Strength of Materials for Architecture

Elviro T. Apuya , Uap, Pspe, Earohp

Assistant Professor 1,
Bicol University Institute of Architecture
East Campus, Legazpi City

MODULE 2
ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL FORCES

Pxx Axial force. This component measures the pulling (pushing ) action perpendicular to the section.
A pulling represents a tensile force that tends to elongate the member, whereas a push is a
compressive force that tends to shorten it. It is denoted by P.

Pxy, Pxz Shear force. These are the components of the total resistance to sliding the portion to one side
Of the exploratory section past the other. The resultant shear force is usually designated by V,
And its components by Vy and Vz to identify their direction.

Mxx Torque. This component measure the resistance to twisting the member and its commonly
given the symbol T

Mxy, Mxz Bending Moment. These components measure the resistance to bending the member about
the y or z axes and are often denoted merely by My or Mx.
Chapter 1 : Simple Stresses
Normal Stress
Shear Stress
Bearing Stress
Thin-walled Pressure Vessel

Normal Stresses
Stress is defined as the strength of a material per unit area of unit strength. It is the force on a member divided
by area, which carries the force, formerly express in psi, now in N/mm2 or MPa.

𝑝
𝜎=
𝐴
where P is the applied normal load in Newton and A is the area in mm2. The maximum stress in tension
or compression occurs over a section normal to the load.

Normal stress is either tensile stress or compressive stress. Members subject to pure tension (or
tensile force) is under tensile stress, while compression members (members subject to compressive
force) are under compressive stres

Compressive force will tend to shorten the member. Tension force on the other hand will tend to
lengthen the member.
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM
Problem # 1. Two bars of equal length but different materials, suspended from the common support. The bars
support the the indicated maximum axial loads 500 N for bar 1 and 5000 N for bar 2. Bar 1 has a cross section of
10mm2 and bar 2 has an area of 1000mm2.

Here we note that the unit of bar ! is

500𝑁 500 𝑁
𝜎= = 6 = 50 x 106 N/m2
10𝑚𝑚² 10 𝑥10¯ 𝑚²

Bar 1 Bar 2 and bar 2 has a unit

5000𝑁 5000 𝑁
d2 = = 6 = 5 x 106 N/m2
1000𝑚𝑚² 1000 𝑥 10¯ 𝑚²

Thus the material of bar 1 is ten time as strong as the

500 N 5000N material of bar 2.
Problem # 2 . A composite bar consists of aluminium section rigidity fastened between a bronze section and a
steel section as shown in figure. An axial loads are applied at the position indicated. Determine the stress in each
section.
Bronze Aluminum Steel
2 2
A =1.2in A=1.8 in A= 1.6 in2

9
4000 lb 90000 9 7000 lb
900
9000lb 2000lb

1.3 ft 1.6 ft 1.7 ft

FREE BODY DIAGRAM

4000lb P br 4000lb ∑Fh= 0 P br - 4000 lb = 0

P br = 4000lb ( tension )
∑Fh=0 -P al – 4000 lb +9000 lb= 0
4000lb 99 P al P al = 5000 lb ( compression)

9000 lb ∑Fh =0 -P st -4000lb +9000lb +2000 lb=0

4000lb P st= 7000lb ( compression)

9000lb 2000lb
SOLUTION : To calculate the stresses, we must first determine the axial load in each section. The appropriate
free body diagrams must be drawn, from which we determine P br = 4000lb ( tension), P al= 5000lb
( compression) , and P st= 7000lb ( compression)

The Stresses in each section are :

4000 𝑙𝑏
dbr = = 3330 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ( tension)
1.2 𝑖𝑛²

5000 𝑙𝑏
𝛿 𝑎𝑙 = = 2780 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ( compession)
1.8 𝑖𝑛²

7000 𝑙𝑏
𝛿 𝑠𝑡 = = 4380 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ( compression)
1.6 𝑖𝑛²
Problem # 3. For the truss as shown in figure, calculate the stresses in members DF, CE, and BD. The cross
sectional area of each member is 1200 mm2. . Indicate tension (T) or compression (C).

B a Solve for Reaction:

∑MA =0
D RF( 10 m) = 100kn(4m) + 200Kn( 7m)
6m RF= 1/10 ( 400 + 1400)kn
RF=180 Kn
4m
C E ∑MF =0
A 4m 3m 3m F RA(10m)= 100kn(6m) + 200Kn(3m)
100kn a 200kn RA =1/10 (600 +600) Kn
RA RB RA = 120 Kn
Consider Joint F:
DF y Assume tension for EF and Compression for DF as indicated by
4 5 the forces as shown.
3 ↑ +∑Fy = 0 - 4/5 DF + 180 kn =0
DF =5/4 (180kn)
EF F x DF= 225 ( compression)
The Corresponding stress in member DF is :
𝑁
𝐷𝐹 225 𝐾𝑛 ( 1000 )
𝑘𝑛
RF= 180 Kn 𝜎𝐷𝐹 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝜎𝐷𝐹 = 1200𝑚𝑚²
𝜎𝐷𝐹 = 187.5 𝑁/𝑚𝑚²
Convert to MPa:
1000𝑚𝑚 1 𝑀𝑃𝑎
FBD Left Section 𝜎𝐷𝐹 = 187.5𝑁/𝑚𝑚²( )² 𝑁 = 187. 5 MPa
1𝑚 106
𝑚²
B BD 3 + ∑Mc = 0 120Kn(4m) + BD 3/√13 (6m) =0
2 + BD= (480 kn.m )(√13 )/ (18 m)
D BD = 96.15 (compression)
6m CD For the stress at BD
𝑁
𝐵𝐷 96.15𝐾𝑛 ( 1000 )
𝑘𝑛
3 4m 𝜎𝐵𝐷 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝜎𝐵𝐷 = = 80.1 MPa C
1200𝑚𝑚²

A C CE E + ∑MD = 0 CE( 4m) +100Kn(3m) -120kn (7m) = 0

4m 3m CE= 540kn.m/4m
RA = 120 kn 100kn CE = 135 Kn Tension
For the Stress at CE

𝑁
𝐶𝐸 135𝐾𝑛 ( 1000 )
𝑘𝑛
𝜎𝐶𝐸 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝜎𝐵𝐷 = = 112.5 MPa T
1200𝑚𝑚²
Module 2
Activity # 2
Problem 1. A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must carry a tensile load of 500 kN.
Determine the outside diameter of the tube if the stress is limited to 140 MN/m2.

Problem 2. Determine the Largest weight W which can be supported by two wires shown in figure
below. The Stresses in wires AB and AC are not to exceed 100 MPa to 150 MPa , respectively . The
cross section Areas of the two wires are 400 mm2 for wire AB and 200 mm2 for wire AC.

Problem 3. A homogeneous bar 800 kg bar AB is supported at either end by a cable as shown in figure below.
Calculate the smallest area of each cable if the stress is not to exceed 90 MPa in bronze and 120 MPa in steel.
Problem 4. A rod composed of an aluminum section rigidly attached between steel and bronze section as
shown in figure below. Axial load are applied at the position indicated. If P = 300 lb and the cross- sectional area
of the rod is 0.5 in2 , determine the stress in each section.

Problem 5. For the Truss as shown in figure below, calculate the stresses in member CE, DE, and DF . The Cross
sectional of each member is 1.8 in2. Indicate tension ( T ) or compression ( C ).
SHEAR STRESS
Forces parallel to the area resisting the force cause shearing stress. It differs to tensile and compressive stresses,
which are caused by forces perpendicular to the area on which they act. Shearing stress is also known as
tangential stress.

𝑉
𝜏=𝐴
where V is the resultant shearing force which passes through the centroid of the area A being sheared.

Illustrative Problem:
What force is required to punch a 20 mm diameter hole in a plate that is 25 mm thick? The shear strength is 350
MN/m2.

Given:
Required diameter of hole = 20 mm
Thickness of plate = 25 mm
Shear strength of plate = 350 MN/m2
Required: Force required to punch a 20-mm-diameter hole

The resisting area is the shaded area along the perimeter and the shear force V is equal to the punching force P =
A
= 350 [ (20)(25) ] P = 549778
7N
P = 549 8 kN answer