Adama Science and Technology University Department of Civil Engineering 2020 GC

Solved Problems on Flexural Member

1. A simply supported beam of span 8 meters carries working load of 20 KN/m and 30 KN/m as
Permanent load and Imposed load respectively, the beam also carries 50 KN as Permanent
load from secondary beam at mid span. Use S 275 grade steel

Design the beam for the following cases

1) The flange of Universal beam is restrained by RCC slab at top to prevent from lateral
movement, the beam is stiffened at the ends and at mid span
2) Beam is unrestrained against lateral movement.
3) Only uniform load is acting and beam is restrained by RCC slab at top to prevent from
lateral movement
4) Only uniform load is acting and beam is unrestrained.

Given Data,

 UDL Loads 20 KN/m Permanent load) & 30 KN/m (Imposed load)

 Point load 50 KN as Permanent load
 Grade of steel S275; 𝑓 = 275 MPa and Fu = 430 MPa

 Stress Ratio (ϵ) = √

Step-1: - Convert working loads to Design loads

Load factored for Dead loads 1.35 & 1.5 for imposed live loads

The design load is:

 1.35 x 20 + 1.5 x 30 = 72 KN/m -----for UDL loads and

 1.35 x 50 = 67.5 KN -------------------for point load

The given problem is restrained & stiffened web. Hence lateral torsional buckling need
not to be checked.

Step-2: - Calculation of maximum bending moment and shear force

For simply supported beam maximum bending moment will occur at mid span and shear
force at support

Maximum bending moment ( )= + = + = 711 KNm

Steel and Timber Structure By: Melkamu E. (M.Sc.)

Adama Science and Technology University Department of Civil Engineering 2020 GC

Maximum shear force ( )= + = + = 321.75 KN

Step-3:- Required plastic modulus of section

= = = = 2625cm2

Let’s select trial section 533 x 210 x 122 from universal section having plastic section
modulus (Wply) 3200 cm3 and has the following properties

h = 544.5mm b = 211.9mm tw = 12.7mm t f = 21.3mm

d = 476.5mm Iyy = 76000cm4 Izz = 3390cm4 iyy = 22.1cm
izz = 4.67cm Wply = 3200cm3 Wplz = 500cm3 Iw = 2.32 dm6
It = 178cm4 A =155cm2 r = 14mm

Step-4: - Resistance moment for selected section

= = = 880KNm > 711KNm ok!

Hence safe against moment carrying capacity

Step-5: - Classification of section

For flange: - outstanding element of compression flange

= 4.08 < 9 ∈ = 9 x 0.92 = 8.28 −−−−− −class I

For web: - where neutral axis lies at mid height

= 37.51 < 72 ∈ = 72x0.92 = 66.24 −−−−− −class I

∴ Whole section is designed for class I

Step-6: - Design plastic resistance of shear

=
√

For I section A- 2btf + (tw+2r)*tf

= 15500-(2 x 211.9 x 21.3) + (12.7 + 2x14) 21.3 = 7339.97 mm2 but not less than

Steel and Timber Structure By: Melkamu E. (M.Sc.)

Adama Science and Technology University Department of Civil Engineering 2020 GC

=η 𝑡 = 1.0 x 476.5 x 12.7 = 6051.5 mm2. 7339.97 > 6051.5. Therefore let’s
use 7339.97 mm2

= = 1165.37 KN > = 582.685 KN > 321.75 KN.

√

Hence safe against shear

Step-7:- Effect of shear force on the plastic resistance moment

= = 0.28 < 0.5

Therefore, no reduction in moment resistance of a section.

Step-8: - Shear resistance of section for stiffened web

As point load is acting on the beam, let’s provide web stiffener under the point load to
avoid crushing and buckling of web.

√ for plastic shear resistance

√ for shear buclking

= 5.34 + 4 ( ) if, where a = distance between

intermediate stiffeners, in our case its 8000/2 = 4000 mm but, = =

8.39 > 1 ok!

2
= 5.34 + 4 ( ) = 287.21 37.51 ≤ 31 x 0.92 x 287.21 = 483.33

Therefor we need to check for plastic shear resistance but not for shear buckling

Step-9:- Check for resistance of intermediate stiffeners

Assumption: - The stiffeners are double sided & symmetrical about the center line of web
Let’s assume 200 x 12 mm thick plate as stiffeners

0.75*476.5*12.73 = 800000 ≥ 732040.87 Ok!

Check for buckling resistance of stiffeners (Perpendicular to the plane of web)

Steel and Timber Structure By: Melkamu E. (M.Sc.)

Adama Science and Technology University Department of Civil Engineering 2020 GC

First determine Compressive force in an intermediate stiffener.

If it greater than zero, check the stiffener for buckling (refer sect. 5.2 EC3 1993 - 1.5 (2004)

Ns = Vsd - [ ] but 0

Ns = 328.5*103 - [ ] = -578.30 KN < 0

∴ Ns = 0 (there is no load carried by intermediate stiffeners, there for no need to check

the web stiffener for buckling)

Step-10:- Check for flange induced buckling

K √ = 37.51 0.3 √ = 265.26 ok!

The value of the factor k should be taken as follows

For class 1 (plastic rotation utilized) = 0.3, class 2 (plastic moment resistance utilized =
0.4 and class 3 or 4 (elastic moment resistance utilized) = 0.55 for flanges.

Step-11:- Check for lateral torsional movement, web buckling, web crushing and web 4

crippling of web need not to be checked as

RCC slab is resting over Flange which prevents from movement and web is provided
with intermediate stiffeners

Step-12:- Check for deflection (Limit state of serviceability)

For simply supported beam with UDL and point load

δ= +

δ= + = 20.029𝑚𝑚

Limiting deflection (δmax) = == = 32 > 20.029 ok!

Case 2: Beam is unrestrained against lateral movement

Step-1: - Convert working loads to Design loads

Steel and Timber Structure By: Melkamu E. (M.Sc.)

Adama Science and Technology University Department of Civil Engineering 2020 GC

Step-2: - Calculation of maximum bending moment and shear force

Step-3:- Required plastic modulus of section

Step-4: - Resistance moment for selected section

Step-5: - Classification of section

Step-6: - Design plastic resistance of shear

Step-7:- Effect of shear force on the plastic resistance moment

Step-8: - Shear resistance of section for stiffened web

Step-9:- Check for resistance of intermediate stiffeners

Step-10:- Check for flange induced buckling

Step-11: - Check for lateral torsional moment as beam is not restrained by RCC or by other
means.

Reduction factor for lateral torsional buckling χLT. If the lateral torsional buckling
slenderness ̅LT is less than or equal to ̅LT, limit = 0.4 (maximum) the effect of lateral torsional
buckling may be neglected. And apply only cross sectional resistance 5

Determination of elastic critical moment (Mcr)

 Beam ends are pinned at both ends 𝜓 = 0 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜
& kz = 1.0
 Zg = 272.25 bcouse the load is applied at the upper flange
 Zj = 0 for section is double symetrict section such as I or H section with equal
flange), use the following equetion for elastic critical moment.

= C1 √

= 4391357.11

Steel and Timber Structure By: Melkamu E. (M.Sc.)

Adama Science and Technology University Department of Civil Engineering 2020 GC

= = 684365.78

= 81000*178* = 1.4418* and

C1 = 1.77 for Ψ = 0 see page 29 ppt

= 1.77* √

= 6582512535.24 Nmm = 6582.5KNm

Slenderness ration for lateral torsional ̅ =√ but for class 1 and 2

𝑐𝑟

=> ̅ =√ =√ = 0.37
𝑐𝑟

Non dimensional slenderness ratio ̅ = 0.37 => no need to ckeck LTB

If it is greater, follow the following steps, assum ̅ = 0.4

= = 2.5 > 2, therefore, refer curve b (new code page no 74) 𝛼 = 0.34

Reduction factor for slenderness (𝜒LT) for general case

6

𝜒 = and
√

= 0.5[1 + 𝛼 ( ̅ – 0.2) + ̅

= 0.5[1 + 0.34(0.42 – 0.2) + ] = 0.626

Then, 𝜒 = 0.92

= = = 805.6.2KNm > 711KNm Ok!

Case 3: Only uniform load is acting and beam is restrained by RCC slab at top to prevent
from lateral movement

Given Data,

UDL Loads 20 KN/m & 30 KN/m

Steel and Timber Structure By: Melkamu E. (M.Sc.)

Adama Science and Technology University Department of Civil Engineering 2020 GC

Grade of steel S275; 𝑓 = 275 MPa and Fu = 430 MPa

Stress Ratio (ϵ) = √

The given problem is restrained & unstiffened web

Step-1: - Convert working loads to Design loads

Load factored for Dead loads 1.35 & 1.5 for imposed loads

∴ 1.35x 20 + 1.5x 30= 72 KN/m for UDL loads

The given problem is restrained & stiffened web. Hence lateral torsional buckling need
not to be checked.

Step-2: - Calculation of maximum bending moment and shear force

For simply supported beam maximum bending moment will occur at mid span and shear
force at support

Maximum bending moment ( )= = = 576 KNm

Maximum shear force (VEd) = = 288 KN

Step-3:- Required plastic modulus of section 7

where, = ,

𝑓
= 2094.5cm3

Let’s select trial section 533 x 210 x 122 from universal section having plastic section
3
modulus (Wply) is 3200 cm and has the following properties

h = 544.5mm b = 211.9mm tw = 12.7mm t f = 21.3mm

d = 476.5mm Iyy = 76000cm4 Izz = 3390cm4 iyy = 22.1cm
izz = 4.67cm Wply = 3200cm3 Wplz = 500cm3 Iw = 2.32 dm6
It = 178cm4 A =155cm2 r = 14mm

Step-4: - Resistance moment for selected section

Steel and Timber Structure By: Melkamu E. (M.Sc.)

Adama Science and Technology University Department of Civil Engineering 2020 GC

= = = 880KNm > 576KNm ok!

Hence safe against moment carrying capacity

Step-5: - Classification of section

For flange: - outstanding element of compression flange

= 4.08 < 9 ∈ = 9 x 0.92 = 8.28 −−−−− −class I

For web: - where neutral axis lies at mid height

= 37.51 < 72 ∈ = 72x0.92 = 66.24 −−−−− −class I

∴ Whole section is designed for class I

Step-6: - Design plastic resistance of shear

=
√

For I section A- 2btf + (tw+2r)*tf

= 15500-(2 x 211.9 x 21.3) + (12.7 + 2x14) 21.3 = 7339.97 mm2 but not less than 8

Av = η h tw = 1.0 x 476.5 x 12.7 = 6051.5 mm2. 7339.97 > 6051.5. Therefore let’s use
7339.97 mm2

= = 1165.37 KN > 288 KN.

√

Hence safe against shear

Step-7:- Effect of shear force on the plastic resistance moment

= = 0.25 < 0.5 ∴ No reduction in moment resistance of a section.

Step-8: - Shear resistance of section for unstiffened web

Shear buckling resistance must not be verified if

(Page No. 62 in new code EBCS 2015)

Steel and Timber Structure By: Melkamu E. (M.Sc.)

Adama Science and Technology University Department of Civil Engineering 2020 GC

37.51 72* = 66.24 ok!

As web is not stiffened by stiffeners, hence, we need to check for the following cases

Step-9: - Check for resistance of web to transverse force

 For web crushing

( )

SS = Length of stiff bearing ≤ 0.2 d

Sy = Length over which the applied force is effectively distributed fyw & fyf =
yield strength of web and flange

Let’s Assume SS = 75 mm ≤ 0.2 x 476.5 = 95.3 mm

𝑠 𝑡 √

σfed = longitudinal stress in flange = 0 9

𝑠 √ = 87.0 mm

Sy = half at both ends as the load is distributed on two supports.

( )
= 413.86 KN > 288 KN ok!

 For web crippling

𝑡 √ 𝑓

√ = 793.67KN >

288KN --------- Ok!

 For web buckling
 unstiffened web at point where concentrated load is acting

Radius of gyration (𝑖) = √ = √ = = = 3.66mm

√ √

Steel and Timber Structure By: Melkamu E. (M.Sc.)

Adama Science and Technology University Department of Civil Engineering 2020 GC

Web slenderness ratio λ= = = 90.98 and

= 93.9 𝜀 = 93.9 𝑥 0.92 = 86.38

Non dimensional slenderness ratio, ̅ = √ = √ = 1.05

 Buckling curve

= = 2.56 > 1.2, referring buckling curve b for reduction factor.

Refer fig 6.4; 𝜒 = 0.65

Buckling resistance of web;

= 2770.63KN > 288KN Ok!

Step-10:- Check for flange induced buckling

K √

37.51 0.3 √ = 265.26 => 37.51 265.26 Ok!

Factor K should be taken as follows:

For class 1, 2 and 3 or 4 flanges, take K value 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 respectively.

Step-11:-Check for lateral torsional movement, need not to be checked as RCC slab is
resting over Flange which prevents from movement.

Step-12:- Check for deflection (Limit state of serviceability)

For simply supported beam with UDL and point load

δ=

δ= = 16.69𝑚𝑚

Limiting deflection (δmax) = == = 32 > 20.029 ok!

Steel and Timber Structure By: Melkamu E. (M.Sc.)

Adama Science and Technology University Department of Civil Engineering 2020 GC

Case 4: Only uniform load is acting and beam is unrestrained.

Step 1- 10 is same as case 3

Step-11:- Check for lateral torsional movement as beam is not restrained by RCC

Reduction factor for lateral torsional buckling χLT. Follow the step of 11 from case 2

Step-12:- Check for deflection (Limit state of serviceability) follow the step of 12 from case 3

2. Consider the beam, supported by web cleats and loaded by two concentrated loads, P =
70.0 KN (design loads). Design the beam using a HEA profile, in S235 steel (E = 210
GPa and G = 81 GPa), according to EC3-1-1. Consider free rotation at the supports with
respect to the y-axis and the z-axis. Also assume free warping at the supports but consider
that the web cleats do not allow rotation around the axis of the beam (x axis). Assume:

1) Unrestrained beam;
2) Beam is restrained at points of application of the concentrated loads.

Steel and Timber Structure By: Melkamu E. (M.Sc.)

Adama Science and Technology University Department of Civil Engineering 2020 GC

12

 h = 230mm

Steel and Timber Structure By: Melkamu E. (M.Sc.)

Adama Science and Technology University Department of Civil Engineering 2020 GC

Where: h = 230mm,

13

Steel and Timber Structure By: Melkamu E. (M.Sc.)

Adama Science and Technology University Department of Civil Engineering 2020 GC

14

Steel and Timber Structure By: Melkamu E. (M.Sc.)

Adama Science and Technology University Department of Civil Engineering 2020 GC

15

Steel and Timber Structure By: Melkamu E. (M.Sc.)