Lecture# 02

Kick Fundamentals
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Kick

o Unwanted influx of formation fluids into wellbore

o Result in lost operation time, hazardous operation with

high pressure & gas, and possible equipment losses
(from stuck pipe to rig loss)

o If recognized and controlled in time, kick can be

handled and removed from the well safely

o If the kick is allowed to continue, it may no longer be

able to be controlled which said blowout
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Ways to
Predict formation Pressure

Drilling records from offset

wells help predict
formation pressure
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Faulted Formation
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Anticlinal Structure
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Salt Dome

o High pressures are

often associated
with salt domes
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Massive Shale
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Man-made
High Pressure Zone
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Pressure Indicator-Drilling

o Change in rate of penetration (ROP)

o Change in shape, size, amount of cuttings

o Increase in rotary torque

o Increase in drag
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Rate of Penetration

o Change in drilling rate could be indicator of

increasing formation pressure

o Drilling rate change when penetrating abnormally

pressured zone because as contain more fluids & is
softer

o Also, reduce overbalance at bottom of hole

o Mean cuttings break loose under bit more easily

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Change in
Shape, size, amount of Cuttings

Normally Pressured Zone Abnormally Pressured Zone

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Change in
Shape, size, amount of Cuttings
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Gas Content Increase

Increase in gas content of drilling fluid may indicate

abnormal pressure
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MWD & LWD data

o Gather data that can be used to predict formation

pressure

o Changes in flowline temperature can be used with

other indicators to help identify transition zones

o Once formation has been drilled, pore pressure may

be determined by electric logs
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Volume to Fill

When tripping dry pipe out:

o Barrels to Fill = Pipe Displacement(bbls/ft) × Length
Pulled (ft)
o m³ to Fill = Pipe Displacement(m³/m) × Length Pulled(m)

When tripping wet pipe out:

o Barrels to Fill = [Pipe Displacement(bbls/ft) + Pipe
Capacity(bbls/ft)] × Length Pulled(ft)
o m³ to Fill = [Pipe Displacement(m³/m) + Pipe
Capacity(m³/m)] × Length Pulled(m)
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Example: 01

o How many barrels will it take to fill annulus if:

o 15 dry joints (assume each joint is 31’ [9.45 m])

o 4 1/2” (114.3 mm) drillpipe

o 0.00639 bbls/ft (0.00333 m³/m) displacement

o Pulled from 9 5/8” (244.5 mm) casing having ID of

8.755” (222.38 mm)?
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Solution: 01

Barrels to Fill = Pipe Displacement(bbls/ft) × Length(ft)

= 0.00639 × (15 × 31) = 0.00639 × 465 = 2.97 bbls

m³ to Fill = Pipe Displacement(m³/m) × Length(m)

= 0.00333 × (15 × 9.45) = 0.00333 × 141.75 = 0.47203 m³
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Stroke to Fill

o Strokes to Fill = Barrels to Fill ÷ Pump Output(bbls/stk)

o Strokes to Fill = m³ to Fill ÷ Pump Output(m³/stk)

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Example: 02

o How many strokes will it take to fill hole with:

o 2.97 bbls (0.472 m³) using triplex pump

o with output of 0.127 bbl/stk (0.0202 m³/stk)

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Solution: 02

o Strokes to Fill = Barrels to Fill ÷ Pump Output(bbls/stk)

= 2.97 ÷ 0.127= 24 stks

o Strokes to fill = m³ to fill ÷ Pump outputm³/stk

= 0.472 ÷ 0.0202 = 24 stks

o Note: Since strokes were fraction higher than whole

number (i.e., 23.4), strokes are rounded up to next
highest number
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Max. Length
(dry pipe)

o Max. Length(ft) = [(Pressure Drop(psi) ÷ 0.052 ÷ Fluid

Density(ppg)] × [Csg. Cap.(bbls/ft)– Pipe Displ.(bbl/ft)]
÷ Pipe Displ.(bbl/ft)

o Max. Length(m) = [Pressure Drop(bar) ÷ 0.0000981 ÷

Fluid density(kg/m³)] × [Csg. Cap.(m³/m)– Pipe
Displ.(m³/m)] ÷ Pipe Displ.(m³/m)

Note: Trip tanks provide accurate means of monitoring

hole fill-up on trips
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Example: 03

o How many feet of dry 4 1/2” (114.3 mm) drillpipe

o With displacement of 0.00597 bbls/ft (0.00311 m³/m)
o With capacity of 0.01422 bbls/ft (0.00742 m³/m)
o Pulled from 9 5/8” (244.48 mm) casing having an ID of
8.835” (224.41 mm) and capacity of 0.07583 bbl/ft
(0.03955 m³/m)
o With fluid density of 12.5 ppg (1,498 kg/m³) prior to
bottomhole pressure drop of 75 psi (5.17 bar)
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Solution: 03
o Max. Length(ft) = [Pressure Drop(psi) ÷ 0.052 ÷ Fluid
Density(ppg)] × [Csg. Cap.(bbls/ft)– Pipe Displ.(bbl/ft)] ÷
Pipe Displ.(bbl/ft)
o = (75 ÷ 0.052 ÷ 12.5) × (0.07583 – 0.00597) ÷ 0.00597
= 115.4 × 0.06986 ÷ 0.00597 = 1,350.4 ft
o Max. Length(m) = [Pressure Drop(bar) ÷ 0.0000981 ÷ Fluid
Density(kg/m³)] × [Csg. Cap.(m³/m)– Pipe Displ.(m³/m)] ÷
Pipe Displ.(m³/m)
o = (5.17 ÷ 0.0000981 ÷ 1498) × (0.03955 – 0.00311) ÷ 0.00311
= 35.18 × 0.03644 ÷ 0.00311= 412.2 m
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Max. Length
(wet pipe)
o Max. Length(ft) = [Pressure Drop(psi) ÷ 0.052 ÷ Fluid
Density(ppg)] × [Csg. Cap.(bbls/ft) – Pipe Displ.(bbl/ft) –
Pipe Cap.(bbl/ft)] ÷ [Pipe Displ.(bbl/ft) + Pipe Cap.(bbl/ft)]

o Max. Length(m) = [Pressure Drop(bar) ÷ 0.0000981 ÷ Fluid

Density(kg/m³)] × [Csg. Cap.(m³/m)– Pipe Displ.(m³/m) –
Pipe Cap.(m³/m)] ÷ [Pipe Displ.(m³/m) + Pipe Cap.(m³/m)]

Note: Good practices dictate that well be filled after 5

stands of drillpipe (or 1 stand of collars) are pulled out of
hole
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Example: 04
o How many feet of wet 4 1/2” (114.3 mm) drillpipe
o With displacement of 0.00597 bbls/ft (0.00311 m³/m)
o With capacity of 0.01422 bbls/ft (0.00742 m³/m)
o Pulled from 9 5/8” (244.48 mm) casing having ID of
8.835” (222.41 mm) and capacity of 0.07583 bbl/ft
(0.03955 m³/m)
o With fluid density of 12.5 ppg (1,498 kg/m³)
o Pulled prior to 75 psi (5.17 bar) reduction in bottomhole
pressure
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Solution: 04
Max. Length(ft) = [Pressure Drop(psi) ÷ 0.052 ÷ Fluid
Density(ppg)] × [Csg. Cap.(bbls/ft) – Pipe Displ.(bbl/ft) –
Pipe Cap.(bbl/ft)] ÷ [Pipe Displ.(bbl/ft) + Pipe Cap.(bbl/ft)]
= (75 ÷ 0.052 ÷ 12.5) × (0.07583 – 0.00597 – 0.01422) ÷
(0.00597 + 0.01422) = 115.4 × 0.05564 ÷ 0.02019 = 318.5 ft
Max. Length(m) = [Pressure Drop(bar) ÷ 0.0000981 ÷ Fluid
Density(kg/m³)] × [Csg. Cap.(m³/m) – Pipe Displ.(m³/m) –
Pipe Cap.(m³/m)] ÷ [Pipe Displ.(m³/m) + Pipe Cap.(m³/m)]
= (5.17 ÷ 0.0000981 ÷ 1498) × (0.03955 – 0.00311 – 0.00742)
÷ (0.00311 + 0.00742) = 35.18 × 0.02902 ÷ 0.01053 = 97.1 m
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Displacement (gain)
(with no float)

Displacement (gain) while tripping in with no float or

backpressure device:
o Displacement(bbls) = Pipe Displacement(bbls/ft) ×
Length Run(ft)

o Displacement(m³) = Pipe Displacement(m³/m) ×

Length Pulled(m)
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Displacement (gain)
(with float)

o Displacement(bbls) = [Pipe Displacement(bbls/ft) +

Pipe Capacity(bbls/ft)] × Length Run(ft)

o Displacement(m³) = [Pipe Displacement(m³/m) + Pipe

Capacity(m³/m)] × Length Run(m)
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Trip Tanks
Arrangements
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Trip log while

Tripping in Hole (RIH)
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Trip log while

Tripping out of Hole(POOH)
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Trip Margin

o Increase in hydrostatic pressure of mud that

compensate for reduction of bottomhole pressure
due to loss of circulating pressure and/or swabbing
effects of pulling pipe
o This reduction is also influenced by fluid’s viscosity and
gel strength
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Example: 05

o TVD 8,640' (2633.47 m) fluid weight 9.1 ppg (1090 kg/m3)

o Formation pressure 4,050 psi (279.25 bar)
o Present overbalanced margin is 38 psi (2.62 bar)
o In order to obtain 75 psi (5.17 bar) trip margin, prior to
trip heavier fluid density should be circulated throughout
annulus
o This can be calculated by:
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Solution: 05

o Trip Margin(ppg) = [Margin Needed(psi) – Present

Margin(psi)] ÷ 0.052 ÷ TVD(ft)
= (75 – 38) ÷ 0.052 ÷ 8,640 = 0.08 ppg

o Trip Margin(kg/m3) = [Margin Needed(bar) – Present

Margin(bar) ÷ 0.0000981 ÷ TVD(m)
= (5.17 – 2.62) ÷ 0.0000981 ÷ 2633.47 = 9.87 kg/m³
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