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The document discusses various types of diodes, including tunnel diodes and their characteristics, such as their unique conduction properties and the effects of applied voltage. It also covers the operation of transistors, particularly JFETs and TFETs, detailing how they control current flow and their respective configurations. Additionally, the document touches on the relationship between voltage and current in these semiconductor devices.
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om Vee and
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or behwom, To Oude Under dC Conditions
ees @ commen eurrdlerr ren ham rope Buu slip
signal
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ou
z GO
apputd in Te cuter dua enshy
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al “Re are bined Velus , there roe SR
degra equation ind Cam Rep tended ba teas
en Hic euleut — hayeartenigtig . Wy i Kusan ay
an dukerwuiy tite lea 0 Vee and Tp Po taly-
To draw
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Oe SSE,
ae PC lead
tha
kore a
toad Re be load Le we
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Cust pee |
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Can be Local as Undens.
nas ug
& when Ae alleen cure Te =9 Tha calles -ortcther,
er Hort Md Egg to Ve bt
Maas = Wec= OXRE= Veg
Wi gus Hi Hirat pelnl- BC OB= Vee) oe de Coal He
om — calledox envtten Vetiege ate at chown tie 9
&) when oto - Cutter eae Veg =o, then Ti cabbertoss
ant —& worfun and G aqual to Vecfp, = Ce
tox T = Vee] &
oT guy a sexu psi COR= Yale) 4 Pc Load ine 6m
Me abledor, Gennes Seu tn yO - 44 aed ee
tuo poi OC lod is AB B cousteutes.
oe Hero gral valu Of TE andVee (Fe ae) |
ane — determined piss whine De load Gus Eueeuct:
tee proper. base cururen — Gurwe. Tn tose Og, aby |
dageasie fo hwe the G pew —Coutered en ta OC Lead Une
© Chew a Frtniyiifoe ample 8 dufgned — ty he a cowed
G peti ir th sald fo be titer old Mire U- tft
Alles ax bat _peastble _epenatrty oo. -t9etuePshese ct caus tual basiig
|
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¢ ri Vee ot)
Spot on tte DC ted Line (gnephiced verecetTadrin )
go. 8 Nowe dffencat sar SPastag Hedudques Fie ce trometer, Cen) bined biases)
foal deter He Valuc of Base Currunt Ty, cobedter. warrant Tend
collector. eunittere Vattage Mee, Whe Varasy, pg, = P20n, R= loka,
Polo0 and Ve =0-Fy
or Disterent BIT ius, Feebuusing are ——
1 Fifed Bias
2. Glledore, +o Base bing
3. Emitter Brey.
4 Self Bigg op Votnge Vivi der Biag
From tim given question ce haves
Vee = a5V Re = €202 Rez 180K B=100 Vee= Oty
wwe Mase, Fon ikea] aed Kb,
pp MeL VaRY asco ea p
a t 180x158
5 * [Tpe ras
agai, IL= Plo = lox (oss)
I, 00135 A
on Nee = Vu-TeRe = 2S- 0.013S% #20 = Iga3V \
és I-3SxI5 44 Colledere ext
eunittere Vol} =
0.01354 hey =15-93y ow ° 7 Bs
Explad wilt proper cireuiil- 7) rea, Buu ody a ees
Regulator.”
Me: Zone Doe as Velage Requtecbre | Sabalizerr, °-
o A zener ode Cam be utd a a aot regulate re te Peovide
a custul Vel trem a source bose Veltage mag vary
oye Sabet Rout Pauge the drei fea iy hen be Geel |
Te ure oe uutere Ce a reverse conneates
aanoss He load = kj acess woliihy — Conttant —oudeu 8
dsieed Te Series euirta Rabson §— the eulpat~ vege
Hudson so a + waditas, constud- Veltagh aeruoss
diz load =» TH ne be noted het “the geuere esull
walidarr a Constant Vets VeC= Ey) nna fp, iiad og
as the’ Bapuk Vatoge — dounot ball bce Vy
- wie — - wed o |
i
TI [|
& % 9S 6 et ag & f
Mm 14
| ar | | | |
+° 7 > * >
bee) tigho
when He frais preeenly desired ta Lend wag & |
Rewaiy esac constant Cequal fo Ve) even thou. ta
Tipu Velie: Gy “aud | ted restau ——k, aig very ever a lide
zs CD Sappose We Cpu Vetinge teres, Sace He jee ls tw
| Te break dew region Te ener Pode & equaliolent to
| wy Ve 6 sheen Gy Agere he, ou vty el
Rernraian conshut ah Ue (=e) Te Tce Vetlage. % decpeed
| actos ay seriy rattan Re Te wll come om thegenge
°
| TE Value of tote aurett To the autre wll comet
Te Teertenge oh uurtned ie T coils “tk * Lond “tuunnaill
i reweig —ceuutant. — Heuce He utp Vetlage E> o
Coustact Errepetive of Tae ee Vag
hy New — Saprose Ut bag vetege i Cowshint bak Te
Ioat Rutan R Uereyey . WH OU Ce ec Hereoue
fe toad Cunnot he tem cures — cnc — comme bro |
We Bure beau dup by KR Cou hte Sourete ceerpentt 1 wilt f
Bie Nae ee he reat pug towe, |
“Ts addttfmat toad — urrreut — Will come ere a. deertonye
Ro quer warren Ty. Conseueiliy, the outa ier gs
ok comstacd volur
veltage drop ames R= Elm Eo
cuerek tineuyh &, T= T+ Ty
feeling Oye lo We howe,
Itty 14
Explaie tue pag pair cine, ertive UE aura] gay. «
Alco ureation ie bfend ites
Me: Dastfagton Pore Creat 9
oA Dartington, Hreewyfite 9 conbijarcttin ess KKeun ag
| Povetfevgion paire. ere “cupere wera vente” coustth ek tuo NINE
PNP Peaugytese «
© he -ruuiitons are so comedy hut "te twitter caureigt-|
Se ast tocusistox §—— Lecomy the hae Cure oe tte aig
treomsi tor ‘olee) |
Tyy= baie cureiat of
Prausisiege 4
Teg= Cutter cunpad-
tose) & Pauktos 4
Teo = bate wend of
Prausiitor 2.
Teo = Gowtter. cunmeut
SF Peatistege2)
(Evitten)
DARLINGTON PATA CONF LUURATION
0 Tn Wisatve Gfguru the thoe aust arte counciled
tr powovide lorge curinat gai. i
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Let ux cowfdere ties urement gain, of Darelfogton patie drudl- —&P,
Boz XB
wou =f, —a Guu gay Trucuufctee 1.
a, — cunteut gel OL Teaupistore 2
Ge Cn derive Wee curerest gelin es fellows.
Ase wes Keay By oubul—_ Cunitent
Gannent Gain = tapue ©
Cunnunk quktes ose)
To,
we Kinew,
besser Fy
2 6, +i,
= (HD
Tei pig Con bees) “~@
> Te, = #71 wy
“pee Ten = Br Igy @
Frem apah'on oie
fe.) Tinpat cursteys
= Ben
Te)
= Pe Ten Lym equation ti]
1s,
4 filer
Tay
eae
Ag
Gurreait gaan hJ= Pi Py 0 As Panttig ten fate Hs sau Colles ton bet Tht
Fruttoge, thus tir space
thon tm tun fadividuad ~focuaSton
by the Daigo pala # smaller.
° Total Base- cutter. ei ek Daingtey pall
peal,
Vee = Veey + V,
Bet tes” veea. Gea teil Domain
Vee* 2 Vacs, > Veer & Veer]
The overcall base exec Hen veliese. tox Detlsacton pat mud
die CHuiu of @ Nertual taught)
Fore SPlitcen Traupistos (80th 8 Te ae & Silicon)
Vpei = Yoe2 = OF
Vee = 2k Vecy = 2x 0F = fegy
7 Disstvedtage of benliagton poles
F- Slew seotted, spd
2. Hitel Band colli”
2 Tutsoduy a phe Ane Tha Con gue pit to
preobewy at attain greequeudleg fecal tg i
teed back
4 Hiffun, overall — bay ewiHen Vettge = Ox Veet Cusenlly
5: Ai. Satuseatton vellage CHphally around OFy) hide com Lead
fo wig, tees Of Powers disfpati®n te seme apputeation, He chal ate tiem yee OL beedback auupirfion — Preike 2 explalty
TO Bare Kategey poe) caitentia
“tng 5
Feed back cup fe cfowedly &.
© Base —cuvptifitre gal tot inte due fe Ta vartation
A AGRFeniine aud ging eet. pur Yo wustatle gam of es T
cup , Atserdien At euteut— cam be Sten
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| O he Feed back duveuifie COM be hited = at a Quaptifen
Wud — ay beedback = Laue thal- XE bettoeun gutput tp
tua
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Xs Xu Basic
Avwplifiere
a)
Feedback
Pomplitier” 1
Xo Be wo °
BLOCK DIAURAM OF FeerBRce RWI
Tyos of Fetdbok —cumnpltfien 2-
JL. fasitive Geudback — Umpli Fee -
2 Negative Gerd back awpliher., Barckinduser Stability CritoPa %-
¢
0 Condon, cold are — teequirad — fo be Sat Pe bd to operate: He
ciel as an — exdlladoy — are called §— eB “Berhaut criterion?
fon subtatued seh Mectfong
wr postive Feedback to ewer TET sutaReed — oscillation
N\
ds v0 huge Spel")
baer “EC endbock gro} ME HIE showty be susient #0
| Wolutan, ter ortillatien.
© Fm aw oscillatfon Axa “maa
Te Park Wauten criteria stat {kat 2-
1. “The boop gem Oyun] fo aig RR absolute wnag nitude
shy iy (paj=4
2 The phage lull Hireugi- Wi loop Bs there
dakepna\ — wwltie ey QT:
LBA 28 N=o,1,2,
eS Eee
The Bartkhauun Hen chur td be. Sodistied aU amplifier
oO creme
(pre eran
16 Giz. Derive th Emu cand eutrut cudatfin ok Dfffenutfatoge aud
futegrador, Grail
Op-Awp a3 a df fferaifetor ¢
il
© Or- Amp ere au operctfendl —aunplifitn Came led ag
di ffeseatiocton. 4 conejutig Sr with. e« capaditor in
bediack loop - thik Coutunatfon allewoe te- — Greeuu 40
Fenton — wasthonadial differedfation en tm — Laqul- Agel .
The culpa Vetinge 4 prepstina! ty “the prot ob hge Ce
te Bega Nisin ee
O Te pomiicd differattatore . Freatly wal aug lity We bree
Wetse co Ue essential to couciden tering, AL Stahl? zection
-techudquu ae op enatien 7
Nn : 3
vissevential Vouk = AMI-VL)
Na Ler
aig Dibfenetfabey Nour = 3S
Re
AN
Te ¢ ie
t=
‘| = Vout OPAMP OAS AN INTEGRA TOR,
OFS we am oferainal aimeltiin. ax an tater, TH
Comtouites collh a copad ton Fv I feud back oop. Th. sehyp
allows the druli- -+
anpuk gral «
0a cutpuk Voltage propontfena) to i ackegnal ef- tHe
i SU reupect He ine +
vapul— se to
Pettkosim wodhendieal bctegnatin on ther
Frem the Gaur we have ,
ed gia De
Ne! or
RK
aga te Crpettova Uarcant Hs given by
Tes tp due. Gohere Ve i the Vette
Saud oe c across copadtes. 13.
Be eevee
tot derivative on both da oT to He
dQ _ dK)
ibaa eat
ener divers cen rn
T oe (
Vis 2 Cp dv.
dt
= & 4 (0- Vout)
dt
ge = & d (Your)
dt
frnae
Tntegratory are Setuitive fo DC Sbfseli— 66 addHenc! Coufdaratiens
imag be tae for poadical “auplanenfections .
Explaiiy the trey
©. steve Pate ¢
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(refers to Te Maina «RAL wri the cut pat vey
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i The tuber of pubs te tae gd called FAV INO,
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To Ta os ts Level apa To Alu iepul” Lew teva
edit Fone exeunple Sy Ton © 400 KA
7 ..
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: 4d.
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fo gain Zeno oulgad Voltage
© T+ wprtsadi a small diffenence velweue OR tent and
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are sherked —fogittarc (bet Bye ark Coundated te |
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epee Ta OG
expressed tak ively CV) and — Combe Bost tive © on
agate |
0 offser Vehage aris due to manugetctiunt feapertections ant |
wulimsddy — dw HE compemedds og Ue OF Amp Eve, ‘thecugle
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TS ols, ia 49
Perna ct eee aes ee
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memuns Th uy Chau opamp oh nye common
wok — sfgna, colvich ane afin ik appeare om bolle tating
and am dia ventag Er palz of te
o La ded coud? Hen au CPamp — sleuth) only eungl fy “te
differeuce betwen “He tuo Unpeut wieag CHEF eneuhhy Signal) wl
je
rg a Vettage & Gmmm 2 balk “te ogee
auadifis lew etedty We opaup door thy. = Tt Gcaually exrend
fe Dedeels (de) and calaueter|
MRR (dB) = 20x ta aan)
where, A i icf fenent pal Vettage goin (Toe awe Ii Gication
o, Wa dufred nel)
Aay HE emmen rode vettags gain Cla
unl fication of Ui unsained — commen mode gral) |
A bighern CMR fedicolg- belle regeztton ef commen
°
pare Hypo nd feast dsirease — chore adlentttig 1 opaunp
cfs cipeially or apelication, — wlure role ere IR etennes
B preset.
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dec radio OO Wi ffereutial ode Voltage gain. (Ai) anh Conienes
mode Vetter gain (Aa) they Age
4 OMRRe og
chee = Jal
WD [Aaa| \ 69 _ stent. ¢
© sn ae Higa ge mpc te HE aaa, pt
to slowly Thea apport em bello figuli —llelfve gto,
(pial rene)
O Ludi ffencutial wsode of eparedien Gu opamp , — Lamad & applied
at batt the yuh teem ef tic orem.
Vo Of VV
Vp = A (MV2)
| Vo = AyMa De Wer]
Te output Vetage % tly preportinal to Wa differen betwen two
fagub Vltegs are A Bh onttank — of prerstialty ad %
Called ff eneudfal vetege gin ere oft Loop gan CAV) adv Vy) 24
& allel dbo Vil) commen Mode gain
Tu commen mode , éfgnal & applity to watt Hor Annuk feresufnals
a shen
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, = Ay(VeVs)
20
SY,
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vy
eof prensh cally ute Voltagt Vo 2 propontional tp Uemmnen mode Sgral
Ve lum Ves VI © Te Commer node vel
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TE Vet Ve donut kignals.
e TM Conmen mabe. Vltage & tho
“Vee AM 4 othe too velheges,
cole Ac onstamk Ob pice poretmnal aud & called
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Cust some binite eukpul voltage pastel
The tot) oulpat of cpap ik,
Vo=AM + AcVe
fall ANe Should be Zero. Explai S55 Hiner and appli cadten,
S55 timer o-
The sss timen Ba veal “etomedtd fred pneiary woud
fort pera aouralE Hie “y SR Ostiladfens .
S55 Hen TC basic detail 9
Tt Bow ere tear re
STF produces Stable Suey weve — oscillations
3 Th ortnaking erperaharn. CL the 555 tim * Rags tron
-ss°e to 125%
TE openalg whe Pause — ef fewer opely (svt tev)
TF produwy accurtale~ fie delay.
Te S55 timer — couulits of.
@) Valtoge Widew — Gaadt-
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4) Devers Freq
or)
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Trigg 2 Dischange
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ap pls +L tanesold
ip sales gL - eatrol
Bes Netrege
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sbsunve NO chge de thead, \ r
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she
or
visage
GLock DLAURAM OF 555 Hert 9
Pans bate
re
wueg i.
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@ Aeelying kL “a agen
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dang or ee BE ps pra
Trrashold Wetheg = Vy
BMP =) ore +My Fd
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at “ ehtage ae ee Ge ee Coop tying Vehege iii rule )
Trigger velkege _
a = Venig
if
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Vr < V4 D> ofp = ee
Ge >» G=0
Eo overwll olp= 1
Frowlstos —> off
% Tn S55 time powere cunplifiore, °
Pe Me to gtk Wig power at eukpub
¥ TH wepks as NOT gal
le Te Reat pin —> greased
B, — oN
Site ee aoe
St rupehs cuheur Of blip bop
OTF Resek Pir —> Vee itege
8 tele
Ly Wot Conduct
TA doot ph reser outectt
Aveticatfons, of BES tout o-
4. Duty ie oseillatore:
2. Puls wane peron and sqrt wave grneratore.
Bs OC Voltage regular a
4. Podge Dereore
2
s. OR ci tee gquanation , precision fea aud Sequential Haag,
6 Vettage to Sey Converter, 22
Is Demeter behocuy TTL.
vis
aud Mos Logic Faunilles .
Comparticen — behoctn TTL and CMOS Logie baw ltes saree —
nae CMos
| [2: TTL stauds tor Trai Taanshi 1. CMOS shah — Gare tng
Fo} lege The mame detived en ter vita) 84 Saidaudistes
| | ae ef two bipre — juatfor,
| | Trawiterm of @TT% Bt dig of
tok lagi ga. \
2. chos hansen — chushfjeatfn oLes
| [2 TTL hee dasstftention of. if Z ification ob:
esa Tok uses Held Bt traitors
Inbred dreuily de dip,
i
3. Te duutly of logic galg
Ws TTL a4 Companed to
3 Te trinany cdvastoge ole cree
tie ty TTL chip Bo bw grec:
as aly oh pie gag eit bt
san wall eri
|
Ege A singte gale ono TTL ebp | +n emual vod eo siogle gut ea
Con Cons §— AROUAd
power
lo mw of
cmos
lonw
hip Coe Contume
eneund
SA tonie gic i TTL dh
con Cousbt Oba — oubshudial
Wounbere pants Os extra
Componaits he rusifory are nuded,
SA Siagte logic gal in
CMOS chip Com Consist ot a Lithle
04 Wor” Greld effect Trausiohare,
6 TTL chip are Lene
dice ont & net very
Susceptible fo clediuesiatte Feduanye
6. (Mos dips aren EF one,
duel Compared TTL chin
whan IF cme handle at I
4 autte — suscyptiote f Tosti
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