UNIT ETHICS AND ] — MORALPERSON cxavrin J Ethie: Basie Conceps Wa cen real ena nah ee a thes we d ae bound so afi ues ad cr peopl ser pose 0 pny, We nevi fe chines ht ay beet rahe people Our ans Inn promote de elite of eher peopl as hey ny iinge onthe sod Soles dni reone af ur cohen or aother ha xpsienal ing about wha she molly sigh thing odo or more ener show wh things hold be vale Some of ut ‘oa quests maybe sigforerdy pat (Should we eke away = rchelcp {pov loon an undpivgednt dae of grade the incu? ee eght {nes fied en pe him om a cern i) or more brit (What he oie poe? Whats! e mn sie) Some url Quetons we have ay conta urn atone Shou eve the et? Sul pve ei cary) er dew te “Sime of oh (xk moray perisable for che Proident ro make hoe remake? Should the ovenane lege dre) These gustan, whi yar in Kids ae the ‘conceros ofa partlar branch of poopy cle ec Thi lope dipine taal del wih huis aque about gh conduc, dhe good i, moral aes and xb lad ise ‘Acton bingy, we ae capable of ing Fy ahr han mer deven by nine. (Ouran ar pected by an andernanng ofthe ae of euch ci th conden, tnd th sighs oe wrongs And beste of ue rater we ae inlined thik our and to understand the brs whet we bv, what we should para in ie We do ot wan snp depend on what autores yor wha od convenions and nor presi itd wong As ocatr ced "The aneramined es not wath ving” Inde ame spe of thi cans aement it a bbe ald cht he ‘moral eained ie sendy wor ving, ended, wort wo engige nei for ic provide wih he opportunity o look ito thereon nd jusifations beled or com act nd the sslons of other, the Daze ard principe of oar devon akg, edhe goal four or lifes ordered clearer answers wo the vais moral su 2d probes hac we encoun in Hlweves, before we tle she practi quetns of eis, me mu ft cee fundamental conceper and isu we ofen encounter in moral dco, Before we ‘entire ito analvtng ar elving pater to problems and aes, we es oe nm tt ui ar eno rs ea eat ca ei ol A ip st {fen ment Wha owt ee eFanee Only oat aes at ih lon 2nd malty ee rues odin © ee psd prey de te Corwond A, What is Ethics? = ae savas iv ao orem Eien esd pe nr mug wh Th pean ht we om ae aed in ii, ond wa ses Fee tentiy wh pre eon 3 fen meus or oesp nthe Fuhies and Morality temeningof moe When esp marin we Sour gh and ang, How we jl: wae: 10 Be a er smeone inant, whether we aught co dos ce rtd he ne aca aren tad sh a i en sn eno es WAR Sloman orn St are TES tac cd as an ‘each peraan has been taught and influenosd we AP Ba a dee mo ne nee at one wg Te SOLA nen ele SCE ein pin Paonperernrermsnerrin SEEPS spect Soe hee cent eee Sol iste a solifunet atten tinct Soe weit da pay siamo i wb key ed Og nd TIES nny mens pra cd ioc, eal es os cd at pcr at sunk va bind wy As ov cl goss gp peo se on send a es on i is tn wha hy sep pei a Hint an aoe ong rc Eanes ct eos ‘ag os tpn aor tienen pele Thea ‘Sula peta ce ew tet of abet oon sagerwoneinen thi anderanding of het ory om desc ie fom mon? Alou sometine sed 0 rele co anes staf mural ales and prc, iy speaking, ee ire ips sinc ke mara sare of nal o sie, va eset foray ks dhe soundness, {ie appopeitncof the mor anda spon or esckty pie von ngto {cerp adap of mal tandady, aoe ting elcron ad exami these stands. Ths a peson engages inchs wher else fe on te moral sans Inhibidor ste Ey church, an ends ad "Ae thse andanls exons? Ar thes practi mally permis? Are we uted od hor tha” ‘As metionedabeve moray est fom in cho, which tne when we ‘sual unguestionogy and mechani ape whore ugh os with aed 0 what Isugh and wrong Thats mportane tata we mate ines, west Ou 0) ‘ele ad pacts to 4 reece sai We gh o gonzon the mor tas ‘hares acaued in che pat wthow ay cre We need oepoue only ‘hore sandard eich ae spore by goo fess, Ts hte where the eerie oF ethics comes in Js 8 what over philosophical digs do, its wo ee SaFwnenes nd elrticum wih regard co cur own Rndamentl ews and bles owt mor. Inguidingin cating or own cl bland andar, isms she ight ‘othe fc qutios uch ar wht ph conduc, wha prope toad gen our mor ‘Son making and wit bac goos Ks Ee et ined pata ar ‘scion nd pcos bur cones ae with he whale of moral dl and bhai Areas of Ethies "Asabranch of philosophy that examines nd eles shout mori, cis aly cateported into the gene bjt ares mci, normaee eh and plied ahs, Merc ao known a analyte eb, lod no the marae, earag, ope nd foundations of marl vals and dincounee The erm mc eas ef of beyond tnd thay metethice involve an beac and dace way of thinking pilowphcaly “bout moral. awempe fo shed ight onthe ase det, cone sad smpions that undedle our mora bland judgments 1th cher to ates foes ely an the question whe more, sche frues onthe m= fandamentlgueion wher ‘moni soln the fe pace, Forti eso, matics i alo ocean ered (0 as Secom-onder” moral theoring. 10 ditiguih i from the “frstone” led of noua eo “Theft pre ofthis book is devoted to metic 2 toques sour Eiadaeta queries on moraiy—Whae the nature of mor chim? How is morality tint fom Ube normative standard? I moral bjeie or eave Who have moral gh? Wht (oust meant be morally senuntable? Mech pasion spond these questions by examining che basic canny ideas and connotations involved in moral dicoune “They shed igh ies petaling eo the satus of mara eli and judgment, che condidons of mor pesoniod and accountability and the conepe hate underneath ‘he sabe of moray. she scon pat ofthe Bk ceed wih che mora ives the frmaon of eer onan wap of ie amare eel sx ec fen rag om Sem oth on re rn of thd on eee Pease cis pope! aneer at orlxandare sol ery i snl ine ce a 9 caer leu ees Tae peer th fe pet of an aton hat Seen noe msn nc ites wegen onsen sito ley nd charac oth pero peeing oe era anetapadat nn epee hd pe of st he pees eh pron and oc posta ate of ae eee aanige tema pect aeraf el piksophicl mca See ic rd poms genic ce rats Br wing cts onder eb apd stonPo sae dy ands Ses es eh he ge deg morgen in oped SRT pin wpb pls dhe pie a ert ede, pe iia In ‘Pol te crn doce ode ine eee vial pbs nd Tess Ode mens so end ons nee ah he pein Ui eh sx cent eter dein the ae cence of metthiin this chperisimgrint 0 usc bane aya nik deri ets howe his 8 ‘Std an re of mer ptopy: Deep chics ender to present ou what ‘ple in sb igh a won, how they be, oho hey Feo abou ees ‘Jo tath,eincorpraes teaches om he Ss of anol. peels sxe nd hay yf th posse undeaning te mr norms hr people fll tele Batts at secs ln dy of cer nee does 03 {eb tnd bet newt pole og to do, what moc sanders ‘ould ne man ac bow we should ew moray, Rather, derive hic ais {2 oul wl te os ye anempee oc or ep the wold rather than prescribe whit th word oll be. er eae atoplogt tel ws that oe ibs Inada psc owing him sete tn 3050 fo higho Been 3 lake eid ys grupo en on th ound Ba anthropology hy oss 0 0 dsrnin wheter wat moral ig forse wb ro endanger of hae babi iy heoing des frm che empl ro hic on the ther hand, sw nove he gation af whe sch pa icigh oF wrong nna dtp bt noma {ib pole sd ine, ancroplgy ak ho pol in i ike ancopolgy, aig inate the st of moral bf and prc that parade rou ot say falls Te stom ne te pn py flo, ‘Sl whether thio that moral ele ound xno Pycoloy sus mori in ‘cms fh Being componcn of hurundeveapment ic autem to deeb how he ‘pemor swe of moral apna deeop. But whi i expans how peso makes ‘oa jadgmenc and what ton aft dcr not ales cotecnes cogeney. ‘een of mor jdgneneB. Nature of Moral Statements Te Beer underaeeicynomatv chaser a3 sy of moray. sponta to understand the are af in tha prin to moray which we wll bel moa Stent Such carci spartan esting bw hse eaters should Ie janie or how hey shall tected ar acepeal rumacepable Til sho sed ighon the diet af mor fom ew equ, and ion Moral Statementa as N 1 Statements Mora waters te egreds normative racmens ether than A normative samen expres value adyent + Had of adgment chat tometing ag to be the cae dine om 2 fac jadgnenr the cline that Something the ce AL sch when one mea normative atemen, ele pecs ovluntve acount fbn thing sul erate thn wha Chg ae That we ‘he cnc f normative rere by loking at evan eer, sanded nar Instead of feign emit data, However asean be cn inde examples belo aie fom moral warement there are ous nde of normative etements ht hare the ‘orp ls of ascent aces chang 10 [steele There shuld be wy blace aod const in your paint. You ought owe che prepnion tate tha on: eis ll 0 make Ura tere — [gal sada Standard of eiguene Cover your mouth when you lug [A mentioned above since + factual saement express ci that someting i the ease it cli can be empty aed a re fale baal on eicher reac, obreraton experiment For came the Pippin Independence dy war declared on June 12 1946 Some ube in India practice anita, | Obenation soc erearch Te aus ofthe ih il in che iver it [Scent esearch poladon fom agricalorl bios | A Blue ims paper wil crn when | Expeiment dipped in an ad slain ‘Some periin othe sad of sila ga cu ent pon, el 4 moral staemen. tome mative statement rather than a Factual one, it cannot facts may be sigoificane in justifying « moral claim, hls remains insufficiem Se te apreaaynn fly cer Sr tt rr see “Te femic sporting he stove moe ci a ratemenc offic. Ths stement hay ta tip palace mii fee terete ta ge eet Fouts apn ne pmo See This poine can be explained more by stating thar though some people may abo accept or 2gree fwith the fact that death. ponaly fan reduce the rate of criminality In our sociery they ail hold that Bic is morally wrong to impose the death penaley a they believe that, the right to life ofa human bing is sacred and inviolable. Ths, despite the geste good to society thatthe imposition of death penliy «nay bring about, others ‘would stil regard iras morally unacceptable Pept epee ter eof th plyWe can se ee tha dsrmining the signet or wrongs of going the ea penal docs not ony on eelhing sen fics bu deciding wh or} ‘andar or pipe follow pring the preter good ov repesng the human "igh of ndidua. Ope scape a moa claim foxy ooking te at alone. One reso danger cmon bf nr eed los “Sock dninton offical and mor wate gs thet fs teens re easier ole than mate sce the hao the ne For being ta =e) ‘bjt Thar o ihoe ts dngrcmentheween exo people whee the ate of ‘minal had gone dw ths er cpa la er whether 2 dug a ce ‘pura dea the rule of ei eeuh cancer determine who beret Std misken However sid tht grerent on orl imate = Should alow homoteal mariage orn wheter utara perme o tare ‘nordic if ot imposible sl or ob gen any Ba relation. ei fo is ‘non ins mor lames ibe ene nd tepals on on pena opin call bbe. “Athouh dhs queios of whater acim te ate om wil eee sae ae tn of cae woth ining pit Ba is fsa thnk hot moral seme ay do oly nd cepa ‘Tea uence dda. The cei meray ont res pen rs” rhe sen Is rly ih 0g a9 pon ve ot ibe jut iso none dun aces deg wth Beal cise aay 7 rae trcocori, Caan al sates le "mans cole er prime pas” “Spiga penal wilde ur” and Al ir lane sed the ‘an ae canreni nd wat (rai ince to ena, There, we canoe (Tetypush mor and fate secant ofthe dee of ical dgeemens ‘four hom cau Ke tale What isc, howe, the ate by which we dee de copay of thse sateen ctl atone we ppd empiri a hough ‘rca and oberon fr sateen ioe arma aenen, we Pe 1 reese anda Moral Statements and Moral Standards [Air disingsshing mora Frm fwal statement it snow esr co understand the {Eltrene of mond satements fom other normative satements. We have seen exer ‘hae sde fom morl statement theese ote semen tha fe nora that those hat ar jsfied and acceped based on sandads rather han Fs. Howeve, che anand ned o july normative sement ae not moa sands. The sandals oF ‘tigute by which wedge manners as ood or ad the standart of law by which we deat action tbe lly ight or wong he sandals of lngune by which we judge Atha is gamma right and wrong, the wanda of asthe by which we judge [onan ba ne and se alec standude by which we judge how well baseball or eb game being payed—theewandar are ot moa sandads, So how can we ‘ining moral sandals rm non-meral standards? Addresing hs qurion can shed ti ota ine wom tne rn er onal Iw hint tay rt vga wat i A Fea eid snake cheer ior yuck of emu fw smd Nghe af the arate my on be ig na an Feat an igi ral ins oar want is Zoe ; “Second, moral standards have universal validiy ‘They apply « all why RoR "De nx do an ter what ou woud ot hve sem do er oa” Si Sine ot aren desi pri pate tarot es Ser ete nares rele a oe Bn aitlime teorars Spacer ree re eae eat eign atl age Song ci Sel te eh eats ee ee Tape gertomrt ood il ee nent aint po verti peta tp one penn gelonbenee peer TS trae et snp dpe ar neg etic’ pica foe Seite ler nl ee weet aes ictiesrmeiman toon teal pp RE Tidy el te ayaa jG herd ericigan ee a Cachet Sf ne ‘morality differs from law, etiqueete, and religion. These ch oft be h Siete sh See Secens ey neces SENN ri the, Morality and Other Normative Subjects Morality and Etiquette iguee wer sof reso aos tha eee the acted behainsio purer sci grup. Falling che ace aro how reset and cours 0 Cohen In eng ot foresee suk wa unt al dhe people on the ble hae ‘ccnoered belo elses eting OF cow, thre varius areas ou oil if ‘es our courte tote expected. Ade om dining, we hae equa sin “Srealons xh ss eps ane fine ve gute on Fingn pubic esnoporaion, ‘Ting busines and even communicting (hs ened to also oer cei lef {he mere modem mays of comimunctng sak sending eas and posting socal media) Bur hse so-caledruler fete vary fom one clue canoe, What sy {ein aceped behavior in one ure ay aot bein acti. "Edquee le ifn: om mony a thatthe former i coneetoed with proper hei while heaves wth sight condace. sigue ial more rb and elkure- cd dun orl. To ge ote’ approval of our onc be thought of wally people india show respect other, we ey obzee common ues of eguet. Vilage leon lead sok wo conidr you mannered, palit or ven wid —but not ‘eccanly immoral Making loud srpng sound when taking noodles or not desing yur ‘ou jou chew your fod may rea to beng cle mpi or being pecived a Testing anes be they ae ota forcing hat ones acting ioral ine nme way, dct nec tan dFlwing what egute demands acting tly Show 2002) poined out ku srpuotsoberanc of rs of eve cn Sage mord us, Bele te hw gaint al driminaton were ec in the “Bosca washout ied mane for Bcks and whitest ext geet ot it ‘ide by ade nabs Bu or oe who bed tha uch ref ete rowed ina ‘Secon and human degatn, potting o mp confmingo sch nde dos ot mune ding the mora hing Sac was the pon: shown by a 42-year ack woman ‘nd Rov Pa when she was sk o he op hers fora whice man ands. Though ‘emap mccoy wi ee socal expectation, she tod her round knowing sth as nt ‘desccoybing morn the conn eBid sb was ding the morals hing © dase fag for eqaiy ane ness. “Though morality and eiquece are noc synonymous wih each othe, cere is 2 sehiinahpbensecn che wo since both concer buroan action. Fer example, diegarding Srucrning elguewe canbe coniered inmava ia ceria circumstance. Thee can be Uifrene ways of esting « penton among various cultures. Ix Japan people grt each “the by bowing, and their bows difer in angle and duration depending on the Peon thoy ae rong, In Oran, men greet each oxer by pein tei noses rogett. In ‘Thaland” peopl gee exch herby psig thee hands gether in the faion of « proper and aul boing their exc. But a poised out by Bojan (1998), once the Frtom i adopted, dhe prac takes onthe Importance ofa mora rl, subsumed under shewttapiglettingrpec poe eben nef dy ce rin on iy rT eM wo a a ales hee hn i i ao hye eG ey soc yeh hee wt ml nm ea een denn ae hn a eens mao sn, heat totter — ae ye sh ele adr eno ome ah hl De te een si at te priate sei ee a he ma de es eur mend oe chl rtp tha el re aie enact Se i elena ee ae Digs ed Stars: he A acct aly won Fors ne ean ao a seh ape aes et ee i tort Orson sider Tey Doma Mace fy Rp ea ca cei ong BA a cry tl ee tee id St a ee dade Fe ene than SE rid ee ciclo! Ween a crates onc set a a acs epunn el HO aceite caged shit po canbe Seibel tou org Pred ae En a ser ueee ecole oe a reat peel einonts doe Cae en kc omara ae pemitednbed ipo nfo sip aap he et nay coed oped ipo Spores ered ines may note be bene oh general mele, One ay onde SPASTRLTB ay aac ate de esas pdom nti pr hn hase propia he hilpine Cones eel ines ‘cay, be hn out no fh epoca bers that racing sick ine wb demo the ncn of thn pola perma in the COME Morality and Weigion Despite thine, may ion Mie wih in fo arin sects ands wor clio hrs mah fined he mor eof the pope ao be ‘cons nding fo rity A Cn Forging the who ered bi Sa Chis commoner ofa ow rearing nd ensuing od sed ‘nthe In of Kosher + Musi ging aly oe bec accring he ort pila of amit mor! pte of mone uray sought dhe ae ae esate 10 ov moray he btn ee wh confor to Gs command dal rigs thea led vo moral, Suan law which fie asl con moray weligon is grealy peeled to be te basi of moral. Pople ed eo ‘Ro cat eha igh can be ed fr lis bala aching: Bee dhs line f taking speed on the Hes that Gi he ource of god, ing 4 orl ethers achive by aden to God wl while acting immoral ibs obeying God Burl morality bebe lin? Tht que wash ina en 25 Pass ‘he Bulgin whch Soca he plows Eup, Doth gods love goodness ‘cae good, rst pod bce he ode love” Fllowing he pole of qucion ‘ed by Sneacs we wat so ow whether God comands whats god bcs {el of bei he pod good because God commands ke hough iio pres Boni base and decon wo peopl hnkng sha moray depends on en se ome poten. "ine te mod dictvs ie by the wet ons ae gene and ieee opt cheater mor cea in parca ston of contests the demand speci orl peep, Fat xp, Chiat aces isles Thou shot” Howes ree alin alc dee dice emai 4 diagrement among Cian wheber posi, Sah penal ison joi e wheter ging boton is monly permis, ot Set minitringeuhens ta pene m2 terest veentve ates moray Tighe Tho moa ster anno eed by genera moral xdoaion rot il “The ec erain speci oor and soe hat must be conser which have 2 ot of reg indi wether ana ooo bd The Bible a wo gh nambiguos see gece mou peblems humanity confoas. What do rigs 3 rearing arr ommples ys spec mo ses of todays word such a arti reproduc, [ron enbocaagor he eo anna in roca? We wl msn inguin what God apes ude “cond, can we relly be cera what God want ws 0 do? We know tha here ave difleene ligons the word over. Ths religions may vay in rerms oftheir mara annes and pods Thee ae ccs when they hive config answers co cer Teen eons Fens depends on te mova aching ofthe elon ble belongs rotates hake del with the mora lia peopl rom other religions expecly hen ey co th gm tl tT std bs of or SEITE ETI ce er atc et oh ‘Seuutn coer rig Ti eh eg aera oe i ee te wht on nee ett a et eran hehehe Chu, Wee re a ert cm male ad conte 0 Bo me eae ech mer may wh be ly of en ft ear onc find sans corn imesh ht crn Fon nodose soon ft he aaae te een onthe pein of en he Cia movement eee peer quand cen ssom meni evewen ener a Ep ay fi op vl Ci Alon, can ne url ang on sheer ws of OB can te oe a hens cof moral a not erty yo See eam peso man ed ent king 3 mod TESS Loos ecm sgn Ula kaon of sn etn vation gon D. The Issue of Ethical Relativism ‘rmnconal nth prim sin cherub and peices of rople re ey Rear hc eeonmen that sounds them. How he nda was bough op ‘nhc nd snd ctw canes ta the eon wa exposed conte shes aise hog jadgent of whe ies ad wang ten ch phenomena cs we cle thee mor lin, hat wt ight vars rm oe pean to acct fom one ature to ana Or mri aj, that what igs ase oa eel pcp he applies al prople reudlesof culture igen, or econ? ‘Thin ene fer met eal iu a pil which his ection wi addres. "The ew hich ls hall nora prince aval elie ox pac xo Indl ncaled esc loi ito ghd Bom ic epic hima tha he eno valid mel pipe a al (or a at ve anno kore whee thee we eyhand on cl ebjers which ser that these ae universal va ‘nora rnp ing onal pple. Aesoding co the elas perspec, the igh, tor wrengne ofa ac depends onthe moral norms of ei or the rl ncinations of thelndndal anno bolt tan exsby which flings or ncnasonscanbe jing So, nha moral igh os Chinese sai ay be morally wrong ian Amen cy ja what monly right fr Pedro might be moral wrong for an. rom this desrpion, we can infer eat there are ovo Foran of ethical reais: lal cise and individ biel rats. Recording t te formes enown a ebiclconsenonalio, the ghee ° wrongnes ofa action depends ot society's norms. According tothe te alua know a tial abet the igh for wrongnes of an action lies on the ivi ov coromtments, OF the 0cular eth cas ba een som dhe more seep and eto Sevan ed rl bet ma caf hi ten Bot rus rly omething {Bound ehcal aur, and why fay ane ie pert Toil el lam bd hth of wha i morally ibe OF rong hima anther, a hr mo cee sana oie the Indias penpeive by cher orl bebe o sted ca be ja ‘iconding thi veo Judge or sin ne imps am ate, oo Preaete ot fling hel by vmesne. Although scala elt fos cme Ie play nthe formation of nce pana aides and peters, what he cheory reopen tht they conse ae indus acon of what Is moray ike Thuong In the end the fai let with = personal sana of moray. In inva ical lam, ans 8 moray gh o mong depending on che appromal or daapronal fe pean fine Iasi of though, deci tomer © fain pa om» busine ay be mora fr one bur moray wo for anther Bur Gbjecnely i meter vgn nor wrong. Hi lent fom one indodsal o noses Tn away. thisfotmo as low the view of Poagors expres ais isos stcment ran nthe mesure sal shige” which olstha there aes aay Ae sees ged nd cere azsubjos ine wos ng nro chal ram stands om bu tgurment that aso appt carl tice elation the formes counter resistance fom dient amp, ‘Son Bom clr elt hema, det hr dl snc on the bev of ‘Sug Often hove who pos i vow would ary at eating mor dgmen Thy sane or cbr gems which serve the dvs ender moray iSales concep sine fe ono nerpnonl crcbm o Judgment pole Suppose you head nes of x plcaman tiling 2 supeced verge drogen nd erence by sack see Following indvidsl ea eas, you cannot condemn (po ober ictal ele that cis permiable ol people who have become apcadcac on gl drugs eo seve he dg problem fo osc. the sare way we serstrins positon vo joige Adsl Her obcion wo annie the Jews orl ‘tong in fact om the busi ea ebjecvm. ler cold be considered a mera MOSS log a coh ive by his own sada Each individual pen is de ‘eur of moe figment. But auch ve sdificl for a rains mind wo accept Ince touts he very concep of mori ix aupposed to carer. Morality Ivo do with eahing inverpesnal pute o conf amoog individ i fo pomoce te good lit rao to pene a Hobbesan ware of ature whercin fie 12 Naar, nay, poor, brush and sore” However, in individ eh elativsm ‘monly cheno hi other ino itrpersoal bss by wich ro jdge wheter an tec ie monly good orb, right oF wong ‘Convento diferent snce tenga he ela of mori Although ej the ensence of elves moe pipe, ica hater set mond inp Junie by views of thee calurl acceptance. The eghmes, Ss ctongorar of an acs based om he cls socal norms ofthe people in which dane ae jodged The Masini’ practic of polygamy, fr insane, should be judged onl within how religious bland ars: Whar dinghies le ett vied om neem, ewe tha the se of mori des nox sly on the Indus mol Yel oe cinaon, br gs Beyond Te coal standards eon ‘he oil nn ofthe pope Ts sven Hf ee pon woud pron Bee that ‘Roem may be dove na peor inet the at yl be morally wenn seen eth the socal nanan in whic che ac ne, Given dhe soil “pecan princi fy proves a intenabjeve ar of ug mera asons Sistine teoteome te ebsons el pan chic sje. he sn, Siren stim te sng ef eel anveotoelsm snd th argues har ‘The Atractn of Eth Reason Rane etn cl eam, lo te Bo dr ed ce iD man Seaeanersen ee Eo egte im a wo sea at pee re ae hah e+ a at cela a a a te pac lan le Can tee al esl oes ene are bee et coe here rn pecs bine pee ons nen ine esas sr i ee al pon Ta Sane Se Mgt Snore heen weet natngpereday wee ere cep ermine oes ee re iefonaite peur we opel sta Genneny teu Hee espa eae gn aa snp yen pe pc is es se sora ln eon aan be bn api ay eae tea gine Us sine nw vee Se hes a hundred years ago, it was not. Socicties over th seis toed von rte nana erdaa rare Sono ee et ‘cede aur nein meee iy vi i ny ea ey ei te ‘sto accept chat noisy of orl bei and pence aco culture and sro 4s relative. vaneFe te ei ins ein he mon Armen ls one ew that or be a wid ny eae cea BO: AN Inhale fhe aes par of fe bet ww of Grand wang Hence nrc aly pros ier parr ch ‘Mioomen Reading oon (99839) dove hs cored yng orogenic pring the gs “Tt bl anand coin esc quexion” The pth ha e “wn thing oan independ, oma vew pn We empleo Soemioed tte “Thine of raring ld othe aero hn al knowlge and undead sine Haris oo dish ev of ich to 8 ‘ugar hpon Ges hall uh ven inte alin ete athe and concep amv wo wich exec tn some cae Image orup he plat hat wenc sce ino see Sng rate would {hime coer ay hat sence gle snd mig wrong hep fe andvte jged ony Into cen io whch ed “The moe wn hse sie mae mat hin Kye a he neigh char aay she tee ich Woz Eig dg fraiche pop of ge in he Piles uence Fi pected in i comes Colon jon, Hrs ee ceive within 1h Plpicrcon Lila dpc mand eh al eI nw in lng cvs erable bt Ta 8 ae The eg eet diene pein on te cy Concent te et pe theo dimen of orcs ay pend on cred wane far mein Moray ‘tly safminn sbi neonate cena ns spol ont fine Brey noc ependcon aloof oa acepanc ‘hurled eam ao ney en acho ier among ato tcein eof tee mol i nd pais ats ope cl FRtmaoyan eal cence song teen cata gus and stl rou ‘Tine nht wa the leo xen. Acading ths rexning vim iny bee fe yo ong ory sce fir he prom of tence nd (lenge rma of ve hi Et antoslag os soe ‘easing tne word in rms of sown and ery ning the et of he ‘erlang Th ampli he ur wold fen fer th poopy ced T’kebacan ome sti Buta me wen on. he die made popes {conmed wwe ore i ance cing ti ois ile fom one ‘Srna net ncaa reo fein acco be ded i tes ton ‘sandr rae than eof oe eo ace peas “Gne the any Kr of confesaong arose ons and elit telat fen oe lence open. he wane, non judgmental ede tf epecng and rcogtsng the wally of etd belt other tan on Onn bas become mor leven Astropolgit Rah eed sae thi des ffl othe ead fhe ical nck Peer of Cx, when se priser hope t,o he bas fhe rtf anthoplogal emake ha decibel esl are at more aii ‘ec ith cpg» pons of ope nd re efor teres theo nd ‘sly vl arene off which and at reed lo he nero ‘Sinn (196, 257) Bnet ake the apnea ep ke ang ha ‘he rclaviondek he champions canbe pstely Bene png cmb ‘Spe ncn, chain nde oof pu. ‘The Challenges of Paha! Relativism espe he npumens ada ly lasts he ea marly as bee song ‘ed by ame powpbes(ajoan 199 Shaw 02. One of the ple ed ‘eet haga flow of te rv rumen Acing othe eo shen ‘Sur peopl ae diferent nota Bf and pan we can coe dt eat ‘lste The problem in hi ie of roc tar en the rie the Concioncnpot bein obese. Dieity of and dagen in ral bi ‘de poe hay ire That, onde ppl el how ‘Senn and he earth Thee was ot in time when seep ied dhe an ‘elves rund the cad, Some belied, mere, bd om cee vy ach ‘2 Caprio and Glo ale tha the cath the oe sling od tem (Can wey Base people dng boo sme he bee ch ‘roxy? Can we di theater ct ova esl tc ‘het peocnri noon huh i nd her pan mga sound he xh itil fre hatte nbc when member of nr cir ysl be ‘lnaen of lb ris ple pape ay be anal us para ‘Del meso yr icone bic sh pec pric. Th, eae “eat difeences of diegemens ia ml ble and pats sition fr he him of monly ‘Themed prot abc opt ct eho I od witht mgt Ingentan of scepg ick thoy: Ove ingaion of cetng el date ‘iertisecen mete s parce orc gob pcs howe ‘Shonent or ahunane it Suppose group of pope ae our te als bd shlong tec in acdc with God wl. Tog ‘ach acre the det of many ncn vie cnt hi an a ‘Gente tr rence ts ined cei eon rt be dled edng ‘lr on moc dctine sera would din, Howe we kn ht we cn fain and jet chlo anand ep ea ae fad ena ‘nat act We sgh expe aur bein and condemmabn oe ‘wal prs tac aun dg aon 005 "Antheinpaton of ping ocala he bao ihreowrgats ofouracons nth wen ho cof th nora ou ove mst ‘aon ought be dene fT ember of xt tha blr at lo {specs at only peril hen eae pect pacar aly gh ‘Tough my eons me that eon mara wong, anno dee fom the sacar Joe oc ged Soon mor We ay al he epTit nigon, We donot ie po oat Taw btn beng igtor rong singly depen on ch wa ‘Sul eam Meee moc prog wil so be compro ifm Flow she hss Fc ream ft genes oF romp of scr i jog kyo Ube ef ae nm hw the Sh meni of urscey eee oe 3 ‘Sroon oc panes? How can they nn ray ge noms gue chm the eating nos shall be Mi ‘Rtg We bv ths cen cl hangs ae mene fore eee f sce a SEIS corinne nour ml radon For sxe aie moral Piogen har wo be eleiedand put vom soc ors ine queso. Ia ay ree the sundaes of paces axl bs ha dcimineaait women, ch 2 ‘eethingec child martags man be cheng Than ol be donee orm (omens be objec ciel sci ser han rgd a the imate bs Speen urate quran ar made ws ovecone he buat rca nery i pes War Cave Snes, sparen South Afi, andthe Ur ea of Right Suge fr women othe Pippin Th hed pie ae agus thi lat, and perhaps dhe soonest eguncn to fae nton the sen he epithe it har ome moral ble aed patie caret curs hr te sil nie moral andar tha ex. Though pope Be Gis curren cos, cadions lig and esos, they ell Rave ar ngs common emurning fm te shared hau, Respect fec Me, pare ‘Brenan sce dese for peace, oe some, vals th al aman pers aera palite or opened thelr cue or cation by woud recog an ‘Showicdg ae worth putang, Image what wold be kee a ciy wo pce 0 “Heaton ah elngcommiizacon woud be exemely dif. How could any [ovr ac eb ref here no rea the pecouen fie or 0 probbion on a Sapp ely ous tt ein peopl orig cess No one wil ele {Rauch ody and every chalet wl cle. Teen os ec eli cli at indeed oii ny if in he clr paces beth fundamental ma pipes ndeing tee pacts donot Canute Bade prcoc of ffaining Fom exing the mea of ala eens ‘ior ales df fom non Badia peopl- Bur eis important look it the ene thy do ot consume animal Sappos it beca they believe chat afer ‘Tech che sour of humans Inhabit Bods of animals hat i posable dha thie ‘oe esa bein done animals Can we yer moral aes ate differen rom hose ease uti: Nor The difernce fe in he elous bel, notin thse moral ue Everyone Budi and non- Buddhist, belive thar tis wong oct our loved su his common af asus spy erin nr ps oer ete te coming oi Ae a svn hing 8 Ss of ora. Toe SEH ened by reper cars ol en ems our wn acto ars they ay ca dv se aed vo cain ppt 0 soon eo epost reasons undeiying tem a rowel and paces sh or ori. erica sepctcanannte noel nk i ch he Te _ ducts af our own cultural 2 ene cing we he Soma Se ne ind he ming of rly a bie, bough nie ape et cneee Moy tenho eds ey i hed won in onthe ter and he ey A rhe sy oF meray Se ed aly aor sce an ba soe mo, Et sae bf ean ei romaine EE ee Pe tne mening oan founds Sr i ee ede ar sans oc a nah ot mange fa ac hop is amis coast (Era incr shin te pons anode per sa remaster of rl judgment Te Stasnndteneion of bic at a noxmarive rather than descriptive sey of moc dingued mor sateen rom facta semen, Mora statement aan ne Cate thar express vale judgments which ar ascieed based on certain weeitoy mandade Fatal satements ae clas that are assed for their erat Tie bored on observation, reach, oF xperiment, Although moral statements a ovate casey die ren other normative claims in chat the standards wed ‘atessing them se orl andar tht dif for other tundards, Moral standards echaraseited by the following fare: 1 the dea with mares that we hin 25 sertouly harm or benefc human beings, 2) they have universal validity, 3) they “Sr generallyehughe to Rave particualyoveciding imprcance, chats, they prvall ‘veh other values and 4) they are not xablihed bythe decisions of authoritarian bodies nor are they solely determined by appealing to consensus o radon, but they fre acrpted bused on the adequacy ofthe easone that suppor or jury them. Based Gn ches dint Feautes oF moral andirds, morality can be differeniated fom other formative ebjers ke eight, lw, and eligi. The theory of ei lavism sss a contentious issu in metathics ie agus ‘hac the righeness or wrongness of an act depends on che mocal notms of society (cultural) or the persons moral inclinations (individual), and no absolute standard ‘exists by which difring rules or inclinations canbe judged. There are various reasonsven 10 suppor the thor a cape in mach argues oe as dependency gument. dey argument, ad vlromagament. However, the theory hasbeen ‘ejected bed on the following pins th lyf ring lativism rom he et ‘of dives, the ngaie implant they onthe ay of worl aden End th des of oral progres ata he i ha yner mor stands ex Review Questions 1. Distinguish ches fom mori. 2 en and diferente tte geer subject resin his 3. Haw doe eis dle fom ober dies abo morliy? 4 Defies and dacs ce arguments tha suppor his theon 5. Kent and epi he points ied pant tial atv, Discussion Questions 1. ‘Thinkof moral bel haryou have hel on om childhood but come 0 @uson saben you pr older, Whar were the sures of hse ble? What made you {uoston ete Bl you mare in 2. Gtesperfiesoi-plit inser in our oir today Which among hee would you consider st moral sues? Expin, 3, Should ou lw be ays founded in marly or nly oa ceri extent Esplin. 4. Deze moran vary from one uur anothe? Should ic be bse on the oc tr culeurl ao ofthe sole? Defend your nw 5. Comider cota practices tat are acxped in one elgon, Dut rejected in the sche dfrenee a acer rigs bir of mora! peincple Explain.