CECMAT20 QUIZ 1 REVIEWER (MODULE 1 TO 3)

Module 1: Properties of Engineering Materials 3. Specific Gravity – the ratio of

weight/mass of a given volume of solids
1. Physical Properties – no change in the to the weight/mass of an equal volume
composition of the material. No of water at 4 celsius.
chemical reaction. Measure physical If greater than 1 = material sinks
attributes If less than 1 = floats
a. Ex. Spec. grav. , porosity, 4. Porosity (n) – ratio of the volume of the
density, spaces in the material to the overall
volume.
2. Mechanical Properties – ability of the
5. Voids ratio (e) – ratio between the size
material to oppose deformation.
of the voids to the volume of the solid
a. Ex. material
3. Thermal properties – conductivity of 6. Water absorption(Ww or Wv) – denotes
heat the ability of the material to absorb and
4. Chemical Properties – requires changing retain water.
the internal structure of the material, 7. Weathering Resistance – ability of
involves chemical reactions material to endure alternate wet and
a. Ex. Reaction to oxidation dry conditions without considerable
5. Economic Characteristics – cost saving deformation and loss of mechanical
characteristics strength.
a. Involves cost, maintenance etc. 8. Water Permeability – capacity of
material to allow water to penetrate
6. Aesthetic Properties – qualities that
under pressure
makes a product appealing or attractive
9. Frost Resistance – to endure repeated
a. Ex. Color, texture etc. freezing and thawing
10. Heat Conductivity – ability to conduct
Physical Properties of Materials heat
1. Density – defined as mass per unit 11. Thermal Capacity – property of material
volume for a material to absorb heat described by its specific
heat.
12. Fire Resistance – ability of material to
resist the action of high temperature
without considerable deformation and
loss of strength.
13. Refractoriness – ability to withstand
Relative Density - is the ratio of the prolonged action of high temperature
density of the material with pure water without melting or losing shaping.
at 4 Celsius. Unitless 14. Chemical Resistance – ability to
withstand action of acids, alkalis, sea
a. Bulk Density – mas s of a unit volume of water and gases.
material in its natural state (w/ pores 15. Durability - ability of material to resist
and voids) calculated as. he combined effects of atmospheric
b. Solid Density – is the ratio of the mass and other factors
of solid material to the volume of solid
material without any space (Zero voids)
2. Specific Weight – also known as Unit
Weight. Weight per unit volume of
material
 CECMAT20 QUIZ 1 REVIEWER (MODULE 1 TO 3)

Mechanical Properties of Materials Materials Engineering Concepts

1. Strength - ability of the material to Economic Factors – more than just the cost of
resist failure under the action of the material. Factors that should be considered
stresses caused by loads in the selection of the material include:
2. Stress – is the applied force P divided by
- Availability and cost of raw materials
the original Area Ao
- Manufacturing costs
a. Shear
- Transportation
b. Bending
- Placing
c. Torsion
- Maintenance
d. Axial
e. Normal Mechanical Properties – is the response of the
f. Bearing material to external loads. All materials deform
in response to loads; however, the specific
3. Strain – is the change in length divided response of a material depends on tis
by the original Length properties, the magnitude and type of load, and
4. Hardness – ability to resist penetration the geometry of the element.
by a harder body
5. Elasticity – ability to restore its initial Non-mechanical Properties – other than the
form and dimensions after the load is load response like density, thermal properties,
removed and surface characteristics
6. Plasticity – ability ot changes its shape Sustainable Design – to comply with the
under load without cracking and to principles of economic, social, and ecological
retain this shape after the load is sustainability.
removed.
Aesthetic Characteristics – appearance of the
Characteristics Behevior Under Stress material. Generally the responsibility of the
- The ductile materials can be drawn out architect.
without necking down Construction Standards Setting Agencies
- Brittle materials have little to no
plasticity ASTM International – American Society for
- Stiff materials have a high modulus of Testing and Materials
elasticity permitting small deformation ANSI – American National Standards Insititute
for a given load
- Flexible materials on the other hand IS – Indian Standards
have low modulus of elasticity and ben
ACI – American Concrete Institute
considerably without breakdown
- Tough materials withstand heavy
shocks
- Malleable materials can be hammered
into sheets without rupture
- Hard materials resist scratching and
denting
 CECMAT20 QUIZ 1 REVIEWER (MODULE 1 TO 3)

Module 2: Aggregates 2. Shape

- Widely used base material a. Rounded gravel
- Component of concrete b. Irregular or partly rounded
- High compressive strength gravel
c. Angular Gravel – sharp edges
Geological Classification of Aggregates d. Flaky Gravel – thin/flaky
3. Texture
A. Aggregates from Igneous Rocks: a. Rough or Smooth
harden from lava 4. Strength
B. Aggregates from Sedimentary Rocks: a. Depends on the cement paste
from sediments
C. Aggregates from Metamorphic Rocks: UNIT 2: Sand
brought by undergoing heat and/or - Used to fill small voids
pressure - Used in masonry
Sources of Sand
According to Size I. Natural Sand
a. Fine Aggregates: passes through 4.75 a. Pit Sand – found in deposits in
mm soil. Usually composed of
b. Course Aggregates: retained; greater grains that are relatively
than 4.75mm angular.
Boulders->Cobbles->Gravel->Sand->Silt or clay b. River Sand – from river banks
/ Fines or river beds. Consists of find
rounded grains free of
UNIT 1: Gravel impurities
- Primarily used as underlying material c. Sea Sand – obtained from
- Can add stability seashores. Usually small
- In Portland Cement: rounded grains. Light brown
o 60% - 75% in Volume in color.
o 79% - 85% in Weight II. Artificial Sand or Robo Sand
- Produced by crushing stones.
Factors Affecting Choice of Aggregates - Sharp, clean, and course.

1. Size Characteristics of Good Sand

a. 80mm – max size 1. It should contain course, angular,
i. Reduction of cement sharp, and durable particles of silica
content 2. It should not contain harmful
ii. Reduction of water chemicals
required 3. It should be chemically inert
iii. Reduction of drying 4. It should be clean and well-graded.
shrinkage Grains should pass through 4.75mm
b. May also be limited to: (no.4) sieve and should retain entirely
i. Thickness of section on 75 microns / no. 200 sieve
ii. Spacing of 5. It should not contain salts which
reinforcement attracts moisture from atmosphere
iii. Clear Cover 6. Fineness modulus of sand should be
iv. Mixing, handling, and between 2 and 3.
placing techniques. 7. Sand should be free from any organic
c. Not greater than ¼ of or vegetable matter
minimum thickness of the 8. Color of sand should be uniform
member
 CECMAT20 QUIZ 1 REVIEWER (MODULE 1 TO 3)

Module 3: CEMENT
- Adhesive and cohesive material that’s capable of bonding.
- Bind fine(sand) and course(grits) aggregates together.

Major Classification of Cement

1. Hydraulic Cement
a. Sets and hardens in water and give a product which is stable.
b. Widely used in PH (Portland)
2. Non-hydraulic Cement
a. Does not set and harden in water
Characteristics of Cement
1. Mobility – To move after mixing
2. Permeability – flor of the water
3. Strength – Compressive strength.

Ingredients of Cement
1. Gypsum – controls hydration and setting time
2. Lime – makes the cement sound and provides strength
a. Excess in Lime = cement unsound, causes cement to expand and disintegrate
b. Lacks in Line = Strength is decreased; cement sets too quickly
3. Silica (SiO2) – gives strength due to formation of dicalcium & tricalcium silicants. Also
prolongs setting time
4. Alumina (AL2O3) – Imparts quick setting property. Acts as flux and it lowers the clinkering
temperature
5. Calcium Sulphate (CaSO4) – Increase initial setting time
6. Iron Oxide – imparts color, hardness, and strength to the cement
7. Magnesium (MgO) – present in small amount, imparts hardness and color.