EXPERIMENT NO.
-7
AIM/OBJECT:-To plot the o.c.c& s.c.c of an alternator and to determine its Zs , Xd and
regulation by synchronous impedance method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:-
S.No Name Type Range Quantity
.
1. Ammeter Mc 0-1/2 A 1
2. Ammeter MI 0-10/20 A 1
3. Voltmeter MI 0-300/600V 1
4. Rheostat Single tube 272ohm,1.7A 2
7. Tachometer Digital 0-2000 rpm 1
THEORY/OPERATION/WORKINGPRINCIPLE:-
To find out the regulation of alternator by synchronous impedance method, following
characteristics and data has to be obtained experimentally.
(i)Open circuit characteristic at synchronous speed.
(ii)Short ckt characteristic at synchronous speed.
(iii)A.C. resistance. of the stator winding, per phase i.e.Ra.
Fig.(1)shows the open ckt and short ckt characteristics of a 3 phase alternator, plotted on the phase
basis. To find out the synchronous impedance from these characteristics,open ckt voltage E1 and
short ckt current,I1(preferably full load current ),corresponding to a particular value of field
current is obtained. Then, synchronous impedance per phase is given by,
Synchronous impedance, Zs=E1/I1
Then, Synchronous reactance, Xs=√ (Zs2-Ra2).
Fig (2.)Shows the phasor diagram of the alternator, supplying full load current of Ia ampere,
lagging the terminal voltage V by an angle ø. Then open ckt voltage E of the alternator is given by,
E=V+IaRa+IaXs (Phasor sum)
The diagram has been draw with the current as the reference phasor and self explanatory.The open
ckt voltage as finally obtained from the phasor diagram, corresponding to this loading condition is
given by,
Regulation = {(E-V)/V}*100 %
An approximant expression for the open ckt voltage can be established referring to phasor
diagram.
Open ckt voltage=√OD2+DC2=√(OF+FD)2+(DB+BC)2
E=√[(Vcosø+IaRa)2+(Vsinø+IaXs)2] (for lagging p.f. load)
The above expression is for lagging power factor load. In case, alternator at leading power factor.
Open ckt voltage can be found out in a similar way and is given by,
E=√[(Vcosø+IaRa)2-(Vsinø+IaXs)2] (for leading p.f. load)
The value of regulation obtained by this method is higher than obtained from as actual load test, as
such it is called pessimistic method.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM/BLOCK DIAGRAM:-
FOR OPEN Ckt.TEST
EXCITATION FIELD CURRENT (IFO) TERMINAL
VOLTAGE (V) VOLTAGE (VO)
(AMP)
FOR SHOR TCIRCUIT:-
EXCITATION SHORT CKT. FIELD SHORT CKT.
VOLTAGE (V) CURRENT (IFSC) ARMATURE
CURRENT (IFSC)
RESULT:-We have plotted the O.C.C. & S.C.C. characteristics of the alternator and also
determined its regulation by synchronous impedance method
(a) O.C.C Xd= …………….
(b) S.C.C. Xd= …………… , AVERAGE Xd= ……………….
EXPERIMENT NO.-11
AIM/OBJECT:-To plot the V-curve for a synchronous motor for different values of loads.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:-
S.NO Apparatus Name Type Range Quantity
1. Ammeter MI 0-10/20A 01
2. Ammeter MC 0-7/10A 01
3. Wattmeter Dynamometer 10/20A,200/400V 02
4. Voltmeter MI 0-300/600V 01
7. Ammeter MC 0-10/20A 01
6. Voltmeter MC 0-300V 01
THEORY/OPERATION/WORKINGPRINCIPLE:-With constant mechanical load on the
synchronous motor, the variation of field current change the armature current drown by the motor and its
operating power factor. As such, the behavior of synchronous motor is described below under three
different modes of field excitation.
1. Normal Excitation: - The armature current is minimum at a particular value of field current,
which is called the normal excitation. The operating power factor is unity at this excitation.
2. Under Excitation:-when the field current is decreased gradually below the normal excitation,
the armature current is increases and operating power factor of the motor decreases. The power
factor under this condition is lagging.
3. Over excitation:-when the field current increases gradually beyond the normal excitation, the
armature current again increases and operating power factor decreases. However, the power
factor is leading under this condition. Hence, the synchronous motor draws a leading power
current, when it is over excited and is equivalent to a capacitive load.
If the above variation of field current and the corresponding armature current are plotted for a
constant mechanical Ioad, a curve of the safe of ‘V ’is obtained and commonly called a ‘V
‘curve of the motor. For increases constant mechanical load on the motor, V curves bodily shift
upwards as shown in
Fig. 1:- The curve joins the minimum current point of ‘V’.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM/BLOCK DIAGRAM:-
SPECIFICATION: - 3-HP, 3-Phase, 417v, 4.7A, 1700RPM, delta connected synchronous motor.
Fig.2:- Circuit diagram to plot V-curve for a synchronous machine
OBSERVATION TABLE/GRAPH:-
S.NO. V If IA W1 W2 VDC IDC COSØ
1
RESULT:-WE have plotted the V curve for a synchronous motor for different values of load.
PRECAUTIONS:-Do connection properly and all the connection should be tight.
EXPERIMENT NO.-4
8.1 AIM/OBJECT:-- To study effect of variation of field current upon the stator current and
power factor of synchronous motor andPlot V-Curve and inverted V-Curve of synchronous motor
for different values of loads
APPARATUS REQUIRED:-
S. NO. NAME OF TYPE RANGE RANGE
APPARATUS QUANTITY
1 Ammeter MI 0-7A->A1 N.I. 1
0-10A->A2 B.R.
2 Voltmeter MI 0-600V->V1 N.I. 1
0- 300V->V2 B.R.
3 Wattmeter Dynamometer 7A, 600V-> (W1, W2) N.I. 2
10A,300V->(W3,W4)
4 3Phase VARIAC Fully VARIAC 0-17A,0-470V 1
THEORY/OPERATION/WORKINGPRINCIPLE:-To draw the circle diagram of a 3 phase
induction motor, following data is essential.
1. No load current, Io and its power factor angle, ф0
2. Short circuit current, Isc corresponding to rated voltage and its Power factor angle фsc.
NO LOAD TEST: -To obtain no load current and its power factor angle, no load test is
performed at rated voltage and frequency. Let the readings of ammeter, voltmeter, wattmeters
connected in the circuit be I0, V0, W01 and W02 respectively during no load test. Then
Tan ф = √3× (W01-W02|)
(W01+W02)
Hence, no load power factor angle ф 0, can be calculated from the reading of two wattmeter.
Noload current I0, has been directly measured by the ammeter.
BLOCK ROTOR TEST: - To obtain short circuit current and its power factor angle, block rotor
test is performed on the motor. In this test, rotor is not allowed to move and reduced voltage (27-
30 percent of rated voltage) of rated frequency is applied to the stator winding. This test is
performed with rated current flowing in the stator winding. Let the reading of ammeter, voltmeter
and two wattmeter’s be, Isc, Vsc and Wsc respectively under block rotor condition. Then,
Tan ф =√3 (Wsc1-Wsc2)
(Wsc1+Wsc2)
Thus, short circuit power factor angle can be calculated from the above equation.
Short circuit current Isc observed during the block rotor rest corresponds to reduced applied voltage
Vsc , which should be converted to rated voltage of the motor for plotting the circle diagram . The
relation between the short circuit current and the applied voltage is approximately a straight line.
Thus short circuit current Isc corresponding to rated voltage is V of the motor is given by,
Short circuit current Isc = V X Isc/Vsc
It may be remembered that the power factor of the motor is quit low at no load as well as under
block rotor condition. Thus one of the wattmeter connected in the circuit will give negative
reading in both the test, which may be recorded by reversing the terminal of the pressure coil or
the current coil.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM/BLOCK DIAGRAM:-
OBSERVATION TABLE/GRAPH:-
No load test Blok rotor test
S.N V0 I0 W01 W SPEE Vsc Isc Wsc1 Ws W W speed
o. 02 D c2 s1 S2
1. 400 2.7A 77*8 0 1490r.p 200 4A 100 37 9K 2k 1200r.p
V mp W W .m. V mp *8 *8 g g .m.
CALCULTION:-
No load test parameters:
∆connected stator: IL=I0=I0ph, VL=Vph
No load Input P0=W01+W02, Core losses Pi=P0-3Ioph2R1-Pwf
No load power factor cosФ0 =pi/(√3v0i0) IW I0COSФO
Z0=VO/IOPH RO-VO/(IW/√3) XO √(ZO2-RO2),R1RDC*1.2 , [RDC=0.9]
Block rotor test parameter:-
Z01= Vsc / Iscph, R01=Psc/ (3Icphs2), X01=√ (Z012-R012)
RESULT:-we have performed no load &blocked rotor test on 3- induction motor and found out
the parameters of equivalent circuits:
R0=……..Ω, X0=……Ω, R01=…….Ω, X01=…..Ω
Also computed the (1) Max. Torque…748.8N-m.. (2)Current….. (3)Slip…20%……. (4)P.F …
0.8…..(7)Efficiency……63.82%..
PRECAUTIONS:-Do connection properly and all the connection should be tight
EXPERIMENT NO.-9
9.1 AIM/OBJECT:-To plot the V-curve and inverted V-curve of synchronous motor
9.2 APPARATUS REQUIRED/SOFTWARE/TOOL:-
S.NO Apparatus Name Type Range Quantity
1. Ammeter MI 0-10/20A 01
2. Ammeter MC 0-7/10A 01
3. Wattmeter Dynamometer 10/20A,200/400V 02
4. Voltmeter MI 0-300/600V 01
7. Ammeter MC 0-10/20A 01
6. Voltmeter MC 0-300V 01
9.3 THEORY/OPERATION/WORKINGPRINCIPLE:-With constant mechanical load on the
synchronous motor, the variation of field current change the armature current drown by the motor and its
operating power factor. As such, the behavior of synchronous motor is described below under three
different modes of field excitation.
9.3.1 Normal Excitation: - The armature current is minimum at a particular value of field
current, which is called the normal excitation. The operating power factor is unity at this
excitation.
9.3.2 Under Excitation:-when the field current is decreased gradually below the normal
excitation, the armature current is increases and operating power factor of the motor
decreases. The power factor under this condition is lagging.
9.3.3 Over excitation:-when the field current increases gradually beyond the normal excitation,
the armature current again increases and operating power factor decreases. However, the
power factor is leading under this condition. Hence, the synchronous motor draws a leading
power current, when it is over excited and is equivalent to a capacitive load.
If the above variation of field current and the corresponding armature current are plotted
for a constant mechanical Ioad, a curve of the safe of ‘V ’is obtained and commonly called
a ‘V ‘curve of the motor. For increases constant mechanical load on the motor, V curves
bodily shift upwards as shown in
Fig. 1:- The curve joins the minimum current point of ‘V’.
9.4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM/BLOCK DIAGRAM:-SPECIFICATION: - 3-HP, 3-Phase, 417v,
4.7A, 1700RPM, delta connected synchronous motor.
Fig.2:- Circuit diagram to plot V-curve for a synchronous machine
9.7 OBSERVATION TABLE/GRAPH:-
S.NO. V If IA W1 W2 VDC IDC COSØ
1 220 1.1 0.8 230 200 11 1.1 0.87
9.6 RESULT:-WE have plotted the V curveandimvrted V-curve for a synchronous motor.
9.7 PRECAUTIONS:-Do connection properly and all the connection should be tight.
EXPERIMENT NO.-12
AIM/OBJECT:-To synchronize an alternator across the infinite bus (RSEB) and control load
sharing
APPARATUS REQUIRED/SOFTWARE/TOOL:-
S.NO Apparatus Name Type Range Quantity
1. Ammeter MI 0-10/20A 01
2. Ammeter MC 0-7/10A 01
3. Wattmeter Dynamometer 10/20A,200/400V 02
4. Voltmeter MI 0-300/600V 01
7. Ammeter MC 0-10/20A 01
6. Voltmeter MC 0-300V 01
THEORY/OPERATION/WORKINGPRINCIPLE:-The synchronous generator (FIG.1) can be
connected to the bus bars (represented by an equivalent generator) only when each of the voltages
between R1 and R2, between Y1 and Y2, and between B1 and B2 is zero at every instant of time.
Thiscondition is fulfilled when the line voltages on the generator side are equal, at allinstants of
time, to the corresponding voltages on the bus bar side. This is possibleonly if the following
conditions are fulfilled:
a. The voltages Vg and Vb are equal in magnitude and are in phase.
b. Their frequencies are the same.
c. The generator and the bus bars have the same phase sequence.
When these conditions are fulfilled, the synchronizing switch between the generatorand the bus
can be switched on. Fulfillment of these conditions is checked by thefollowing method:
Synchronization by three dark lamp methods:-
Connect the D.C. motor -synchronous generator as shown in FIG.2. Start the D.C. motor by
switching on S1 and bring its speed to the synchronous speed of the generator (1700-rpm). Adjust
the field excitation of the generator using Rf2 and Rf3 so that about rated voltage (400V, L-L) is
obtained. Switch on the a.c mains switch S2 and adjust the VARIAC so that Vb is 400 V. Let the
phase sequence of the generator terminals RYB be the same as that of the respective terminals of
the mains, RYB. The voltage phasors for this condition are shown in FIG.3.If the generator
frequency is slightly more than that of the bus, then the phasors R1, Y1 and B1 move anti-
clockwise relative to R2, Y2, and B2. The voltages across the lamps L1, L2, L3 (which are
indicated by the phasors R1R2, Y1Y2, and B1B2) will increase & decrease simultaneously and
therefore, the three lamps will brighten up and darken at the same time. If the phase sequences are
R1Y1B1 and R2 B2Y2, the phase diagram of voltages will be as shown in FIG.4. For this
condition the voltages across lamps given by phasors R1R2, Y1Y2 and B1B2 are not equal to each
other at the instant shown. Therefore the lamps go through their zero voltage one after the other.
The phase sequences are thus different and can be corrected by interchanging any two terminals
either on the generator side or on the bus side. When such a change is made both the three-phase
main switch S2 and he D.C. main switch S1 should beswitched off. With the phase sequence
corrected, if there is a large difference between the frequency of the generator and that of the bus,
the lamps will brighten & darken in quick succession. By adjusting the speed of the generator, this
rapidity can be reduced, which indicates that the frequencies are coming closer and the lamps will
brighten up & darken slowly.
The correct moment of synchronization in this method is when all the lamps are completely dark,
at which time all the voltages of her bus are exactly in phase with the corresponding voltages of
the generator. At this moment the synchronizing switch S3 is closed and the generator is
synchronized with the mains. After synchronization do not allow the synchronous machine to run
as a motor, i.e. do not allow the wattmeter to read negative. If it reads negative it means that the
machine receives power from the a.c mains. In such a case, reduce the excitation of the D.C. motor
so that the wattmeter reads a few positive watts.
Study of the influence of the change in input power of the synchronous
Generator
After synchronization If is kept constant and the prime -mover excitation Ifpm is slowly decreased
taking care that the positive power is shown by the wattmeterwhich indicates that the machine is
only generating. For each value of Ifpm, Ia, W,V, and the power angle are noted. The power angle
may be noted using astroboscope. The generator may become unstable for higher values of
current; careshould be taken to switch off the a.c mains then. Load of suitable values is connected
to the D.C. bus bar to absorb the D.C. power inthe event the synchronous machine operates as a
motor. This load is switched onbefore synchronization.
Report:
Power output, P=
1. Calculate the power factor in each case, Cos f = P/(1.73 Via)
2. Plot power P against d (on X-axis) for different excitations.
3. Plot p.f against P (on X-axis) for different excitations.
4. Plot Ia against P (on X-axis) for different excitations.
7. Suppose lamps 2 & 3 were cross-connected as shown in FIG.7, how will the
lamps glow forCorrect phase sequence.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM/BLOCK DIAGRAM:-
OBSERVATION TABLE/GRAPH:-
S. Curren W1 W2 Speed o/p Power Efficiency p.f. Load
No. t (w) (w) (rpm)N=Nr (2πNT/60) %η s1-s2
(A) Kg
1.
RESULT:-We have performed the load test on 3-phase motor and found out various performance
curves.
