Computer

Software
Types of Application
& System Software

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Application Software
■ General Purpose
◻ Programs that perform common
information processing jobs for end
users; e.g., word processing,
spreadsheet ◻ Also call productivity
packages
■ Custom Software
◻ Software applications developed
within an organization for use by
that organization
■ Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS)
◻ Many copies sold
◻ Minimal changes beyond scheduled
upgrades
◻ Purchasers have no control over
specifications, schedule, or
evolution, and no access to source
code or internal documentation
◻ Product vendor retains the
intellectual property rights of the
software
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Application Software
■ Open-source Software
◻ Developers collaborate on the
development of an application
using programming standards
which allow anyone to
contribute to the software
◻ As each developer completes a
project, the application code
becomes available and free to
anyone who wants it

Business Application
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Software
■ Function-Specific
Application Software
◻Thousands of these
packages support
specific applications of
end users
◻Examples: customer
relationship
management, enterprise
resource planning, supply
chain management, Web-
enabled electronic
commerce

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Software Suites,
Integrated
Packages
■ Most widely used
productivity packages are
bundled together as software
suites ■ Advantages
◻Cost less than buying
individual packages ◻All
have similar GUI
◻Work well together
■ Disadvantages

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 ◻All features not used
◻Takes a lot of disk space
(bloatware)

Components of Top
Software Suites

Integrated Packages
■ Integratedpackages
combine the functions of
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 several programs into one
package
◻E.g., Microsoft
Works, AppleWorks ■
Advantages
◻Many functions for lower price
◻Uses less disk space
◻Frequently pre-installed
on microcomputers ■
Disadvantages
◻Limited functionality

Web Browsers
■ Software applications that
support navigation through
the point-and-click hyper-
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 linked resources of the
Web
■ Becoming the universal
platform from which end users
launch…
◻Information searches
◻E-mail
◻Multimedia file transfer
◻Discussion groups
◻Other Internet-based
applications

Search Engines
■ Browsers are used to gain
access to Internet search
engines
◻Google, Ask Jeeves,
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 Look Smart, Lycos,
Overture, Yahoo!
■ Using search engines to
find information has
become an indispensable
part of Internet, intranet,
and extranet applications

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E-mail, Instant
Messaging, and
Weblogs
■ E-mail
◻Software to communicate
by sending and receiving
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 messages and attachments
via the Internet, intranet, or
extranet
■ Instant messaging (IM)
◻Receive electronic
messages instantly ■
Weblog or blog
◻A personal website in dated
log format ◻Updated with new
information about a subject or
range of subjects
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Word
Processing/De
sktop
Publishing
■ Word Processing
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 ◻Create, edit, revise, and
print documents
◻Example: Microsoft
Word, Lotus WordPro,
Corel WordPerfect
■ Desktop Publishing
◻Produce printed
materials that
look
professionally
published
◻Example: Adobe
PageMaker, Microsoft
Publisher,
QuarkXPress
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Electronic
Spreadsheets
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 ■ Used by virtually
every business for…
◻Analysis, planning,
modeling
■ Electronic Spreadsheet
◻Worksheet of rows and
columns
◻Can be stored on
local computer or on
network
◻Requires designing format
and developing the
relationships (formulas)
◻Most help you develop
charts and graphic
displays of spreadsheet
results
◻Supports what-if questions
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Presentation
Graphics
■ Common presentation
graphics packages…
◻Converts numeric data into
graphics displays ◻Used to
create multimedia
presentations of
graphics, photos,
animation, and video clips
◻E.g., Microsoft PowerPoint,
Lotus Freelance, Corel
Presentations
◻Top packages can tailor
files for transfer in HTML
format to websites

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Personal Information
Managers
■ Software for end user
productivity and
collaboration
◻Stores information about
clients
◻Manages schedules,
appointments, tasks ◻Most
include ability to access the
Web and provide e-mail
capabilities
◻Some support team
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 collaboration by sharing
information with other PIM
users
◻Example: Lotus Organizer,
Microsoft Outlook

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Groupware
■ Software that helps
workgroups collaborate on
group assignments
◻E-mail, discussion groups,
databases, video
conferencing
◻Example: Lotus Notes,
Novell GroupWise,
Microsoft Exchange
◻Windows SharePoint Services
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 and
WebSphere both
allow teams to create
websites for
information sharing
and
document collaboration

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Software Alternatives
■ Outsourcing development
and maintenance of software
■ Application service providers
(ASPs) ◻Companies that
own, operate, and maintain
application software and
computer system resources
◻Use the application for a fee
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 over the Internet ◻Pay-as-
you-go
◻Use expected to
accelerate in the coming
years

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Software Licensing
■ AllCOTS and ASP
software is licensed
◻Involves the
underlying..
■ Intellectual property rights
■ Copyright
■ Trademark
■ Trade secrets
◻Also involves traditional
contract law, including
Uniform Commercial Code
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 (UCC)
■ You don’t buy software
◻You buy a license to use the
software ◻Licensed to protect
the vendor’s property rights
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Operating Systems
■ Integrated system of programs
that… ◻Manages the
operations of the CPU
◻Controls the input/output,
storage resources, and
activities of the computer
system
◻Provides support services
as the computer
executes application
programs
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■ The operating system
must be loaded and
activated before other
tasks can be
accomplished

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Operating System
Basic Functions

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User Interface
■ The part of the operating
system that allows you to
communicate with it
■ Three main types…
◻Command-driven
◻Menu-driven
◻Graphical user interfaces

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 (GUI)

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Resource
Management
■ Part of the operating system
that manages the hardware
and networking resources of
a computer system
◻Includes CPU, memory,
secondary storage
devices,
telecommunications, and
input/output peripherals
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■ Common functions
◻Keeping track of where
data and programs are
stored
◻Subdividing memory;
providing virtual
memory capability
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File Management
■ Part of the operating system
that controls the creation,
deletion, and access of files
and programs
◻Keeps track of physical
location on storage
devices
◻Maintains directories of
information about the location
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 and characteristics of stored
files

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Task Management
■ Part of the operating system
that manages the
accomplishment of end user
computing tasks ◻Controls
which task gets access to the
CPU, and for how long
◻Can interrupt the
CPU at any time to
substitute a higher
priority task
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 ◻Supports preemptive and
cooperative multi tasking
and multi-processing

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Popular Operating
Systems
■ Windows
◻ GUI, multitasking, networking, multimedia
◻ Microsoft’s operating system
◻ NT, XP, 2003
◻ Different versions manage servers
■ Unix
◻ Multitasking, multi-user, network-managing
◻ Portable - can run on mainframes, midrange,
and PCs
■ Linux
◻ Low-cost,powerful reliable Unix-like
operating system
◻ Open-source
■ MAC OS X
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 ◻ Apple operating system for the iMac
◻ GUI
◻ Multitasking
◻ Multimedia
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Open-Source
Licensing
Characteristics
■ The Program
◻ Must include source code and
allow distribution in source
code as well as compiled form
■ The License
◻ Shall not restrict any party
from selling or giving away
the software as a component
of an
aggregate software
distribution containing
programs from several
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 sources
◻ Must allow modifications and
derived works, and must allow
them to be distributed under
the same terms as the license
of the original software
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Open-Source
Licensing
Characteristics
■ The License (cont’d)
◻ Must allow modifications and
derived works and allow them
to be distributed under the
same terms as the license of
the original software
◻ May restrict source code from
being distributed in modified
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 form only if the license allows
the distribution of patch files
with the source code for the
purpose of modifying the
program at build time
◻ Must not discriminate against
any person or any group of
persons
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Application Servers
■ Provide an interface
between an operating system
and the application programs
of users ■ Middleware
◻Software that helps diverse
software applications
exchange data and work
together more efficiently

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Programming
Languages
■ Examples of programming in
each language

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Web Languages
■ HTML
◻A page description
language that creates
hypertext documents for
the Web
■ XML
◻Describes Web page content
by applying identifying tags or
contextual labels to the data ■
Java
◻Object-oriented programming
language that is simple,
secure, and platform
independent ◻Java applets can
be executed on any computer

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