FUNCTIONS OF A PAVEMENT
to distribute the applied vehicle loads to the sub-grade
to provide a surface of
acceptable riding quality,
adequate skid resistance,
favorable light reflecting characteristics, and
low noise pollution
to ensure that the transmitted stresses due to wheel load are
sufficiently reduced, so that they will not exceed bearing capacity of
the subgrade.
T YPES OF PAVEMENT
Flexible Pavement
Rigid Pavement
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT (FP)
Flexible pavements will transmit wheel load stresses to the lower
layers by grain-to-grain transfer through the points of contact in
the granular structure
The wheel load acting on the pavement will be distributed to a
wider area, and the stress decreases with the depth
Flexible pavement layers reflect the deformation of the lower
layers on to the surface layer
the design is based on overall performance of flexible pavement,
and the stresses produced should be kept well below the
allowable stresses of each pavement layer.
LOAD TRANSFER IN FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
STRESSES IN PAVEMENT STRUCTURE
TYPES OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS
1. Conventional Layered Flexible Pavement,
2. Full - Depth Asphalt Pavement, and
3. Contained Rock Asphalt Mat (CRAM).
PAVEMENT COMPOSITION
COMPOSITION OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
COMPOSITION OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
Seal coat is a thin surface treatment used to water-proof the surface
and to provide skid resistance.
Tack coat is a very light application of asphalt, usually asphalt
emulsion diluted with water. It provides proper bonding between two
layer of binder course and must be thin, uniformly cover the entire
surface, and set very fast.
Prime coat is an application of low viscous cutback bitumen to an
absorbent surface like granular bases on which binder layer is placed.
It provides bonding between two layers. Unlike tack coat, prime coat
penetrates into the layer below, plugs the voids, and forms a water
tight surface.
COMPOSITION OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
Surface course should...
contains superior quality materials.
constructed with dense graded asphalt concrete (AC).
provides characteristics such as friction, smoothness, drainage, etc.
prevents the entrance of excessive quantities of surface water into the
underlying base, sub-base and sub-grade,
resist the distortion under traffic and provide a smooth and skid-
resistant riding surface,
water proof to protect the entire base and sub-grade from the
weakening effect of water.
COMPOSITION OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
Binder course
provides the bulk of the asphalt concrete structure.
to distribute load to the base course.
consists of aggregates having less asphalt and doesn't require quality
as high as the surface course, so replacing a part of the surface course
by the binder course results in more economical design.
COMPOSITION OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
Base course
the layer of material immediately beneath the surface of binder course
provides additional load distribution and contributes to the
sub-surface drainage
composed of crushed stone, crushed slag, and other untreated or
stabilized materials.
COMPOSITION OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
Sub-Base course
the layer of material beneath the base course and the primary
functions are to provide structural support, improve drainage, and
reduce the intrusion of fines from the sub-grade in the pavement
structure
If the base course is open graded, then the sub-base course with more
fines can serve as a filler between sub-grade and the base course
A sub-base course is not always needed or used where pavement
constructed over stiff subgrade.
COMPOSITION OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
Sub-grade
a layer of natural soil prepared to receive the stresses from the layers
above.
It is essential that at no time soil sub-grade is overstressed.
It should be compacted to the desirable density, near the optimum
moisture content.
FAILURES OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
Fatigue cracking
due to horizontal tensile strain at the bottom of the asphaltic concrete.
relates allowable number of load repetitions to tensile strain
Rutting
permanent deformation or rut depth along wheel load path.
limit the vertical compressive strain on the top of subgrade
Thermal cracking
low-temperature cracking and thermal fatigue cracking.
RIGID PAVEMENT (RP)
RIGID PAVEMENT
RIGID PAVEMENT S…
constructed by Portland cement concrete (PCC)
sufficient flexural strength to transmit the wheel load stresses to a
wider area below.
analyzed by plate theory instead of layer theory, assuming an elastic
plate resting on viscous foundation
“Plate theory is a simplified version of layer theory that assumes
the concrete slab as a medium thick plate which is plane before loading
and to remain plane after loading”
RIGID PAVEMENT S…
placed either directly on the prepared sub-grade or on a single layer of
granular or stabilized material.
load is distributed by the slab action, and the pavement behaves like
an elastic plate resting on a viscous medium.
Bending of the slab due to wheel load and temperature variation and
the resulting tensile and flexural stress
CROSS SECTION OF RIGID PAVEMENT
T YPES OF RIGID PAVEMENT
Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JPCP),
Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavement (JRCP),
Continuous Reinforced Concrete Pavement (CRCP), and
Pre-stressed Concrete Pavement (PCP).
FAILURES OF RIGID PAVEMENTS
Fatigue cracking
Mud pumping
Faulting
Spalling
Deterioration.
COMPARISON OF FP WITH RP
