive character traits

|
The Prophet ( ) said: «Allah is kind and loves kindness. He
rewards kindness with what he does not give for other good deeds.»
(recorded by Muslim)
|
The Messenger of Allah ( ) said: «He who is deprived of
kindness is in fact deprived of everything that is good.» (recorded by
Muslim)

Truthfulness and honesty

Islam is the religion of truth, and one of the noble characteristics
H
of its followers is honesty and truthfulness. Allah ( ) says:
{And the one [the Prophet] who has brought the truth and [they who]
believed in it Ð those are the righteous.} (Qur'an 39: 33)

|
The Messenger of Allah ( ) said: «Truthfulness leads to
righteousness, and righteousness leads to paradise. A man keeps on
telling the truth until he becomes a truthful person. Falsehood leads to
wickedness, and wickedness leads to the fire, and a man will keep on
telling lies until he is written as a liar before Allah.» (recorded by
Muslim)
Truthfulness is manifested in several ways:5
1. Truthful speech: whenever the believers speak, they ensure
that they are speaking the truth
2. Truthfulness in dealings and transactions: the believers are
honest in dealing with others by avoiding cheating, forgery,
or any form of deception
3. Fulfilling promises: being true to one's promises is a sign of
truthfulness
4. Avoiding false impressions: avoiding displaying on the
outside what is not reality on the inside.

5
al-Jaza'iry, 2001, pp. 330-331.
 Personality 103

Humility
Humility is one of the noblest virtues for people to develop, but
it is also one of the most challenging. Allah (H) praises His servants
who are humble:
{...Allah will bring forth [in place of them] a people He will love and
who will love Him, [who are] humble towards the believers, stern
against the disbelievers; they strive in the cause of Allah and do not
fear the blame of a critic...} (Qur'an 5: 54)

The Prophet (|) said: «Allah has revealed to me that you should
be humble to one another. One should neither boast above another
nor transgress against another.» (recorded by Muslim)
He (|) also said: «Charity does not decrease wealth. If one
forgives, Allah increases his honour, and if one humbles himself
before Allah, Allah raises him in status.» (recorded by Muslim)
S
`Umar ibn al-Khat.t.aÃb ( ) was well-known for his humility,
and there are several stories from his life that reflect this. H.asan al-
Bas.ri said:
`Umar went out on a hot day, holding his cloak over his head. A
young man passed by on a donkey, and he said: O young man,
let me ride with you. The young man got off the donkey and
said: Ride, O Commander of the Faithful. He (`Umar) said: No;
you ride, and I will ride behind you. Do you want me to have the
more comfortable place (in the front) while you ride in the less
comfortable place (at the back)? So he rode behind the young
man, and he entered Madinah riding behind him, with the people
looking on.6
It was narrated that `Urwah ibn az-Zubayr (may Allah be pleased
with them) said:
6 SallaÃbi, A. M., 2007, `Umar ibn al-Khat.t.aÃb: His Life and Times, Riyadh:
International Islamic Publishing House, p. 241.
104 Positive character traits

à b carrying a vessel of water on his

I saw `Umar ibn al-Khat.t.a
shoulder, and I said: O Commander of the Faithful, you should not
have to do this. He said: When the delegations came to me listening
7
and obeying, I felt a little proud, and I wanted to put a stop to that.

Patience
Patience is one of the most important characteristics for the
Muslim to develop, and it is one of the greatest lessons in life.

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Patience is actually mentioned more than ninety times in the Qur'an.
Allah ( ) says:

{And seek help through patience and prayer, and indeed, it is difficult
except for the humbly submissive [to Allah], who are certain that
they will meet their Lord and that they will return to Him.}
(Qur'an 2: 45-46)

{And be patient [O Muhammad], and your patience is not but

through Allah...} (Qur'an 16: 127)

Patience means to restrain oneself from what is harmful, and to

8
endure what one dislikes with a sense of acceptance and submission.

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To restrain oneself from that which is harmful means to avoid
approaching any acts of disobedience to Allah ( ). If Muslims
experience suffering, they endure it patiently and respond to evil with

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only that which is good. They pardon and forgive those who caused

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harm, remembering the rewards that Allah ( ) has promised. Allah
( ) says:

{Say: O My servants who have believed, fear your Lord. For those
who do good in this world is good, and the earth of Allah is spacious.
Indeed, the patient will be given their reward without account
[limit].} (Qur'an 39: 10)

7
Ibid., p. 242.
8
al-Jaza'iry, 2001, p. 292.
 Personality 105

|
The Prophet Muhammad ( ) modelled forgiveness and
patience with those who harmed him. He humbled himself, even
during adversity and when people mocked him. He ( ) said: |
«Charity does not decrease wealth. If one forgives, Allah increases
his honour, and if one humbles himself before Allah, Allah raises him
in status.» (recorded by Muslim)
|
Allah's Messenger ( ) said: «Whoever refrains from asking,
Allah will grant him independence; whosoever seeks self-
sufficiency, Allah will make him self-sufficient. Whoever tries to be
patient, Allah will give him patience; and no one is granted a gift
better and more comprehensive than patience.» (recorded by
Bukhari)
Throughout their lifetimes, the believers are either in a condition
|
of gratitude or a state of patience. The Prophet ( ) said: «How
wonderful is the affair of the believer. All of his affairs are good,
unlike anyone else. When he experiences a joyful occasion, he is
grateful; and it will be good for him. If he suffers misfortune and
endures it patiently, then it will also be good for him.» (recorded by
Muslim)

Justice

Justice means to be fair and equitable and to avoid

discrimination, unequal treatment and oppression. Justice is
indispensable for individuals as well as for society. It results in
individual contentment and subsequent healthy functioning of the
society.
{Indeed, Allah orders justice and good conduct and giving to
relatives, and forbids immorality and bad conduct and oppression...}
(Qur'an 16: 90)

When justice is absent, people become disgruntled and may act

to obtain their due rights, sometimes resorting to violence.
106 Positive character traits

There are various categories of justice:9

H
1. Justice with Allah ( ): by worshipping Him alone with no
partners, and by obeying His commands
2. Justice in judgments between people: by giving every person
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what is rightfully due to them. Allah ( ) commands that
justice be employed when settling disputes between
believing men and women: {And if it returns, then make
settlement between them in justice and act justly. Indeed,
Allah loves those who act justly.} (Qur'an 49: 9)
3. Justice among wives and children: by not giving one
preference over another
4. Justice in speech: by not testifying falsely or lying
5. Justice in belief: by not believing other than the truth.

S
The effect of justice upon society is illustrated in this story about
`Umar ibn al-Khat.t.aÃb ( ):
It is reported to have been said that once Caesar sent a messenger
to `Umar ibn al-Khat.t.aÃb to monitor his activities and situation.
When his envoy entered Al-Madinah, he started searching for
`Umar and asked, `Where is your king?' They replied, `We do not
have any king but an honored Amir. He went outside of Al-
Madinah.' So he went looking for him and discovered him
sleeping on the sand using his stick as a pillow. This was a small
staff, which he always carried with him, and he used it to stop
others when they were doing evil. When he saw him sleeping like
that, he sensed humility in his heart and said to himself, `This is
the man whom all the kings are worried about, yet look at his
condition. O `Umar, you have been just so you can sleep. While
our king is a tyrant, so there he stays up the whole night in fear.'10

9
Ibid., 2001, pp. 311-312
10
Ibid., 2001, p. 313.
 Personality 107

Positive psychology
An interesting development in contemporary secular
psychology has been the emergence of a new field called
`positive psychology.' This is defined as the scientific study of
optimal human functioning, with the primary goal of discovering and
promoting strengths and virtues that enable individuals and
communities to thrive.11 In their introduction to this field, the
founders describe positive psychology:
A science of positive subjective experience, positive individual
traits, and positive institutions promises to improve quality of
life and prevent the pathologies that arise when life is barren and
meaningless. The exclusive focus on pathology that has
dominated so much of our discipline results in a model of the
human being lacking the positive features that make life worth
living. Hope, wisdom, creativity, future mindedness, courage,
spirituality, responsibility, and perseverance are ignored or
explained as transformations of more authentic negative
impulses. The authors... predict that the next century will see a
science and profession that will come to understand and build
the factors that allow individuals, communities, and societies to
flourish.12
The table below lists some of the strengths of human beings that
the theorists originally developed as goals for human development
and clinical intervention.

11 Myers, 2007, p. 628.

12 Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M., 2000, Positive psychology: An
introduction, American Psychologist 55(1).
108 List of human strengths

List of human strengths13

Strengths of cognition:
1. Curiosity/interest
2. Love of learning/knowledge
3. Rationality/judgment
4. Originality/ingenuity
5. Personal intelligence/emotional intelligence/social
intelligence
Strengths of emotion:
6. Appreciation of beauty and excellence/awe/wonder/
gratitude
7. Hope/optimism/future-mindedness/planning
8. Love of life/zest
Strengths of will:
9. Courage/integrity
10. Industry/ perseverance
Relational and civic strengths:
11. Kindness/generosity/care/nurturance
12. Responsibility/justice/tolerance
13. Humour/playfulness
14. Capacity to love and to be loved
15. Citizenship/duty/loyalty/teamwork
16. Humane leadership

13
Seligman, M.E.P., 2000, `Positive Clinical Psychology', in L.G., Aspinwall
& U.M., Staudinger (Eds.), A Psychology of Human Strengths: Perspectives on
an Emerging Field, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
 Personality 109

Strengths of coherence:
17. Honesty/authenticity
18. Integration/balance/temperance
19. Self-control/self-regulation
20. Wisdom/prudence
21. Spirituality/sense of purpose/faith/religiousness.
A review of this list will lead one to conclude that Islam was the
first to propose a theory of `positive psychology,' since many of
these are the same positive personality or character traits that are
encouraged from an Islamic perspective. The main distinction
between the scientific approach and the Islamic one is that in Islam,
one attempts to develop these traits for the sake and pleasure of Allah
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( ), while the main goal in the scientific approach is to improve
one's existence and experience in this life.

Negative character traits

There are many negative character traits, many of which are the
opposite of the positive characteristics. These might include
oppression, envy, greed, pride, conceit, and so forth. Only arrogance
and showing off are presented here, due to their serious nature.

Arrogance
The opposite of humility (discussed above in positive traits) is
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arrogance. Allah ( ) warned us against arrogance, saying:
{And do not walk upon the earth exultantly [with conceit and
arrogance]. Indeed, you will never tear the earth [apart], and you will
never reach the mountains in height.} (Qur'an 17: 37)

These verses indicate that we have no right to be arrogant

because we are minute and weak creatures in comparison to the
110 Negative character traits

majesty of the rest of Allah's creation. Arrogance was actually the

downfall of Satan; he thought that he was better than Adam ( ). X
The Prophet (|) said: «There are three people whom Allah will
not speak to on the Day of Resurrection, nor will He sanctify them,
nor look at them, and they will have a grievous penalty. These are: an
old man who commits illegal sexual acts, a ruler who lies, and an
arrogant poor person.» (recorded by Muslim)
The Messenger of Allah (|) said: «Shall I not inform you about
the inmates of hell? It is every violent, impertinent and arrogant
person.» (recorded by Bukhari and Muslim)
The Prophet (|) also said: «Glory is His (Allah's) lower
garment, and pride is the upper one, and (Allah says): He who
contends with Me in regard to them, I shall torment him.» (recorded
by Muslim)
Showing off (riyaÃ')
RiyaÃ' means showing off by performing deeds in order to gain
recognition or attention from others. The deeds may be considered to
be acts of obedience, but due to the distorted intention of the
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individual, they will not be accepted by Allah ( ). RiyaÃ' involves a
level of hypocrisy and is considered to be a minor form of shirk
H
.

Allah ( ) says:
{So woe to those who pray, [but] who are heedless of their prayer Ð
those who make show [of their deeds] and withhold [simple]
assistance.} (Qur'an 107: 4-7)

The Messenger of Allah (|) warned people of this minor shirk.

He said: «The thing I fear most for you is the lesser shirk. They
(Companions) asked: O Messenger of Allah! What is the lesser
shirk? He said: Showing off. On the Day of Judgment, when
rewarding people for their deeds, Allah the Exalted and Glorious will
say to the hypocrites: Go to those for the sake of whom you
 Personality 111

performed your good deeds, and see if you can get any reward from
them.» (a sound hadith recorded by Ah.mad)
|
Regarding showing off, the Prophet ( ) said: «He who lets
people hear of his good deeds intentionally to win their praise, Allah
will let people know his real intention (on the Day of Resurrection),
and he who does good things in public to show off and win the praise
of the people, Allah will disclose his real intention (and humiliate
him).» (recorded by Muslim)
|
Similarly, the Prophet ( ) also said: «The first person to be
judged on the Day of Resurrection will be a man who was martyred.
He will be brought forth, and Allah will remind him of His blessings,
and he will recognize them. Then he will be asked: What did you do
with them? He will say: I fought for Your sake until I was martyred.
Allah will say: You have lied. You only fought so that people would
say: He is courageous, and they did say it. Then He will order that he
be dragged on his face and thrown into the fire. Then there will be a
man who studied much, taught others, and recited Qur'an. He will be
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brought forth, and Allah ( ) will remind him of His blessings, and
he will recognize them. Then he will be asked: What did you do with
them? He will say: I studied much, taught others, and recited Qur'an
for Your sake. Allah will say: You have lied. You studied so that
people would say: He is a scholar, and you recited Qur'an so that they
would say: He is a reciter Ð and they did say it. Then He will order
that he be dragged on his face and thrown into the fire. Then there
will be a man to whom Allah gave all types of wealth in abundance.
He will be brought forth, and Allah will remind him of His blessings,
and he will recognize them. Then he will be asked: What did you do
with them? He will say: I have never seen any way in which You
would like money to be spent for Your sake without spending it.
Allah will say: You have lied. You did that so people would say: He
is generous, and they did say it. Then He will order that he be dragged
on his face and thrown into the fire.» (recorded by Muslim)
112 Personality of the hypocrites

The signs of riyaÃ' include the following:

1. Increasing acts of obedience when praised or admired for
them, and decreasing or abandoning them following
criticism or blame
2. Being enthusiastic about performing acts of worship when in
the presence of other people, but being lazy and forgetful
when alone.14

Personality of the hypocrites

The hypocrites are a special category of people, who are
H
described by Allah ( ) in the Qur'an. At the beginning of Soorat al-
Baqarah, Allah describes the believers, the disbelievers, and then the
hypocrites. He says:
{And of the people are some who say: We believe in Allah and the
last day, but they are not believers. They [think to] deceive Allah and
those who believe, but they deceive not except themselves, and
perceive [it] not. In their hearts is disease, so Allah has increased their
disease, and for them is a painful punishment because they
[habitually] used to lie. And when it is said to them: Do not cause
corruption on the earth, they say: We are but reformers.
Unquestionably, it is they who are the corrupters, but they perceive
[it] not. And when it is said to them: Believe as the people have
believed, they say: Should we believe as the foolish have believed?
Unquestionably, it is they who are the foolish, but they know [it] not.
And when they meet those who believe, they say: We believe; but
when they are along with their evil ones, they say: Indeed, we are
with you; we were only mockers. [But] Allah mocks them and
prolongs them in their transgression [while] they wander blindly.
Those are the ones who have purchased error [in exchange] for

14
al-Jaza'iry, 2001, p. 354.
 Personality 113

guidance, so their transaction has brought no profit, nor were they

guided.} (Qur'an 2: 8-16)

They are also described in Soorat al-MunaÃfiqoon (the

Hypocrites), in the following manner:
{When the hypocrites come to you, [O Muhammad], they say: We
testify that you are the Messenger of Allah. And Allah knows that
you are His Messenger, and Allah testifies that the hypocrites are
liars. They have taken their oaths as a cover, so they averted [people]
from the way of Allah. Indeed, it was evil what they were doing. That
is because they believed, and then they disbelieved; so their hearts
were sealed over, and they do not understand. And when you see
them, their forms please you, and if they speak, you listen to their
speech. [They are] as if they were pieces of wood propped up Ð they
think that every shout is against them. They are the enemy, so beware
of them. May Allah destroy them; how are they deluded?}
(Qur'an 63: 1-4)

These verses highlight some of the specific and unique

characteristics of the hypocrites. The main characteristic is that they
demonstrate belief outwardly while hiding their disbelief. The Arabic
term for hypocrisy, nifaÃq, means showing conformity or agreement
with something, while concealing incredulity and evil.15 When they
meet the believers, they claim that they believe in Allah and the last
day, but they are lying, because this is not what they really believe.16
They utter it with their tongues but defy it with their hearts and deeds.
Their hearts are diseased with doubt.
The hypocrites engage in mischief on the earth, such as
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disobeying Allah ( ), abandoning what He has made obligatory,
and committing prohibited acts. They also assist the disbelievers

15
Ibn Kathir, 2000, Tafsir ibn Kathir (Abridged), Riyadh: Darussalam, Vol. 1,
p. 126.
16
Ibid., p. 126.
114 Personality of the hypocrites

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against the friends of Allah ( ) by giving the disbelievers their
support and loyalty. The main mischief of the hypocrites is that they
confuse the believers by their outward appearance and behaviour,
thus misleading and deceiving them. This is why their evil is worse
17
than that of the disbelievers, who do not pretend.
The main personality characteristics of the hypocrites are lying,
|
breaking promises, and treachery. Muhammad ( ) said: «The signs
of a hypocrite are three: when he speaks, he lies; when he promises,
he breaks it; and when he is entrusted with something, he proves
treacherous.» (recorded by Bukhari and Muslim)
Those who have faith may also have some features of hypocrisy.
|
The Prophet ( ) said: «There are four (qualities), whoever has them
is a hypocrite, and whoever has a characteristic of these four
possesses a characteristic of hypocrisy until he leaves it: when he
speaks, he lies; when he promises, he breaks it; when he makes a
covenant, he proves treacherous; and when he argues, he behaves in
an imprudent and uncouth manner.» (recorded by Bukhari and
Muslim)
The believers always try to purify their personalities from any
form of hypocrisy.

17
Ibid., pp. 132-133.