Induction Motor - Numerical
1. A 4-pole, 3-phase induction motor operates from a supply whose
frequency is 50 Hz. Calculate:
1. The speed at which the magnetic field of the stator is rotating
2. The speed of the rotor when the slip is 0.04
3. The frequency of the rotor currents when the slip is 0.03
4. The frequency of the rotor currents at standstill
Ans 1. Stator field revolves at synchronous speed,
Electric & Hybrid a. 𝑁𝑠 =
120×𝑓
𝑃
=
120×50
4
= 1500 rpm
Vehicles (S2-23_AEL b. Rotor (or motor) speed, 𝑁 = 𝑁𝑠 1 − 𝑠 =1500(1−0.04)
ZG518) – Principles of = 1440 rpm
c. Frequency of rotor current, 𝑓 ′ = 𝑓 × 𝑠 = 0.03 × 50 = 90 rpm
BITS Pilani
Electric Machines -Amar
6 Singh d. Since at standstill 𝑓 ′ = 𝑓 × 𝑠 = 1 × 𝑓 = 50 Hz
Pilani|Dubai|Goa|Hyderabad Associate Professor, WILPD
Instructor: Amar Singh BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Induction Motor – Numericals Induction Motor – Numericals
1. A 480 V, 60 Hz, 50 hp, three phase induction motor is drawing 60 A a) (Cont.) From the power-flow diagram, the air-gap power is given
at 0.85 power factor lagging. The stator copper losses are 2 kW, the by
core losses are 1.8 kW, and the rotor copper losses are 700 W. The 𝑃𝐴𝐺 = 𝑃𝑖𝑛 − 𝑃𝑆𝐶𝐿 − 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒
friction and windage losses are 600 W, and the stray losses are = 42.4 − 2 − 1.8 kW
negligible. Find the following quantities: = 38.6 kW
a) The air-gap power 𝑃𝐴𝐺 b) From the power-flow diagram,
b) The power converted 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 the power converted from electrical to mechanical form is
c) The output power 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = 𝑃𝐴𝐺 − 𝑃𝑅𝐶𝐿
d) The efficiency of the motor = 38.6 − 0.7 kW
A1. a) The air-gap power is just the input power minus the stator 𝐼 2 𝑅 = 37.9 kW
losses and core losses. c) From the power-flow diagram, the output power is given by
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 3𝑉𝑇 𝐼𝐿 cos 𝜃 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 − 𝑃𝐹&𝑊 − 𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑐
= 3 480 𝑉 60 𝐴 0.85 = 42.4 kW = 37.9 − 0.6 − 0 = 37.3 kW
37.3
= = 50 hp
0.746
Instructor: Amar Singh BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956 Instructor: Amar Singh BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Induction Motor – Numericals Induction Motor – Numericals
d) Inductor motor’s efficiency is a) Mechanical power developed
𝑃 = 11.19 + 0.75 + 0 = 11.94 kW
η = 𝑜𝑢𝑡 × 100%
𝑃𝑖𝑛
37.3 b) Synchronous speed,
= ×
100% 120×𝑓 120∗60
42.4 𝑁𝑠 = = = 1800 rpm
= 88% 𝑃 4
𝑁 −𝑁 1800−1728
Slip, 𝑠 = 𝑠 =
𝑁𝑠 1800
2. A three-phase, 15 hp, four-pole, 60 Hz, 1728 rpm induction motor = 0.04
delivers full output power to a load connected to its shaft. The 𝑃 11940
Air-gap power, 𝑃𝐴𝐺 = 𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ = = 12437.5 W
1−𝑠 1−0.04
windage and friction loss of the motor is 750 W. Determine the
a) Mechanical power developed
c) Rotor copper loss, 𝑃𝑅𝐶𝐿 = 𝑠 × 𝑃𝐴𝐺 = 0.04 ∗ 12437.5 W
b) Air-gap power
= 497.5 W
c) Rotor copper loss
A2.a) Full-load shaft power = 15 × 746 = 11.19 kW
Mechanical power developed = Shaft power+friction & windage
loss+Stray loss
Instructor: Amar Singh BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956 Instructor: Amar Singh BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Induction Motor – Separating the rotor Induction Motor – Separating the rotor
copper losses and the power converted copper losses and the power converted
in the rotor’s equivalent circuit in the rotor’s equivalent circuit
Numerical: Solution:
A 460 V, 60 Hz, The per-phase equivalent circuit
four-pole, three-phase of this motor and the associated
induction motor has the power-flow diagram are shown in
Following impedences in figures along side.
Ohms per phase referred to Since the core losses are lumped
The stator circuit: together with the friction and
𝑅1 = 0.641 Ω, 𝑋1 = 1.106 Ω; 𝑅2 = 0.332 Ω, 𝑋2 = 0.464 Ω; windage losses and the stray losses,
𝑋𝑀 = 26.3 Ω they will be treated like the
The total rotational losses are 1100 W and are assumed to be constant. mechanical losses and be subtracted
The core loss is lumped in with the rotational losses. For a slip of 2.2% at after 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 in the power-flow diagram.
the rated voltage and rated frequency, find the motor’s: 120×𝑓 120∗60
a. The synchronous speed, 𝑁𝑠 = = = 1800 rpm
𝑃 4
a. Speed; b. Stator current; c. Power factor; d. 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 and 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 1800∗2∗3.14
e. 𝜏𝑖𝑛𝑑 and 𝜏𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 ; f. Efficiency 𝜔𝑠𝑦𝑛𝑐 = = 188.4 rad/s
60
Instructor: Amar Singh BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956 Instructor: Amar Singh BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Induction Motor – Separating the rotor Induction Motor – Separating the rotor
copper losses and the power converted copper losses and the power converted
in the rotor’s equivalent circuit in the rotor’s equivalent circuit
Solution: Solution:
a. (Cont.) b. (Cont.)
The rotor’s mechanical The referred rotor impedence
shaft speed is: is:
𝑛𝑚 = 1 − 𝑠 𝑁𝑠 𝑅
𝑍2 = 2 + 𝑗𝑋2
𝑠
= 1 − 0.022 × 1800 0.332
= 1760 rpm = + 𝑗0.464
0.022
𝜔𝑚 =
2∗3.14∗1760
= 184.2 rad/s = 15.09 + 𝑗0.464
60 = 15.10∠1.760Ω
b. To find the stator current, we
The combined magnetization plus
calculate the equivalent
Rotor impedence is given by
impedence of the circuit. 1 1 1
First step is to combine the referred rotor impedence in parallel 𝑍𝑓 = 1 1 = 15.09−𝑗0.464 =
+ −𝑗0.038+ 227.9234 0.0662−𝑗0.04
𝑗𝑋𝑚 𝑍2
with the magnetization branch, and then to add the stator
impedence to that combination in series
Instructor: Amar Singh BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956 Instructor: Amar Singh BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Induction Motor – Separating the rotor Induction Motor – Separating the rotor
copper losses and the power converted copper losses and the power converted
in the rotor’s equivalent circuit in the rotor’s equivalent circuit
Solution: Solution:
b. (Cont.) b. (Cont.)
1 Resulting stator current =
𝑍𝑓 =
0.0662−𝑗0.04
𝐼1 = 15.746 − 𝑗10.481
= 11.066 + 𝑗6.686
= 18.9∠ − 33.6660
Total impedence
c. The power factor is
𝑍𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑍𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡 + 𝑍𝑓
𝑃𝐹 = cos 33.6660 = 0.833 lagging
= 11.066 + 𝑗6.686 + d. Input power is
= 0.641 + 𝑗1.106
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 3𝑉𝑇 𝐼𝐿 cos 33.664
= 11.707 + 𝑗7.792
= 3 460 18.9 0.833
= 14.063∠33.6660
= 12543 W
Resulting stator current =
𝑉∅ 460× 3 266× 11.707−𝑗7.792
The stator copper losses are
𝐼1 = = = 𝑃𝑆𝐶𝐿 = 3𝐼12 𝑅1 = 3 × 18.92 0.641 = 687 W
𝑍𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 3× 11.707+𝑗7.792 11.7072 +7.7922
Instructor: Amar Singh BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956 Instructor: Amar Singh BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Induction Motor – Separating the rotor Induction Motor – Separating the rotor copper
copper losses and the power converted losses and the power converted in the rotor’s
equivalent circuit
in the rotor’s equivalent circuit
Solution: Solution:
d. (Cont.) e. The induced torque is given
The air-gap power is given by
by 𝑃 11856
𝜏𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝐴𝐺 =
𝜔𝑠𝑦𝑛𝑐 188.4
𝑃𝐴𝐺 = 𝑃𝑖𝑛 − 𝑃𝑆𝐶𝐿
= 12543 − 687 = 62.9 N.m
= 11856 W and the output torque is given
Thus the power converted is by
𝑃 10495
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = 1 − 𝑠 𝑃𝐴𝐺 𝜏𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
𝜔𝑚 184.2
= 1 − 0.022 × 11856 = 56.98 N.m
= 11595 W f. The motor’s efficiency at this
The power 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 is given by Operating condition is
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 − 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑡 = 11595 − 1100 = 10495 W 𝑃 10495
10495 η = 𝑜𝑢𝑡 × 100 = × 100 = 83.7 %
𝑃𝑖𝑛 12543
= = 14.1 hp
746
Instructor: Amar Singh BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956 Instructor: Amar Singh BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Induction Motor – Equivalent Induction Motor – Equivalent
circuit calculation using circuit calculation using
Thevenin’s theorem Thevenin’s theorem
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956 BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Induction Motor – Equivalent
Basic electrochemistry –
circuit calculation using Depth of Discharge
Thevenin’s theorem
Q1. An electric vehicle has a battery pack with a maximum of 80% DoD.
If the vehicle starts cruising at 90 km/h while the batteries are at full
charge, calculate the vehicle range. The given 𝑘𝑏1 and 𝑘𝑏2 of the
battery from the manufacture are 1.2 and 645 Ah. The discharge
current is varying as:
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956 Instructor: Amar Singh BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Basic electrochemistry – Basic electrochemistry –
Depth of Discharge Depth of Discharge
A1.
Q2.
A2.
Instructor: Amar Singh BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956 Instructor: Amar Singh BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Basic electrochemistry – Basic electrochemistry –
Depth of Discharge Depth of Discharge
Q3. Q4.
A3. A4.
Instructor: Amar Singh BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956 Instructor: Amar Singh BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Basic electrochemistry – Basic electrochemistry –
Depth of Discharge Depth of Discharge
A4.
Where 𝑁100% : is the number of cycles for a 100% DoD
𝑁: is the number of cycles for a given DoD
𝐿: Cycle lifetime index, is a parameter to quantify battery life
Q5
Instructor: Amar Singh BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956 Instructor: Amar Singh BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Basic electrochemistry – Basic electrochemistry –
Depth of Discharge Depth of Discharge
A5. A5.
Instructor: Amar Singh BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956 Instructor: Amar Singh BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Basic electrochemistry – A Basic electrochemistry – A
simple curve fit model simple curve fit model
Between 𝐴ℎ6 , 𝑉6 i.e. 25% At 50% DoD:
DoD & 𝐴ℎ7 , 𝑉7 i.e. 75% DoD ∆𝑉50%𝐷𝑜𝐷 0.22
𝑅𝑏 = = =
The discharge curve is quasi- 𝐼2.7𝐶 − 𝐼𝐶/3 90 − 11.1
Linear. The equation for this = 2.8 mΩ
Portion of the discharge The no-load voltage at 25% DoD
Curve is given as below: Is obtained as:
𝑉𝑏 = 𝑉𝑏 𝑛𝑙,𝐷𝑜𝐷6 − 𝐾. 𝐷𝑜𝐷 − 𝐷𝑜𝐷6 𝑉𝑏 = 𝑉𝑏 𝑛𝑙,𝐷𝑜𝐷6 − 𝐾. 𝐷𝑜𝐷 − 𝐷𝑜𝐷6
−𝑅𝑏 𝐼𝑏 −𝑅𝑏 𝐼𝑏
𝑉𝑏 : Cell voltage at full load = 4 + 0 + 0.0028 × 11.1 = 4.03 V
𝑉𝑏 𝑛𝑙,𝐷𝑜𝐷6 : No-load cell voltage at 𝑦6 i.e. 25% DoD The slope 𝐾 of this quasi-linear region is given by:
𝑅𝑏 : Cell internal resistance 𝑉6 − 𝑉7 4 − 3.8 mV
𝐾: slope of the voltage drop modeled as a straight line between 𝐴ℎ6 , 𝑉6 i.e. 25% 𝐾= = =4
𝐷𝑜𝐷7 − 𝐷𝑜𝐷6 75 − 25 %
DoD & 𝐴ℎ7 , 𝑉7 i.e. 75% DoD The equation of this quasi-linear region is given by:
𝑉𝑏 = 4.03 − 0.004 𝐷𝑂𝐷 − 25 − 𝑅𝑏 𝐼𝑏
Instructor: Amar Singh BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956 Instructor: Amar Singh BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
