Experiment Name: FM Modulation.
Objective
To understand the principle of frequency modulation. Also, to understand the
waveforms of modulated signals Moreover, design a frequency modulator and using
MATLAB “Simulink”.
Introduction
In a communication system, it is often that one has to send a speech/video signal of
lower frequency content. It is very difficult to transmit the signal at a low frequency
through the medium. Hence the signal is modified to a high-frequency signal so that
it can be sent through the medium. When the signal is modified on the receiver’s end
it can be sent through the medium. As the receiver on receiving the signal applies
demodulation techniques to get the message signal. One such method is frequency
modulation. Let the message signal be m(t).
We define a frequency modulated signal,
𝑥(𝑡) = cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘 ∫ 𝑚(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡) ).
𝑓𝑐 is the carrier frequency. K is constant.
Theory
Phase modulation (PM) and frequency modulation (FM) are special cases of angle-
modulated signaling. FM is a process in which the carrier frequency is varied by the
amplitude of the modulating signal (i.e., intelligence signal). Angle modulated signal
can be expressed by the following equation: 𝑠(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos[2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃(𝑡)]
For FM, the phase is proportional to the integral of message signal m(t), therefore
𝑥(𝑡) = cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘 ∫ 𝑚(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡) ).
Figure 1: Frequency modulation waveform
Frequency demodulator, also called frequency discriminator, is a circuit, which
converts instantaneous frequency variations to linear voltage changes. There are
many types of circuits used in communication systems such as FM to AM
conversion, phase-shift discriminators and phase-locked loop (PLL) frequency
demodulator.
Simulink Diagram
Parameters: Message Signal: frequency = 2*pi*1, Sample Time= 0.0001 Gain1=
1
20 and 10, Constant= 2*pi*10 Integrator= , Trigonometric Function is “Cos”
𝑠
Output:
Output:
CONCLUSION AND OBSERVATION
To sum up, this experiment was to study the function of frequency modulation . As
we know the modulated signal is the encoding of information in a carrier wave by
varying the instantaneous frequency of the wave.
