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untt ii vole 8
Optoelectronic Device.
twonediteoa
| a Piaget
| Phetoconductive cell s/ ight Dependent Resistor ¢
|
| Provide Auyiclent ene say b cause her cleckye,
Uholes. Bue te this caration af chatige Cadatens
|
“nesistane of a moterial i Aeduced This & ¢,
|
| @ photeconductive cell.
3 Photesent itive
|
i c
\ cS material
om j—
| i .
| Steble with semp diijerenel arge change Wo acste
|
| tulth temp -dl} avence.
i
Responses 4e visible Ushts
Uke Burman aye. Extends by rR augton.
a»
Pater Vy
9 ve
we
TMuinence (1U%)“Vee
Photeveltate cells —2 no
ety light detector with \
schenhtt Trigger aeaegemnt
Resistant: is varted 4 te
Measure it We apply o
ae vottege C passive Froneducer),
[CAB ye trans
Th hs Solas cell. Tv can stone voltage se
: oo,
Prlager,
layer
a
2 En eae
peercce cesta Leger.
Mevsuiedontinct,
To; Pew
EM From P lager light trvele to Por junebon
WW / and b woleger. C% fumps from ve te
ce and holes and cS Ate Created ard
potential Aiffenente is cacatedd. because ¥
widening of depletion layea.
yi Photediede: > Braces
¥v
There fs some leak.
AMevege Lonpected In Aeverse bins
because, q wide depletion lager
ae cugrent twohich ie prepeabenat
LORS ee, zs
- Fnvenaity ¥ LOPES an Cy3e «pate
Characterisbag :
Phete
derverE
pe)Pheiotransistor’
Tose diodes ennnerted Back Both O& trang
é ta 3)
© Lace collector jn~ reverse biased (Uoht ee
[Bace émftter Jo — Forward blased
© Photedfodes have better genera | pee
suspense and tower noize,
J ig hi tio wavelength
asporse & ede fon
we {ineaall ye y Spectaal
Spettenm ¢
° Spectral ausponse- The
adipenrt cwarelength 4 light.
co spectral Aetpence 9
human or
TT wenvelength
vB
i stad
Violet - 370- ¥SS am {
Blue - hss —haanm
"Gren 7 Aa SVT NM
| Yettow = 57" — AF nm
orange esate bez am 9%"
Red ~ bbz - 70 nm
Revection:
@ When Loht passes actos boundary qe
dijesent media ft Is bend provited the agi
Freidente Fs Met equal & 40°. Thin ba called mfr*
}
'jo Rapnacnie | aaems Bilinediurn sitet] Hal te
pave of S10 4 argh Y. jnetoleres be Aine gf ong
| & agaactien«
© Renactre fe en vanes from t esgon any wedia,
|
| o The sum q bhe Paopoabon gq pflected , abaorbed
an
j
fo unity
| phototube / Provoebe ctrte colt :
A taansmitted Light yor any Aubsbance Te equot
ott ea type % gat fitted ba ‘vaeuuim filled 64
vacuum tube that fe zenaftive t Uyhe.
© Wrobel Called as ‘Photoemssefve coll”
Photornuttiptter tube (pe)
© widely wed in acamigg devices
© When Ught fat or Sts, em are knocked from VB te
je and move. from “one electrode te other chectrede with
sequential tnevease fr vetbiat J
othis ie to ercate higher nog electrons and
Thence the Guvrent Ae the measutement Is Lastea.
:
i Se & mateatal whieh gh oh Ug br when |
hie by nigh energy poatteles [the alpha paattele -gommach,
pyredes 2 yawn
art oR fe
de ai Ie. : W).
© Sdntillators > ° ry ees :
4 =
Fat 4 Pletomutptien
Tube| Opriea\ apisplace ment Tranedu car: \
“o Opltie} Tanaduces produces’ 9 electing i
light tip This Ugh Mp con cean
in Aceponee to
total tongs BT aadiablon ineluding IR & uy!
\
\
|
|
ls
|
|
|
| © There ave 2 types, ;
| 2 System ah - wwded tracks cenaiating q Irena |
land opaque gecttons 4 assotiated lamps + photécetig
| Sov d'y \
i Is
detect the suitehtog :
4 a
tote
A) Notas Fringe fon Eneaemental'| Intatlnghy ase
| 1aed <
| Nokes. :
xy
vy} $usd vo Wet umneind
Phote dtode >... Photerenductive eft, / EDR se
DR Hont dependant “resistance
Beth Verviea} & horfzental
y tount & widin Ho the
Tt measures tre Sed 2 Ateaction R oe
Sep can be m
ofp pulsePATE (ooltern.
[fe] 1 #60 6 066
(3 6, ee 2100
7
Ira). ge tee ert
oleloe
ir) oo°e
i
applied b A matealal yeu ae ao prepeahenal
qo the stress fa Rpewr as 4 piezo ck ckale mateval.
tebe ns
PEM 3
OBR aah ie
See Wereton |
Vela 2
genered oe pees
| Stress applied vaiteg 1
|
|
o@ Quastr opel is @ Paterally cccutyy
ero chectate material (PEM). S othebs pem like
Bratum, Tirargate Ae also used fo Carate Piezo
cloctaie effect.
© Phexo electale jmanccucer. % baste or lager
a oaystel mateval between bur plates. Theaahpas fe
have eapad hive : fect clus te diclect aS ratun, + Ibe
Pea minyiy ‘© | Qe at | “=
Q-> charg? acuumulated CP electnads hee
A> change sensitivity i
fo Force.
©@ tan alae be gn an[ @- 6 ve]
C, > capad tence
Ve o/t Voltage .
Cpe Ori beA
t
AD Asea of plate
$y relat ive perral Bevis
% 3 Peanstiviby g, se aad
b> thickness rh Uelectaie media.
“@: cr, i,
wie. de Ve
fr ey bo
t > thickness (tonct tant)
P— Pacesure ( divetly prop ty a vata
q
ue i A pleco electale fees has a phte
dimension Oo}, Smm xX hmm The. tiSobness a} Tf
amma Aelabive peAmdtitviny ie ae . pelt east
i coh Mmo/y* Teo Ypres op vans fe appletsFP | cateulate othe ya o/p vested. qos. f
@: we kvow, @ -dé
: Qe Cr. Vo
Vee grexi™
d
fn Se
Go: A= BxAmm-
t= amm
Ey * Soo
gre Of Voy
‘G28N
4 in aly, €, = 8-880"! ( bonstant)
As 9 éréo
=D.Oh X BOX ¥.8E xo}?
= 982.2 x107' Vay
Np = b:0Hh XZ xO
= 0: OB
ae af
= Qgg-axtonl xe
= oabsb x foie
| Plezo electrfe transducer
| Bytvalent crete +“Gy Sigodk PT
Sipe! condi¥on
Ste aig pals:
(BEOEMG. bor, ea)
5 Blo ole $3}
i 3 BPe mechanle 3. (mew vement)
3 Bfo acoustic 39 On 4 asten,
| — Bie chenieal $4 (aig
Signal eonditioning fovelves’ “arhipiisieation,
| fering y Abe eb&--
Pasaive pitters
Restctoa b copeciinas mee au posslve
asl jor passive pits Tt doeen't neod an ang
Sup :Whee »X. 3 capsditve seackanee -
x. aL
wben, free ep VE be high, Xev ge the
voltage: ‘drop, fn Xe Me bess . be Vy is v 6 Bees
When 4404 of VF te low, Xet (HFe)
Freq PD Ye tallow
Frey fe Xe Stop
Recferanee measurement =
y Moumeter ammeter measuacrment,
Voltmeter have’ internal
* pgeterarce landl, hence
a voltage etrop.
Voltmeter draws mene cunrent SO Tv Ip fe
= s As
the Yesistene of Blan ange vories » & ammeter
Meare the current treug bh volneter also.| 4 OF There vill be Spterng)
| A oh vestsbanee 67085 come,
ts
| \ Bo the Voltmeter re :
s eet
ae
4he Ce Avop aca,
ammeter and etaln a
& tv aveld this we f gor bvlelge naire
meaguat the Acélstente .
Bridge +
Astangement 4 alectrone components Tat
a
Measure Aeelstance, capacitance R Inductance),
Bridge :
“oN
AG De
Wheat stone bridge:
S Te measure Aeststane.
¢ A wheatatore baldge tonéist an Lunkrowe
pacetefon Aeskstoas & an adfustalt
| peahstor, Ewe
aesiston -
| ett & used Joa vewy accurate Aesistonce
| poeagunemente. tai eae
oJt & an igataumedt Bice joa making
i o,f
wmpasiaien , Measiremenrts & operates ion?
au Indl cation padneple.under’ balanced’ condition , Aaplertion a
Golvanerietes f putt. ‘ :
wher thy bidge fe balance tied Nout epeck te |
o gaivenemetet then b and A ax fr Sarhe
rane . G the current Iy* Ts and 2
pe cuaaent glows ‘thtcugh queen
Te+=TaR OO
e tA ; LE
Pers = a
Teta Be A Te Te ts
2. er 4 aE
03 Poeray PoE. TEED 138 E ;
po acnas GRR RSE RRERIG RIT csmatstass -
Ls a of
J wiv ane if
S Te any ig Leststance Ts known, the ath acefstantoa —
gon Tbe. cgoundenss laps
Prblmt cs yd
Dy bat null tabdtiion g | gevenemattet "pinol ‘the value
14 unknevsn aosister »R «
| fait
| gb RE
2 See
= 2.SS Ke,
|Leff
» Tn wis btdge gers Nd 2 Reine Nes 4q
Ins & She Find Measurr me ny
- | Maes fiom
J the balage
bye dg 8 Ke
| Range:
3, A Asqutes wheot etre baidge® ‘fs used te Peat
high Acsiatances , the bafelgs hag Aatio arms a
Ib, ove. and jon. The adjustable aam has a
Lmeximum vebue of wpe. A batters of OV eng
ie reg Urges poslatante ts pened prom the Junctig,
4 patio aams to the opposite coanerL What'fs ith
A Tees caualetones.: that Con be eecuaed ada tate dire
i geet P+ 10,0002.
| @ = 10-2 ie lee werecedny
|
1 &= lo,c00n
“ps
| R= TH = 10,000 '% 10,006
Rog 7 (eROP A ore _ oxiot
©
Classfpicabion a) aesfetoncss ;
Y dow acefetance Any weelatanes of tH
ewer can be Called gy low aeisbana-
D Medium rcfetone: pa - tokra) Mah gesfstane P above tatio.
a ‘
o Whreatstene be ge Ye dutbatsts for 7 cowed
hp 0
yredion 4 bpd Seclerancea bet not lod Seats hanes.
epestictens by tape ta used te celoulate
Fatensliy % Ugh by tennecthiag phots vorlucBue.
cel Po The tnknsion eam m, BY daleatating
ahe fntenaitg qighr f ts eal cuts teal:
re e
%
ss
Reasen. When we measure Mecliom or high
aterea
: Y
gastetaenee » the acsfetante 3 vofac doesnte Fnt-espere
ala nipleantyy and have lew errer.
es for measuring Low sesstanee Value cre
ge 4e8 Ketvins Bytdge
Kelvints bridge 3
Ad
MO \eod vialétan ce.
The lead vesletance die) restetance >} wire
should net ar added ty the unkenown resistant. .
8 the toveect “pein b&b ideo tgted and oo.\etpin’ soouhle Initelge Vu igi ee
\ Lee
tes ‘$ hy?
\ » ted > aft
\ ela Me fal
sh ce Ly -— , yl
"> nartete nek
Lot R= isons aestatanes .
| gy ttedvestotanen. | 7
|
| ve Coomeching Unk of low as sh
| RL
4 a
e
| Paps
under balanted wodition, no cument flo
earn Galvanometer.
as Bay et Pana
Bu ome Me tog “fast
(eee [rte 4 Cptade
ptatypra
dfamae Ef Re Bf CBN
When
Pe
—
Pte
e3[e
» Bon * Fama
Sreaptging .
Re
e
EL net
a
aaa
“x [Rvs 4 CPADe
Le ee
Che eo
prata | *
ey
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