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/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfno

P;= Pg= lk= Pd= l;=
l;+xb/jf/, sf7df8f}

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf]] d"NofÍg cWoog

clGtd k|ltj]bg

k|:t'tstf{
k|f]h]S6 l/;r{ P08 OlGhlgol/Ë P;f]l;o6;\
nlntk'/, g]kfn
 ljifo— ;"lr
ljifo k[i7 g+=
;f/f+z k|ltj]bg
kl/R5]b !
!= kl/ro !
!=! dlxnf ljsf;sf] cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]z !
!=@ dlxnf ljsf;sf] /fli6«o kl/j]z @
!=# g]kfndf dlxnf ljsf;sf sfo{qmd !!
!=$ dlxnf ljsf;sf sfo{qmd !$
!=% dlxnf ljsf;sf ;+rflnt sfo{qmdx? !*
!=^ dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] d"Nof+Íg cWoogsf] p2]Zo @%
!=& cWoogsf If]q @%
!=* cWoog ljlw @*
!=( ;"rgf tyf tYofÍ laZn]if0f #%
!=!) dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] d"NofÍg #%
!=!! cWoogsf l;dfx? #%
kl/R5]b @
@= n}lËs tYof+s laZn]if0f / tYout ljj/0f #^
@=! dlxnf ljsf; cj:yf #^
@=@ n}lËstf / ljsf; #&
@=# ;e]{If0f ;DaGwLtYof+s $!
#= d"Nof+sgsf] glthf $#
#=! sfo{qmdsf] cf}lrTo $#
#=@ sfo{qmdsf]] k|efjsf/L %%
#=# sfo{qmdsf] sfo{bIftf ^$
#=$ sfo{qmdsf]] k|efj ^*
#=% sfo{qmdsf] lbuf]kgf *!
#=^ sfo{qmdsf] cflwsf/ k|fKt ;d"xsf] ;Gt'li6 *%
#=& sfo{qmddf ;dfj]zLs/0f *^
#=* sfo{qmdsf] cGt/ ;DaGw ljZn]if0f **
kl/R5]b @
$=! ;du| d"Nof+sg lgisif{ *(
%= ;'emfj / sfo{ of]hgf ($
%=! gLltut :t/df ($
%=@ dWod :t/df (^
%=# ;+rfng :t/df (&
&= Joj:yfkg sfo{of]hgf ((
cg';r" Lx? M
cg';"rL ! M 3/w'/L ;e]{If0f k|ZgfjnL gd"gf
cg';"rL @ M dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmsf lqmofsnfkx?
cg';"rL # M ;d"xut 5nkmnsf lgrf]8x?

iii
 tflnsf
tflnsf k[i7 g+=
tflnsf g+= ! M d"Nof+Ísgsf dfks ;"rsx? @*
tflnsf g+= @M ;d"xut 5nkmnsf ljj/0f #$
Tflnsf g+= # dlxnfsf] ljleGg ;"rsx?sf] cj:yf #^
tflnsf g+= $ n}lËs ljsf; ;DaGwL ;"rsx? #*
tflnsf g+= % laleGg ;]jf tyf If]qdf dlxnf ;xeflutf $)
tflnsf g+=^M dlxnf lx+;fsf] cj:yf $)
tflnsf g+= &M dlxnf / afnaflnsf ;DaGwL ck/fw tyf c;fdflhs sfo{x? $!
Tflnsf g+= *M ;e]{If0f ul/Psf 3/w'/L ;+Vof $@
Tflnsf g+= (M ;e]{If0f ul/Psf 3/w'/Lsf] hfthftL ljj/0f $@
tflnsf g+= !)M ;e]{ ul/Psf 3/kl/jf/sf] 3/sf] lsl;d $#
tflnsf g+= !!M dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdn] ;d]6]sf If]q tyf ;fd"lxsLs/0fsf] cj:yf %)
Tflnsf g+ !@M dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmddf ;fdflhs kl/rflnsfsf] e"ldsfsf] ;Gt'li6 :t/ %$
Tflnsf g+= !#M dlxnf ;d"x ;ldt / ;+:yfsf] aflif{s a[l4 b/ %^
tflnsf g+= !$M dlxnf ;d"x, ;ldlt / ;+:yfsf] art/ / nfugLsf] cj:yf %*
tflnsf g+=15M pBd Joj;fo ;+rfng ;DaGwL ljj/)f %(
Tflnsf g+= !^M dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] vr{ / k|lt OsfO{ vr{ ^$
Tflnsf g+= !& M laleGg sfo{qmdsf] ah]6 / vr{sf] l:ylt ^%
tflnsf g+=!*M dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf nflu ah]6 Joj:yf -? )))df _ ^&
tflnsf g+=!(M dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmaf6 ;+rflng tflnddf ;xeflutf ^*
Tflns g+=@)M lhNnfut ?kdf tflndsf] pko'Qmttfsf] cj:yf ^(
tflnsf g+=@!M dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdaf^ cfkm\gf] egfO{ /fVg] Ifdtf clea[l$ &)
tflnsf g+=22M dlxnfsf] lg)f{o ug]{ Ifdtfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g &)
tflnsf g+=23M dlxnfsf] lg)f{o ug]{ Ifdtfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g (Case VS Control) &@
tflnsf g+=@$M dlxnfsf] lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf jf/] ;Gt'li6 (Case VS. Control) &#
tflnsf g+=25M dlxnfx?sf] ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] cj:yf (Case VS. Control) &#
tflnsf g+=26M #/of;L ;+:sf/hGo kIfx?df ePsf kl/jt{gx? &$
Tflnsf g+=@& MlhNnfut ?kdf #/]n' lx+;f ef]u]sf] cj:yf &%
tflnsf g+= @*M vfg]kfgLsf] >f]tsf] cj:yf &*
Tflnsf g+=@(M vfg]kfgL Nofp+bf nfUg] ;do artsf] pkof]u (Case VS. Control) &(
Tflnsf g++ #)M zf}rfno k|of]usf] cj:yf *)
tflnsf g+= #!M ;fa'g kfgLn] xft x'g] cj:yf *!
tflnsf g+= #@M dlxnfx?nfO{ ul/Psf] nufgLsf] ;Gt'li6sf] :t/ *%
tflnsf g+=##M pBd Joj;fodf dlxnfsf] ;Gt'li6 :t/ *%
tflnsf g+= #$ M d"Nof+Ísgsf dfks ;"rsx? ($
tflnsf g+= #%M Joj:yfkg sfo{ of]hgf ((

iv
 ;f/f+z k|ltj]bg
dlxnf ljsf;sf] If]qdf ljZjJoflk ?kn] lg/Gt/ rflnPsf sbd / k|of;x?af6 dlxnf ljsf;df cfhsf]
l:yltdf k'Ug ;lsPsf] xf] . ;g\ !&(@ df Mary Wollstonecraft åf/f lnlvt "A Vindication of the
Rights of women" ;DaGwL k':tsdf pNn]lvt ljifoj:t'n] dlxnfsf] clwsf/sf] nflu / n}lËs
;dfgtfsf] lgldQ cfwf/zLnf tof/ u/]sf]] b]lvG5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] a8fkqsf] wf/f ! df 3f]lift
p2]Zo cg'?k lnËe]b ljgf ;a}sf] df}lns :jtGqtf / dfga clwsf/ k|ltsf] ;Ddfg k|a4{g Pj+
k|f]T;fxgsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u xfl;n ug]{ pNn]v 5 . ;g\ !($* df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf]
dxf;efn] dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJoflk wf]if0ffkq hf/L ub}{ dfgjdfqsf g};lu{s clwsf/ / :jtGqtfsf]
pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efaf6 ;g\ !(&@ df kfl/t u/]sf] ;+sNkn] ;dfgtf ljsf; /
zfGtLsf] a[xt nIo xfl;n ug{ laZj sfo{ of]hgf kfl/t u/L ;g\ !(&% nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o gf/L jif{
3f]if0ff u¥of] . o;} qmddf bf]>f] laZj dlxnf ;Dd]ng ;g\ !(*), t]>f] !(*% / rf}yf] ;g\ !((% df
;DkGg eof] . dlxnfsf] ;jf{lËg ljsf;sf] nflu a]lhË ;Dd]ng !(^%, a]lhË hf]8 % ;g\ @))), a]lhË
hf]8 !) ;g\ @))% n] klg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 .

g]kfndf dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] z'?jft klxnf] k~raifL{{o of]hgf @)!# b]lv ePtf klg lj=;+= @)#*
;fndf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno cGt{ut dlxnf ljsf; zfvfsf] :yfkgf u/L ;+fu7lgs ?kdf ;+rflnt
x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . la=;+= @)$& ;fndf s]Gb|df /x]sf] dlxnf ljsf; zfvfsf] :t/f]Gglt u/L dxfzfvf
agfOof] eg] lj=;+= @)%^ df pQm dxfzfvfnfO{ :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnoaf6 dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf
;dfh sNof0f dGqfno cGtu{t /flvof] . ldlt @)%&.#.@^ sf] lg0f{oaf6 dlxnf ljsf; dxfzfvfnfO{
dlxnf ljsf; ljefudf / lhNnf l:yt dlxnf ljsf; zfvfnfO{ dlxnf ljsf; sfo{fnodf / @)&.^.!@
df dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf sfof{nodf kl/0ft ub]{ dlxnf lasf; ;DaGwL sfo{ ul/b} cfPsf] 5 .

ljut #) jif{ b]lv ;+rflnt dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdn] &% lhNnfsf uf=lj=; tyf gu/kflnsfsf j8fx?
;d]l6Psf] / ;f] sfo{qmdaf6 cf=j=@)&).)&! ;Dd k|alw{t ePsf !%),*$@ dlxnf ;d"xdf /
*,(@,$&$ dlxnf ;b:ox? /x]sf 5g\ . ;d"xdf cfj4 s'n ;b:o dWo] !^=)@ k|ltzt blnt, ##=*%
k|ltzt hghflt / %)=!# k|ltzt cGo ;d'bfosf dflxnfx? 5g\ . pQm !%),*$@ dlxnf ;d"xaf6
!^,^!@ ;ldlt / !,^#^ btf{ ePsf dlxnf ;+:yfx? / !%& tby{ dlxnf ;+:yf u7g ePsf 5g\ .
pNn]lvt ;+:yfx? ;xsf/L P]g, @)$* cGtu{t btf{ e} lqmoflzn /x]sf 5g\ . dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdaf6
k|alw{t ;d"xsf] s"n art @^! s/f]8 @^ nfv 5 eg] pQm /sd dWo] nufgL @%! s/f]8 %( nfv ^*
/x]sf] b]lvG5 .

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] t]>f] kIfLo d"NofÍg cWoogsf] d"Vo p2]Zo g} o; sfo{qmdsf] cf}lrTo,
k|efjsfl/tf, k|efj, sfo{bIftf, bLuf]kgfsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . o; ;DaGwL cWoog ubf{ ldl>t
ljlw ckgfO -bf]>f] ;"rgf k|0ffnL tyf k|fylds ;"rgf k|0ffnLaf6_ ljleGg cfjZos ;"rgfx? ;+sng /
laZn]if0f u/L kl/df0fTds tyf u'0ffTds ljlw cg'?k ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . pNn]lvt ;"rgfx? ;+sng
ubf{ ;xeflutfTds k4tL, :ynut lgl/If0f, k|fljlws ;e]{If0f, 3/w'/L ;e]{If0f, nlIft ;d"xut 5nkmn,
k|d"v ;"rgfstf{x?sf] cGt{jftf{sf] dfWodaf6 ul/Psf] 5 .

dlxnf ;DaGwL cfFs8fx?nfO{{ t'ngfTds ?kdf x]bf{ 5}6f} of]hgsf] k"jf{j:yfdf dlxnfsf] hg;f+lvo
cg'kft $(=# k|ltzt /x]sf]df @)^* sf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ dlxnfsf] hg;+lvo cg'kft %!=$ k|ltzt
ePsf]n] cfwf eGbf a9L lx:;f cf]u6g k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . dlxnfx? hGdbf ck]lIft pd]/ $!=! jif{

v
ePsf]df xfn a[l4 e} ^$=% aif{ e} k'?if ;x/ /x]sf] 5 . ljjfxsf] cf}ift pd]/ !^=* jf6 a[l4 e} !&=%
jif{ sfod x'g uPsf] b]lvG5 . k"jf{j:yfdf bz jif{ / ;f] dflysf] ;fIf/tf b/ %=@ k|ltzt /x]sfdf xfn
%#=# k|ltzt ePaf6 lzIffsf] If]qdf pNn]vgLo ;'wf/ e} dlxnfx?sf] z}lIfs, ;fdflhs / r]tgfdf
clea[l4 x'g ;s]sf] 5 . >dsf] ;xeflutf b/ klxnf #%=! k|ltzt /x]sf]df clxn] *)=! k|ltzt ePaf6
k'?if ;/xg} >ddf ;xeflutf b]lvPsf] 5 . ;fy} cfly{s ?kn] ;lqmo dlxnf #%=! Aff6 %#=! k|ltzt
k'u]sf] x'Fbf cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf dlxnfx? ;lqmotf a9g yfn]sf] 5 . dlxnfx? 3/wGbfdf dfq l;ldt
x'G5g\ eg] cjwf/0ffnfO{ kl/jt{g ub}{ 3/wGbf ug]{ dlxnf klxnf %&=! k|ltzt /x]sf]df ;f] 3l6 &=^
k|ltztdf sfod x'g ;s]sf] 5 .

;xsf/Ltkm{ dlxnfsf] l:ylt cfsng ubf{ dlxnfåf/f ;+rflnt ;xsf/L ;+:yf, s"n ;xsf/L ;:yfsf]
!!=& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdåf/f k|alw{t ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] xsdf s"n ;xsf/L
;+:yfsf] %=@ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . dlxnfåf/f ;+rflnt s"n ;xsf/L ;+:yf dWo] dlxnf ljsf;
sfo{qmdx?åf/f k|alw{t ;xsf/L ;+:yf $$=& k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L ;xsf/Lsf] Joj:yfkgdf
dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutf ##=%& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . dlxnf ljsf; ;DaGwL ;"rf°x?df dfgg ljsf;
;"rf+° 0=540 /x]sf] % eg] n}lés c;dfgtf ;"rf° 0=479, n+lés ljsf; ;"rf° 0=514 /
n}lés ;zlQms/)f dfks 0=568 /x]sf] % .

;/sf/L ;]jfdf /x]sf dlxnfx?sf] l:ylt ljZn]if0f ubf{ Gofo ;]jfdf #=)! k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg]
lghfdtL ;]jfdf klg @)=* k|ltzt dfq dlxnf /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfn k|x/L, z;:q k|x/L tyf g]kfnL
;]gfdf Hofb} Go"g dfqfdf ;xeflutf ePsf] kfO{G5 . :jf:Yo ;]jf cGtu{t 8fS6/df #$=!! k|ltzt tyf
OlGhlgo/df !$=#( k|ltzt dlxnf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] cf}lrTosf ;DaGwdf :ynut ;e]{If0fsf] cf+s8f cg';f/ s/Lj *! k|ltzt
dlxnfnfO{ dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdaf6 ;xof]u k'u]sf] b]lvG5 eg] s/Lj !( k|ltzt dlxnfnfO{
sfo{qmdaf6 ;xof]u k'Ug g;s] b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . ;fdflhs kl/rflnsfsf] e"ldsf / k|efjsfl/tf
;DaGwdf k|fKt cf+s8f cg';f/ $!=* k|ltztn] l7sl7s} ePsf] cf}NofPsf 5g\ eg] clt ;Gtf]ifhgs
!)=# k|ltzt / ;Gtf]ifhgs @%=@ k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ . pNn]lvt egfO{nfO{ dfGg]] xf] eg] ;fdflhs
kl/rosf] e"ldsf Tolt pT;fxhgs ePsf] b]lvb}g .

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ z'? b]lvg} ;fnj;fnL ?kdf lg/Gt/tf lbb} ;+rfng x'Fb} cfPsf] xf] . ;dosf]
lglZrttf (Time bound) df cfwfl/t sfo{qmd gePsf] / cfwf/e"t cWoog (Baseline Study) gePaf6
d"NofÍg sfo{ sl7g x'g uPsf] 5 . cf=j= @)#(.$) b]lv @)^*.^( ;Dd u7g ePsf / ;f] kZrft
u7g ul/Psf dlxnf ;d"x, ;ldlt / ;+:yfx?sf] ljj/0f cWoog ubf{ @)^*.^( b]lv @)^(.&) sf]
dlxnf ;d"xsf] a[l4 b/ &=% k|ltzt, nfeflGjt ;b:o ;+Vofsf] k|ltzt (=& k|ltzt a[l4 ePsf] 5 .
o;/L a[l4 ePsf] k|ltztdf hghftL tkm{ !# k|ltzt / blnt tkm{ %=* / cGo *=& k|ltzt /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . ;fy} u7g ePsf dlxnf ;+:yfsf] a[l4 b/ *=( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .

sfo{qmdaf6 pBd Joj;fodf ;+nUg dlxnfsf] l:ylt s]; / sG6«f]n tkm{ x]bf{ !$=& k|ltzt dlxnfx?
sfo{qmdn] ;d]l6Psf If]qdf -s];df_ pBd Joj;fodf ;+nUg /x]sf 5g eg] sfo{qmdn] g;d]l6Psf
If]qdf -sG6«f]ndf_ !@=@ k|ltzt dlxnf dfq pBd Joj;fodf ;+nUg ePsf] b]lvG5 . pNn]lvt cf+s8fn]
pBd Joj;fodf ;+nUg u/fpg] sfo{ dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdn] nlIft ;d"xnfO{ ;d]6g] tkm{ pT;fxhgs
;kmntf kfpg ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . zLk ljsf; tflnd lng] dlxnfsf] ;+Vof sfo{qmdn] ;d]l6Psf] If]qdf #!
k|ltzt / sfo{qmdn] g;d]l6Psf] If]qdf * k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . laBfno ljd"v lszf]/Lsf] nflu nlIft
sfo{qmdsf] pknAwL ;DaGwdf clt ;Gtf]ifhgs !#=$ k|ltzt b]lvG5 eg] #@=% k|ltzt l7sl7s} /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . lszf]/Lx?;+u ul/Psf] ;d"x 5nkmnsf lgrf]8 cg';f/ sfo{qmdaf6 zLk ljsf; ;DaGwL tflnd
k|fKt eO{ crf/ agfpg], w'k agfpg], a]tafF;sf ;fdfg agfpg], ;fgf ls/fgf tyf lrof k;n ;+rfng
vi
ug]{ u/]sf] ePtfklg Joj;flos ?kdf eg] clw a9\g g;sf]sf] l:ylt 5 . pBd tyf Jo;foaf6
pTkflbt a:t'x?sf] ahf/sf] :yfgLo ?kdf dfq ;Lldt /x]sf] / d"Vo ahf/ s]Gb|x?df pTkflbt ;fdfg
n}hfg / ahf/ Joj:yfkg ug{ a9L vr{ nfUg] / ahf/ ;DaGwL hfgsf/L sd ePsf sf/0fn] ubf{
;fdfgn] plrt d"No kfpg g;s]sf]n] Joj;fo la:tf/ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd nfu" ePsf :yfgdf u7g ePsf dlxnf ;d"xsf ;b:ox? dWo] cg'lzIf0f tflnd
k|fKt ug]{ *!=! k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 eg] cfwf/e"t tflnddf *#=) k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . g]t[Tj tyf
;+:yfut ljsf; tflndf ##=( k|ltzt dlxnf ;xeflu ePsf] b]lvG5 . pNn]lvt tflndn] ubf{
dlxnfx?n] cfˆgf] s'/f ;d"x, ;dfh tyf ljleGg lgsfox?df /fVg ;Sg] Ifdtfdf clea[l4 ePsf] 5 .
lhNnfut ?kdf x]bf{ ;a}h;f] lhNnfsf () k|ltzt eGbf a9L dlxnfx? cfˆgf] s'/f lgle{s ?kdf /fVg
;Sg] ePsf] b]lvG5 . kfl/jfl/s ljifox?df :jo+ lg0f{o lng] Ifdtfdf klxnf ^)=@Ü /x]sf]df sfo{qmd
;+rfng kZrft &*=#Ü k'u]sf] x'Fbf dlxnfx?sf] lg0f{o Ifdtfdf kl/jt{g ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f]xL ljifodf
sfo{qmdn] g;d]l6Psf] If]qdf klg dlxnfsf] lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf ^&=$Ü ePaf6 dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf]
k|efj Hofb} pT;fxhgs eg] b]lvb}g .

3/kl/jf/sf] ;b:ox?nfO{ lzIff pknJw u/fpg] ;DaGwL kfl/jfl/s lg0f{odf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf
sfo{qmd ;+rfng x'g' eGbf klxnf #!=@Ü /x]sf] lyof] eg] sfo{qmddf ;xeflu eP kZrft a[l4 e} ^#=%Ü
k'u]sf] 5 . o;af6 dlxnfx?n] cfˆgf] 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] lzIff lbIffdf lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] ;Ifdtf sfo{qmd
kZrft pNn]Vo ?kdf ;'wf/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . kmn:j?kM 5f]/LnfO{ ljBfno k7fpg] / lzIffdf kx'Fr
clea[l4 x'g k'u]sf] :ki6 b]lvG5 . dlxnfsf] ;r]tgf tyf ;"rgf k|jfxsf sf/0fn] ubf{ k/Dk/fut s'l/lt
tyf cGwljZjf;nfO{ qmdzM x6fpb} nfg] sfo{df klg ;'wf/ ePsf] 5 . 3/kl/jf/sf ;b:ox? vfglkg
ubf{ dlxnfn] kl5 vfg] k|rng klxnf @!=# k|ltzt /x]sf]df xfn !&=$ k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOof] eg]
sfo{qmdn] g;d]l6Psf If]qdf eg] cem} klg @^=& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . 3'D6f] /fVg] rngsf ;DaGwdf
sfo{qmdn] ;d]l6Psf If]qdf klxnf !@=^Ü /x]sf]df xfn 36g u} *=&Ü df l;ldt /xg uPsf]5 .
5'jf5'tsf ;DaGwdf klxnf @@=!Ü /x]sf]df xfn (=!Ü dfq /x]sf] 5 . afnljjfxdf cem} *= (Ü /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . ljwjf Psn dlxnf ljjfx ug]{sf] ;+Vof a[l4 e} $#=$ k|ltzt k''u]sf] 5 . pNn]lvt ;fdflhs
;+:sf/df cfPsf] ;'wf/nfO{ pT;fxhgs dfGg' kb{5 .

dlxnfx?n] 3/]n' lx+;f ef]Ug] qmd cem} sfod /x] klg klxn]sf] t'ngfdf sdL x'Fb} uPsf] kfOPsf] 5 .
3/]n' lx+;f lj?4 sfg"gL pkrf/sf nflu ;DalGwt lgsfodf ph'/L ug]{ dlxnfx?sf] k|ltzt sfo{qmdn]
;d]l6Psf] If]qdf %) k|ltztn] ph'/L ug{ hfg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] sfo{qmdn] g;d]l6Psf If]qdf !(
k|ltzt dlxnfn] dfq ph'/L ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;af6 sfo{qmd ;+rflnt ePsf If]qsf dlxnfx? a9L
;Ifd tyf 3/]n' lx+;fsf] la?4 ph'/L ug]{, cfjfh p7fpg ;Ifd x'Fb} uPsf] kfOPsf] 5 . 3/kl/jf/sf]
cfDbfgL tyf vr{ ;DaGwL ljj/0fsf] laZn]if0f ubf{ k|lt kl/jf/ aflif{s cfDbfgL klxnf ?= ($,))).
ePsf]df a[l4 e} ?= !$#,))). k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fy} pQm cfDbfgL vr{af6 x'g] art klxnf ?= @),))).
ePsf]df clxn] a[l4 e} ?= $(,))). k'u]sf] 5 . o;/L 3/kl/jf/sf] artdf ePsf] a[l4sf sf/0fn] u/LjL
Go"lgs/0f ug{ ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 .

gu/kflnsf tyf uf=lj=;=sf j8f gful/s d~rx?df dlxnfx? ;+nUgtf a9\b} uPsf] kfO{G5 . sfo{qmdn]
;d]l6Psf] If]qdf !@=# k|ltzt dlxnf ;dfj]z ePsf 5g\ eg]] sfo{qmdn] g;d]l6Psf If]qaf6 ^=#
k|ltzt dlxnf dfq ;xeflutf ePsf] b]lvG5 . pkef]Qmf ;ldltdf dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutfsf ;DaGwdf
sfo{qmdn] ;d]l6Psf] If]qdf #&=$ k|ltzt ;xeflutf /x]sf] b]lvG5 eg] sfo{qmd ;+rfng gePsf If]qdf
pkef]Qmf ;ldltdf ;xeflutf s/Lj #)=) k|ltzt x'g uPsf] b]lvPaf6 dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd ;+rfng
ePsf If]qdf s]xL dfqfdf ;xeflutf a9\g'sf ;fy} ljsf; sfo{df ;lqmotf hgfPsf] kfOof] . :yfgLo
:t/sf dlxnfx?sf] ;lqmotf / ;xeflutfdf ;+rflnt ;xsf/L ;+:yf k|lt ;a} ;b:ox?sf] lhDd]jf/L,
ckgTj tyf st{Jolgi7tfsf sf/0f ;+:yfdf a]OdfgL, clgoldttf, ljjfb cflb cGo ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf]
vii
t'ngfdf lgs} sd x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdaf6 ;+rflnt ;+:yfx?åf/f ul/Psf]
nfugLdf dlxnfx?sf] ;Gt'li6sf] :t/ x]bf{, clt ;Gtf]ifhgs !)=@ k|ltzt / ;Gtf]ifhgs $^=& k|ltzt
b]lvG5 . pBd tyf Joj;fosf nflu k|bfg u/fPsf] zLk ljsf; tflnd, kF"hL kl/rfng ;DaGwdf
dlxnfx?sf] ;Gt'li6sf] :t/ ;Gtf]ifhgs /x]sf] eGg] @^=@ k|ltzt, l7sl7s} /x]sf] eGg] ##=& k|ltzt /
sd ;Gt'i6 !(=( k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

k|foh;f] uf=lj=;= / gu/kflnsfsf j8fx?df ;+rflnt dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdn] nlIft ljkGg ju{ /
u/Lj dlxnfx?nfO{ ;d]6\g ;s]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f tkm{ ul7t dlxnf / ;d"xdf
;lDdlnt dlxnfx?df blnt, hghftL, / cGodf qmdzM !^=)@ k|ltzt, ##=*% k|ltzt, %)=!# k|ltzt
/x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ;+rfns ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] lgjf{rg aflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efaf6 x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
;d"xsf ;a} ;b:ox?nfO{ ;dfg dtflwsf/ / ;+:yfsf] kbflwsf/L aGg kfpg] ;dfg cj;/ k|bfg
ul/Psf] 5 . ;+rfns ;ldlt / ;fwf/0f ;efaf6 x'g] lg0f{ox?df 5nkmn u/L ;'emfj /fVg] / lg0f{o
k|s[ofdf ;xeflutf hgfpg] cj;/ ;dfg ?kn] ;a} ;b:onfO{ x'g] x'Fbf ;+:yfsf] ;fd"lxs lhDd]jf/L /
pQ/bfloTj /xg] u/]sf] 5 .

tflndx?af6 dlxnfsf] JolQmTj ljsf; tyf pgLx?sf] l;sfO{df clea[l4 e} ;dIf x'g ;s]sf 5g\ .
cWoogsf l;nl;nfdf tflndsf] pko'Qmtf ;DaGwL ul/Psf] cWoogsf] glthf cg';f/ s/Lj ^^=$
k|ltzt dlxnfx?n] tflnd pko'Qm ePsf] atfPsf 5g\ . dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdx?af^ ;+rfng ePsf
100 eGbf a(L lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ Jojl:yt / pkof]uL agfpg k|fyldstf tf]ls lglZrt
s[ofsnfknfO{ lglZrt ;dofjlw tf]sL km]h cfp^ ug]{ sfo{ of]hgf gePaf^ o:tf lqmofsnfkx?
lg/Gt/ ?kdf ;+rfng x'+b} cfPsf] % . xfn ;+rflnt sfo{qmdx? dWo] u/Lj la?$ dlxnf cleofg
sfo{qmdnfO{ Joj;flos ;d"x ljsf; ;DaGwL sfo{qmddf PsLs[t u/L ;+rfng ug],{ n}lés lx+;f
sfo{qmd cGt/ut k"g{tfhls tflnd / /]vf°g e|d)f cflb so{qmdx? km]h cfp^ ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG% .
To;}u/L ;fdflhs kl/rfng sfo{qmd cGt/ut ;fdflhs kl/rfnsn] ug]{ u/]sf] sfo{nfO{ dlxnf
ljsf; sfof{noaf^ ug]{ u/L km]hcfp^ ub} n}hfg] / laleGg sfo{qmd cGt/ut /x]sf /]vf°g
e|d)f lhNnf leq ug]{ gLlt lng' cfjZos b]lvG% . To;}u/L /fli^«o / cGt/f{li^«o:t/sf ljleGg
;+# ;+:yfn] ;+rfng ub}{ cfPsf] dlxnf ljsf; ;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx?sf] aLrdf ;dGjosf] sldn]
ubf{ Ps?ktf x'g g;s]sf] l:ylt ljBdfg /x]sf] % .

:yfgLo lgsfox? uf=lj=;=, gu/kflnsf, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldldt nufot lhNnf:t/sf cGo ljifout
lgosfx?n] dlxnf ljsf; ;DaGwL sfo{df d"n k|jfxLs/)f ug]{ plrt sfo{qmd dfkm{t dlxnf ljsf;
sfo{qmd;+u ;xsfo{ ug'{ kg]{df sdL b]lvg cfPsf] % . ;g\ 2011 ;Ddsf] cf+s*f cg';f/
dlxnfx?sf] zf/Ll/s lx+;f 13=7 k|ltzt / zf/Ll/s tyf of}ghGo lx+;f s/Lj 26 k|ltzt x'g'sf
;fy} #/]n' lx+;f ef]Ug] s/Lj 14 k|ltzt dfq /x]sf]n] o;df klg qmdz ;'wf/ x' +b} uPsf] cj:yf
% .

laBfno lad'v lszf]/Lx?sf] ax'cfoflds ljsf; ug]{ clek|fon] dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdn]
hLjgf]kof]uL l;k ljsf; tflnd, lszf]/f ljsf; tflnd, Joj;flos tflnd, :jf:Yo pkrf/ ;xof]u,
g]t[Tj Pj+ JolQmTj ljsf; ;DaGwL tflndf ;fdflhs r]tgf hfu/)f nufotsf lqmofsnfkx?
;+rfng ub} cfPsf] % . o:tf ;d"x;+usf] %nkmn / cGt/lqmofdf lszf]/Lx?nfO{ cfTdlge{/ /
;Ifd agfpg dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdn] cfjZos ;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG% .

viii
cWoogaf^ dlxnfx?;+u ;DalGwt ;fdflhs l/tLl/jfh, k/Dk/f af/]df sfhlqmof ug],{ dnfdL hfg]
/ ;fdflhs Pj+ wfld{s sfo{df afhf ahfpg] h:tf sfo{df qmdz 11 af^ 33 k|ltzt, 14 af^
44 k|ltzt / 12 af^ 32 k|ltzt k'uL pNn]Vo ?kdf kl/jt{g ePsf] kfOG% .

dlxnf ljsf; ;DaGwL ;dli6ut /fli6«o gLltsf] :ki6 vfsf gePsf]n] dlxnf ljsf;sf ljljw
kIfx?nfO{ ;d]l6g] u/L :ki6 vfsf ;lxtsf] u'? of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . sfo{qmdsf[
;f]r tflnsfnfO{ k"g/fjnf]sg u/L gofF agfO{ sfo{qmdsf] nIo, /0fgLlt, pknAwLx? lglZrt
;dofalwsf cfwf/df to ul/g' kb{5 . dlxnf ljsf; tyf afnaflnsf ;DaGwL sfo{qmdx? dlxnf tyf
afnaflnsf dGqfno, ljefu tyf cGt/f{li6«o bft[ lgsfo, cGt/f{li6«o tyf /fli6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf
cflbaf6 ;+rflnt ePsf / oL sltko sfo{qmdx?sf] ljrdf k|efjsf/L ;dGjo gePaf6 bf]xf]/fkgf x'g
uPsf]n] lhNnfdf sfo{qmd th'{df ubf{ ;+oGq agfO{ ul/g' kg]{ b]lvG5 . dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdaf6 u7g
ePsf ;d"x, ;ldlt tyf ;+:yfx?nfO{ cGo ljifout lgsfo tyf sfo{qmdx?n] ;d]t ;f]xL ;d"xnfO{ g}
kl/rfng / pkof]u ug]{ gLlt cjnDjg ul/g' kb{5 . ;d"x / ;ldltn] ;+sng u/]sf] art /sdsf]
;'/Iffsf] nflu cfufdL b'O{ jif{ leq ;xsf/L ;+:yfdf hDdf ul/g' kb{5 .

dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf ljefu / cGo ljifout ljefux? h:t}M s[lif ljefu, kz' ;]jf ljefu, 3/]n' tyf
;fgf pBf]u ljefu cflb lar sfo{ut Pstf / ;dGo u/L nlIft ;d"xx?nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ k|fljlws
;xof]u, If]qut ;xof]u ;f]xL ljifout sfof{no dfkm{t lbOg' kb{5 . Joj;flos ;d"xx?sf nflu
cfjZos kg]{ k|fljlws ;]jf ;xh ?kdf k|fKt ug{sf nflu ;DalGwt ljifout laefu, MEDEP, CTEVT tyf
gLlh If]qsf ;+:yfx?;+u klg ;dGjo ul/g' kb{5 . s]Gb|Lo:t/b]lv lhNnf tyf :yfgLo :t/df ;d]t
bf]xf]/f] ;"rgf k|0ffnL ljsf; u/L s'g} klg dlxnfn] ef]Ug' k/]sf] lx+;f / cGo ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{
k|0ffnL ljsf; u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g' kb{5 . lg:s[o ?kdf /x]sf ;d"x tyf ;ldlt / ;+:yfx?nfO{ ;lqmo
u/fpg Pj+ ultlzn agfpg aflif{s sfo{qmddf k|fyldstf lbOg' kb{5 . cg'udg sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L
agfO{ lgu/fgL ;d"xsf] ;lqmotfdf To:tf lg:s[o ;d"xnfO{ ;lqmo agfpb} n}hfg' cfjZos 5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/n] cGt/f{li6«o :t/df dlxnf Pj+ afnaflnsfsf ;DaGwdf u/]sf k|ltj4tf, dxf;GwLx?sf
cfn]v / ;Dd]ngsf cfwf/e"t ljifox?sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gogsf nflu :ki6 lgsfo tf]sL sfo{of]hgf
agfO{ sfof{Gog ul/g' kb{5 .

qm= d"Nof°g
dfks ;"rf+s d"Nof°gsf cfwf/x?
;+= dfks
! cf}lrTo s  nlIft dlxnfx?df k'u]sf] sfo{qmdn] dlxnfsf] JolQmTj ljsf; /
;d"xLs/0f, ;dfj]zLs/0f / ;zlQms/0f x'g ;s]sf]
 cGt/f{li6«o k|ltj4tfx?nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{
 cem} s/Lj *) k|ltzt nlIft ;d"xdf sfo{qmd lj:tf/ ul/g'
kg]{ ePsf]
 () k|ltzt eGbf a9L dlxnfn] sfo{qmdsf] cf}lrTo /x]sf]
@ k|efjsfl/tf v  ;d"x u7g, ;ldlt tyf ;+:yfut ?kdf art / nfugL
kl/rfngsf] a[l4 b/ !#=$ k|ltzt ePsf]
 ;xsf/Laf6 art /sd dWo] s/Lj (^ k|ltzt nufgL ePsf]
 Joj;flos ;d"xdf C0f k|jfx u/L cfo cfh{g / u/LjL
Go"lgs/0f ePsf]
 d"nk|jflxs/0f -!& k|ltzt ;d]l6Psf]_, ;dfj]lzs/0f -blnt
!^=! k|ltzt / hghftL ##=* k|ltzt, ;zlQms/0f -kfl/jfl/s
ix
 ljifodf &*=# k|ltzt / ahf/ vl/b tyf ljlqmdf ^#=%
k|ltzt dlxnfsf] lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf j[l4_
# sfo{bIftf u  ah]6sf] Joj:yf sfo{qmdd"vL / k|ultd"vL geO{ ;fna;fnL
ePsf]
 ;+rfng / sfo{qmd ah]6 s/Lj %) k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/L ePsf]
 sfo{qmd ah]6sf] () k|ltzt vr{ ePsf]
$ k|efj s  dlxnfsf] cfˆgf] ;d:of /fVg ;Sg] Ifdtfdf *% k|ltztn] a[l4
ePsf]
 kl/jf/sf] lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf a[l4 ePsf] lzIff, :jf:y cflbdf
lg0f{o Ifdtfdf a[l4 ePsf]
 dlxnfsf] ;fdflhs kIfx?df kl/jt{g ePsf]
 dlxnfsf] s'/Llt, ;+:sf/df pNn]vlgo ePsf] kl/jt{g
 3/]n' tyf of}ghGo lx+;fdf 36bf]qmd /x]sf]
 cfDbfgL / vr{ b'j}df a[l4 e} art a9b} uPsf]
% lbuf]kgf v  dlxnf ;+:yfx?df ckgTj / g]t[Tj k|efjsf/L ePsf]n] ;+:yfx?
lbuf] x'g] nufgL ePsf] /sd dWo] s/Lj () k|ltzt c;"nL x'g]
u/]sf]
 dlxnf ;+:yfx?sf] ;+Vof !^#^ / tby{ !%& ePsf] / jflif{s
?kdf ;+:yfsf] j[l4 ePsf]
^ clwsf/jfnf s dlxnf lasf; sfo{qmdn] ;+rfng u/]sf] art, C0f nufgL, pBd
;d'bfosf] Joj;fo, lszf]/L sfo{qmdx?df dlxnfx?sf] ;Gt'li6 :t/ %)
;Gt'li6 k|ltzt eGbf a9L ePsf]
& ;dfj]zLs/0f s sfo{qmdn] ;d"xdf ;lDdlnt dlxnf dWo blnt, hghftL, / cGodf
qmdz !^=)@ Ü, ##=*% Ü, %)=!# Ü ;dfj]z u/]sf]
* ;du| lgisif{ v dlxnf lasf; sfo{qmdaf6 dlxnfx?sf] JolQmut Ifdtf clea[l4 e}
;fdflhs kl/jt{g / cfly{s pGgtLdf cu|;/ /xb} uPsf] x'Fbf
sfo{qmdsf] dxTj /x]sf] 5 eg] nlIft ;d"xnfO{ cem} ;d]6g jf+sL
ePsf] x'bf sfo{qmd cem k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;+rfng ul/g' kb{5

cf}lrTo -s_ pRr cf}lrTok"0f{, -v_ k"0f cf}lrTo -u_ ;fdfGo cf}lrTok"0f{ -3_ cf}lrTo gePsf]
k|efjsfl/tf -s_ clt k|efjsf/L -v_ k|efjsf/L -u_ ;fdfGo k|efjsf/L -3_ k|efjsf/L gePsf]
sfo{bIftf -s_ clt sfo{bIftfk"0f{ -v_ sfo{bIftf -u_ ;fdfGo sfo{bIftf -3_ sfo{bIftf xfl;n
gePsf]
k|efj -s_ clt k|efljt -v_ k|efljt -u_ ;fdfGo k|efljt -3_ s'g}klg k|efj gk/]sf]
bLuf]kgf -s_ clt bLuf]kg -v_ lbuf]kg -u_ ;fdfGo bLuf]kg -3_ bLuf]kg gePsf]
clwsf/jfnf s= pRr ;Gt'li6, v= ;Gt'li6 u= ;fdfGo ;Gt'li6 3= c;Gt'li6
;d'bfosf] ;Gt'li6
;dfj]zLs/0f s= pRr ;dfj]zL, v= ;dfj]zL u= ;fdfGo ;dfj]zL 3= ;dfj]zL gePsf]
;du| lgisz{ -s_ clt ;Gtf]ifhgs -v_ ;Gtf]ifhgs -u_ ;fdfGo ;Gtf]ifhgs -3_ ;Gtf]if gePsf]

x
 kl/R5]b !
kl/ro / cWoog ljlw
!= kl/ro
!=! dlxnf ljsf;sf] cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]z
ztfJbL b]lvg} dlxnf ljsf;sf] If]qdf laZjJoflk ?kn] lg/Gt/ rflnPsf sbd / k|of;x?af6 o;
If]qdf cfw'lgs o'usf] pknAwL x'g ;s]sf] xf] . ;g\ !&(@ df Mary Wollstonecraft åf/f lnlvt "A
Vindication of the Rights of women " ;DaGwL k':tsdf pNn]lvt ljifoj:t'n] dlxnfsf] clwsf/sf]
nflu / n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] lgldQ cfwf/zLnf tof/ u/]sf]] dflgG5 . pQm k':ts dfkm{t oL a]nfotL
ljrf/sn] dlxnf / k'?if ;dfg ?kdf hGdg] x'gfn] clwsf/df klg ;dfg x'G5g eGg] wf/0ff cl3
;fl/Psf] 5 . ;g\ !*$* cd]l/sfdf ;DkGg ePsf] dlxnf clwsf/ ;DaGwL klxnf] ;efdf ^* hgf
dlxnf / #@ hgf k'?ifx?sf] ;xeflutf /xL !@ a'Fb] ;+sNk -Resolution_ kf; u/]sf] lyof] .

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] a8fkqsf] wf/f ! df 3f]lift p2]Zodf lnËe]b ljgf ;a}sf] df}lns :jtGqtf /
dfga clwsf/ k|ltsf] ;Ddfg k|a4{g Pj+ k|f]T;fxgsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u xfl;n ug]{ pNn]v
5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;g\ !($* sf] dxf;efn] dfgj clwsf/sf] laZjJofkL wf]if0ffkq hf/L ub}{
pQm 3f]if0ffkqdf dfgjdfqsf g};lu{s clwsf/ / :jtGqtfsf] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf]
dxf;efn] ;g\ !(&@ df kfl/t ;+sNk cg';f/ cGt/f{li6«o gf/L jif{sf] dgfpgsf] nflu d]lS;sf]
l;6Ldf klxnf] ljZj dlxnf ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf u/L pQm ;Dd]ngn] ;dfgtf ljsf; / zfGtLsf] a[xt
nIo xfl;n u/L ljZj sfo{ of]hgf kfl/t u¥of] . ;f] cj;/df !)) eGbf a9L b]zsf] ;xeflutf
/x]sf] lyof] . ;f] ;Dd]ngn] ;g\ !(&% nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o gf/L jif{ wf]if0ff u/] kl5 kl5Nnf jif{x?df
bf]>f] ljZj dlxnf ;Dd]ng ;g\ !(*), t]>f] !(*% / rf}yf] ;g\ !((% df ;DkGg eof] . rf}yf]
laZj dlxnf ;Dd]ngn] lgDg cg';f/ ;/f]sf/sf If]qx?sf] klxrfg u/]sf] lyof] .
 dlxnf / u/LjL
 dlxnf / :jf:Yo
 dlxnf / ;z:q ;ª\3if{
 zlQm / lg0f{o sfo{df dlxnf
 dlxnfsf dfgljo clwsf/
 dlxnf / jftfj/0f
 dlxnfsf] lzIff lbIff
 dlxnfdflysf] lx+;f
 dlxnf / cy{tGq
 dlxnfsf] pGgtLsf] ;+:yfut ;+oGq
 dlxnf / ;+rf/sf dfWod
 aflnsf

1
 pNn]lvt klxrfg ePsf If]qx?nfO{ s]Gb| laGb' agfP/ g]kfndf klg dlxnf ljsf; ;DaGwL laleGg
gLlt, /0fgLlt / sfo{qmdx? th'{df u/L cufl8 a9\b} cfPsf] b]lvG5 .

;g\ !(&% nfO{ ljZje/s} cGt/f{li6«o gf/L jif{ dgfpg z'? u/] kl5 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo gf/L bzs
-!(&^ b]lv !(*%_ sf] cjlwdf g]kfndf klg dlxnfsf] cj:yf k|lt ljz]if Wofgfsif{0f eof] . /fli6«o
ljsf;sf] k|lqmodf dlxnfsf] clws PsLs/0fnfO{ ;xh t'Nofpg] vfnsf] of]hgf th'{df sfo{nfO{
;xof]u k'¥ofpg] pb]Zon] g]kfndf dlxnfx?sf] dof{bf:t/ ljifos cg';Gwfg ;d]t u/L ;f]af6 k|fKt
;'emfjnfO{ sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z ub}{ cfPsf] b]lvG5 .

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] tTjfawfgdf Go"of]s{df ;g\ @))) df ;DkGg ePsf] ;x;|fJbL ;efdf ljZjsf
/fi6« cWoIo / ;/sf/ k|d"v u/L !$& eGbf a9L b]zsf] k|ltlgwTj /x]sf] lyof] . pQm ;efn] u/]sf]
3f]if0ff cg';f/ ;g\ @)!% ;Dd lgDg adf]lhdsf nIox? k|fKt ug]{ c7f]6 u/]sf] lyof] .

 r/d u/LjL / ef]s pGd"ng ug]{

 cfd ?kdf k|fylds lzIff pknJw u/fpg]
 n}lËs ;dfgtf k|jw{g Pj+ dlxnf ;zlQms/0fdf hf]8 lbg]
 afn d[To'df s6f}tL ug]{
 dft[ :jf:Yodf ;'wf/ ug]{
 PrcfO{le÷P8;, dn]l/of / cGo /f]usf] lgbfgdf ;lqmo /xg]
 jftfj/0fLo bLuf]kgsf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{
 ljsf;sf nflu ljZjJofkL ;fem]bf/Lsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg]

!=@ dlxnf ljsf;sf] /fli6««o kl/j]z / cGt/f{li6«o ;GwL ;Demf}tfdf k|ltj4tf

lasf; sfo{df dlxnf ;xeflutf k|a4{g ug]{ p2]Zon] 5}7f} k+raifL{o of]hgfdf ljleGg gLltut
a'Fbfx? ;dfj]z ul/of] . pQm of]hgfn] hg;+Vofsf] $*=( k|ltzt /x]sf dlxnfnfO{ lzIff / bLIff
k|bfg u/]/ /fi6« lgdf{0fdf an k'Ug hfg] s'/f cf+}Nofpb} dlxnfnfO{ cfly{s ?kdf ;lqmo ;xeflutf
a9fpg'sf ;fy} dlxnfsf] If]q lj:tf/ ul/g' kg]{ ljifodf hf]8 lbPsf] lyof] . ;ftf} k+rjifL{o of]hgfdf
klg dlxnf ljsf; ;DaGwL lqmofsnfksf] pTkfbsTj / Ifdtf a9fpg'sf ;fy} pgLx?nfO{ ljsf;
k|lqmodf k'?if ;/x ;lqmo ?kdf ;xefuL agfpg] gLlt cjnDag u¥of] . cf7f} of]hgfdf
dlxnfx?nfO{ ljsf;sf] d"nk|jfxdf ;dflxt ug]{ / pgLx?sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s pTyfg ug]{
sfo{gLltx? lgwf{/0f ug]{ ljifox?df hf]8 lbOof] . gjf}+ of]hgfn] n}lËs ;dfgtf / dlxnf
;zQmLs/0fsf sfo{qmdx? th'{df ug{ hf]8 lbPsf] kfO{G5 . ;f]xL of]hgfn] dlxnf au{nfO{ d"nk|jfxdf
;dflxt u/fpg sNof0fsf/L b[li6«sf]0f ;dtf tyf ;zQmLs/0f cfjZos ePsf] s'/f cf}NofOPsf] 5 .
bz} k+~rjifL{o of]hgfsf] /0fgLltn] u/LjL lgjf/0fdf n}lËs d'nk|jfxLs/0f Pj+ dlxnf
;zQmLs/0fnfO{ hf]8 lbOPsf] lyof] . To;}u/L tLg jifL{o cGtl/d of]hgfn] /fHo ;+/rgfdf dlxnfsf]

2
 k|ltlglwTj / ;d:t ljsf; k|lqmodfdf n}lËsLs/0fdf hf]8 lbOof] . at{dfg t]x|f}+ lqjifL{o of]hgfdf
klg n}lËs ;dfgtf tyf dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fsf gLltx?sf] lg/Gt/tf / k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf hf]8
lbOPsf] 5 .

!=@=! dlxnf ljsf;sf gLltut / sfo{qmdut cjwf/0ffx?

ljutsf ljsf;ljb\x¿n] dlxnf / k'?if aLrsf] leGgtfnfO{ vf;} b[li6ut u/]sf lyPgg\ . dlxnf /
k'?if b'as
} f] ljsf;nfO{ ;dfg ?kn] x]g]{ ul/GYof] . ;dfh ha cfly{s j[l4sf] dfWodaf6
cfw'lgsLs/0f lt/ cu|;/ x'G5 ta dlxnf / k'?if b'a} ;dfg ¿kdf nfeflGjt x'G5g\ eGg]
cfjwf/0fn] hu uf8]sf] lyof] . ljsf;sf] k|lqmof o;/L cl3 a9L/xFbf cfw'lgsLs/0f k|lqmofaf6
dlxnfx¿df ;sf/fTds c;/dfq geP/ gsf/fTds c;/;d]t k/]sf] cfwf/df ;g\ !(&) lt/ g}
lgDg tYo qmdzM phfu/ eO;s]sf lyP M
• s[lif tyf ;fd'bflos pTkfbsTj a9fpg] sfo{df dlxnfx¿sf] k|d'v of]ubfg /x]sf] eP
tfklg To:tf of]ubfgsf] ljj/0fx? :ki6 ?kdf tYofÍut cfs8fx? pNn]v;Dd ePsf
lyPg -cyf{t\ pgLx¿sf] of]ubfgsf] a]jf:tf ul/Psf] lyof]_
• cfw'lgsLs/0f k|lqmofaf6 dlxnfx¿ pN6} lj:yflkt ePsf klg lyP -cyf{t\ pgLx¿sf]
k/Dk/fut pTkfbgzLn sfo{, cfo / ;fdflhs dof{bf 36\b} uPsf lyP_ .

dlxnf ljsf; ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff / ;f]rx?sf] ljsf;qmd a'Fbfut ?kdf lgDg cg'?k x'Fb} cfPsf]
b]lvG5 .

-s_ sNof0fsf/L ;f]r

;g\ !(%) / ^) sf bzsdf dlxnfsf nflu sNof0fsf/L sfo{qmdsf] vfFrf] cg'ej ul/of] .
cfdf, >LdtL / a'xf/Lsf] ¿kdf dlxnfsf] e"ldsfnfO{ ljz]if dxTj lbP/ dlxnfnfO{
ljsf;sf] kmnsf] lgliqmo pkef]Qmf ;lDemPsf] eP tfklg s]xL g s]xL sfdx? eg] cufl8
a9g] qmd hfl//x]sf]] lyof]] . sNof0fsf/L ;f]rsf] pQm ;dofjlwnfO{ k"j–{ …lj8Ú cjlw (Pre-
WID period) klg elgG5 .

-v_ ljsf;df dlxnf

;g\ !(&) sf] bzsdf dlxnfx¿nfO{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] k|lqmofdf ;dfj]z ug]{
x]t'n] ljsf;df dlxnf (Women in Development - WID) eGg] /0fgLlt cjnDag u/L
sfo{qmdnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] sfo{ z'? eof] . dlxnfx¿nfO{ ljsf; k|of;sf] k|jfxdf PsLs[t
¿kdf ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsPsf] v08df dlxnfx¿ k|ltsf] lyrf]ldrf] tyf c;dfgtf klg :jtM
cGTo x'G5 eGg] dfGotf pQm /0fgLltdf cGtlg{lxt lyof] . kmn:j¿k of] ljsf; /0fgLlt
d"ntM dlxnfx¿nfO{ s;/L ljsf;sf ljleGg cfofddf a9L eGbf a9L ¿kdf ;xefuL
u/fpg] eGg]df s]lGb|t /x]sf] lyof] . pQm cleofg cGtu{t ljz]iftM dlxnfx¿sf]
pTkfbgzLntf a9fpg, pgLx¿sf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg, cfo–cfh{g sfo{qmddf a[l4 ug{]

3
 / sNof0fsf/L sfo{qmdx¿ -h:t}– ;fIf/tf, kl/jf/ :jf:Yo, 3/fo;L sfo{af]em 36fpg]
pks/0fsf] ljsf; Pj+ k|;f/_ ;~rfng ug{ hf]8 lbOPsf] b]lvG5 .

ljsf;df dlxnf /0fgLltsf] sfof{Gjogkl5 klg dlxnfx¿sf] ;f]r] cg'¿k nfeflGjt x'g
g;s]tfklg /0fgLltsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 dlxnfx¿sf] cj:yf (Condition) df s]xL xb;Dd
;'wf/ x'g ;s]sf] ePtfklg pgLx¿sf] cjl:yltdf (Position) eg] vf;} cGt/ cfPsf] cg'ej
x'g ;s]g .

-u_ ljsf; / dlxnf

dlxnfx¿sf] cj:yfsf ;fy} cjl:yltdf ;d]t ;'wf/ Nofpgsf nflu ljsf; k|lqmofdf
pgLx¿sf] ;+nUgtf cfjZos 7fgL ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf dlxnf / ljsf; (Women and
Development - WAD) sf] /0fgLltnfO{ cufl8 ;fl/of] . ljsf; / dlxnf /0fgLltnfO{ ljsf;df
dlxnf /0fgLltsf] kl/dflh{t ¿kdf klg lng] ul/G5 . dlxnfnfO{ ljsf;d'vL agfpg]
ljsf;df dlxnf /0fgLlt xf] eg], ljsf;nfO{ g} dlxnfd'vL agfpg] ljsf; / dlxnf /0fgLlt
xf] . csf{] zAbdf, cl3Nnf]df j:t'tM ;xeflutfsf] cfJxfg ul/Psf] xf] eg] kl5Nnf]df
ljsf;df dlxnfsf] ;fem]bf/L sfod ul/g' xf] . To:t}, cl3Nnf] a'FbfnfO{ …jf~5gLoÚ sf]
cy{df lng] xf] eg], kl5Nnf]nfO{ …ckl/xfo{Ú sf] cy{df lng ;lsG5 .

-3_ n}lËstf / ljsf;

;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf cfP/ dlxnf / ljsf; /0fgLltsf] :yfgdf n}lËstf / ljsf;
(Gender and Development - GAD) /0fgLltnfO{ c+lusf/ ul/Psf]] kfO{G5 . ljsf; / dlxnf
/0fgLltdf ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df dlxnfnfO{ lnOPsf] lyof] eg], n}lËstf / ljsf; /0fgLltdf
ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df dlxnf / k'?ifaLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ lnOPsf] 5 . csf{] zAbdf, cl3Nnf]sf]
hf]8 ljsf; k|lqmofdf dlxnfsf] ;fem]bf/L s;/L k|efjsf/L x'G5 eGg]df lyof] eg]
kl5Nnf]sf] hf]8 ljsf; k|lqmofdf dlxnf / k'?ifaLrsf] ;DaGwn] s;/L k|efj kfb{5 eGg]df
/x]sf] 5 . n}lËstf / ljsf;nfO{ ljsf;df n}lËs kx'Fr (Gender Approach to Development)
eg]/ klg a'e\mg ;lsG5 . o;/L ;dofGt/df d'Vo rf;f] …dlxnfÚ af6 dlxnf / k'?ifaLrsf]
;DaGwdf ;b}{ cfPsf] b]lvG5 .

dfly pNn]v ul/Psf ljleGg sfnv08df dlxnfsf] ljsf;sf nflu ckgfOPsf] /0fgLlt / ;f]r
cg';f/ sfo{qmdsf] 9fFrfdf klg ;f]xL cg'?k sfo{qmd to ul/b} cfPsf] 5 . dlxnf ljsf;
sfo{qmdn] JolQmTj ljsf;sf lgoldt cj;/ u'dfPsf ljkGg dlxnfsf] ax'cfoflds ljsf;,
;zlQms/0fsf nflu a}slNks cj;/ >[hgf ug]{ sfo{df cfly{s, ;fdflhs ljlwx?sf] pkof]]u ul/b}
cfPsf] :ki65 .

4
!=@=@ dxlnf ljsf; ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;GwL, ;Demf}tf / k|lta4tf

n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] cfsf+Iff ;fsf/ kfg{ /fli6«o :t/ / cGt/f{li6«o :t/af6 PsLs[t k|of;x? x'Fb}
cfPsf 5g\ . ljz]if lbj;, ;Dd]ng / ;+o'St /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;efsf a}7sx¿ ljZjJofkL jrga4tf
hfx]/ ug]{ cj;/ ag]sf 5g\ . ljsl;t ;dembf/L, kfl/t sfo{;"rL / cg'df]lbt dxf;GwLx¿ tL
cj;/sf pknAwL ePsfn] o; ;DaGwL k|d'v 36gfqmd lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ .

-s_ cGt/f{li6«o gf/L lbj; – * dfr{ ;g\ !(!)

;j{ k|yd rLg, a|flhn, 8f]ldlgsg u0ftGq / ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf s]xL cu|h dlxnfx¿
ldn]/ ;g\ !(!) dfr{ * tfl/v dlxnfn] klg k'?if;/x ;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhgLlts
clwsf/ kfpg' kb{5 eg]/ cfjfh p7fPsf] sf/0f dfr{ * tfl/vnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o gf/L lbj;sf
¿kdf dgfpb} cfPsf] 5 .
-v_ dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq – ;g\ !($*
;g\ !($* sf] l8;]Da/ !) tfl/v ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efn] dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL
3f]if0ffkq hf/L u¥of] . pQm 3f]if0ffkqn] clwsf/sf d"n cfwf/g} zflGt / ljsf; eGb}
dfgjsf g};lu{s clwsf/sf] ;+lxtfs/0f ul/of] . ;fy} ;+lxtfs[t dfgjLo clwsf/ / :jtGqtf
n}lËs e]befj ljgf pkef]u ug{ kfpg' kb{5 eGg] wf/0ffnfO{ cem} k|i6 ug]{ sfo{ ;d]t ul/of] .
-u_ cGt/f{li6«o gf/L jif{ – ;g\ !(&%
;g\ !(&% nfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] cfJxfgdf ;j} ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] gf/L jif{sf ¿kdf dgfpb}
dlxnfx?nfO{ hfu[t u/fpg] sfo{ x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .
-3_ cGt/f{li6«o gf/L ljsf; bzs – !(&^–*%
klxnf] ljZj dlxnf ;Dd]ngn] kfl/t u/]sf] ;dfgtf, ljsf; / zflGtsf] gf/f;lxt ;g\ !(&^
b]lv !(*% ;Dd cGt/f{li6«o gf/L ljsf; bzs ?kdf dgfpb} dlxnfx?sf] pTyfgdf ljz]if
hf]8 lbg] sfd pQm bzsdf ul/of] .
-ª_ dlxnf lj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ug]{ dxf;GwL (Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Discrimination against Women - CEDAW) – !(&(
of] dxf;GwL ;g\ !(&( df ;+o'St /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efaf6 kfl/t ePklg ;g\ !(*! b]lv
sfof{Gjog ePsf] xf] . n}lËs ;dfgtfsf kIfdf sf];]9'Ëf dflgPsf] of] dxf;GwLnfO{ l8;]Da/
@))% ;Dddf g]kfn nufotsf !*) b]zn] cg'df]bg u/]sf 5g\ . of] dxf;GwLn] kIf
/fi6«x¿nfO{ h'g;'s} If]qdf dlxnf k|ltsf] e]befj b"/ ug{ clg dlxnfnfO{ k'?if;Fu} ;dfgtfsf
cfwf/df cfˆgf] dfgjLo clwsf/ tyf g};lu{s :jtGqtfsf] pkof]u ug]{ k|Tofe"lt lbg pko'St
sbd rfNg bjfj lbg] ub{5 . kIf /fi6«x¿nfO{ dlxnf / k'?ifaLr a/fa/L sfod ug]{
k|of;nfO{ ult lbg tfTsflns ljz]if Joj:yf cjnDag ug{ 5"6 lbg'sf ;fy} lnËsf cfwf/df
c;n / sd;n ;+emg] cyjf dlxnf / k'?ifsf] e"ldsf o:tf] jf To:tf] x'g'kb{5 eGg] vfnsf
kIfkftL k|rng kl/jt{g ug{ klg of] dxf;lGwn] lgb]{lzt u/]sf] 5 .

5
 ;d:t dlxnfsf clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{ of] dxTjk"0f{ sfg"gL pks/0fsf k|fjwfgx¿sf]
kfngf eP, gePsf] ko{j]If0f ug{ lj1 ;ldltsf] klg Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . kIf /fi6«x¿n]
sDtLdf k|To]s rf/ jif{df sfof{Gjog l:yltsf] k|ltj]bg pSt ;ldltdf a'emfpg' kb{5 .
g]kfndf of] dxf;lGwsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\ af6 :jLs[t
/fli6«o sfo{of]hgf, lj=;+= @)^) nfu" e};s]sf]]5 .
-r_ cl3Nnf dlxnf ;Dd]ng– !(&%, *), *%
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] cu|;/tfdf klxnf] ljZj dlxnf ;Dd]ng d]lS;sf]df ;g\ !(&% df g} ;DkGg
eof] . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3s} tTjfjwfgdf sf]k]gx]ugdf ;g\ !(*) df bf];|f] ljZj dlxnf ;Dd]ng
u/Lof], h;n] cGt/f{li6«o gf/L ljsf; bzssf] dWofjlw k|ult ;dLIff;d]t u¥of] . To;kl5
g}/f]aLdf ;g\ !(*% df t];|f] ljZj dlxnf ;Dd]ng ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3s} kxnsbdLdf ;DkGg
eof] .

-5_ a]lhË ;Dd]ng – !((%

;g\ !((% df rf}yf] ljZj dlxnf ;Dd]ng a]lhËdf ;DkGg eof] . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;lqmotfdf
cfof]lht pQm ;Dd]ngdf !*( b]zsf ;/sf/L kbflwsf/L nufot :yfgLo dlxnf Pj+
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx¿n] efu lnPsf lyP . ;xeflutf, Jofkstf / uxgtfsf b[li6n]
klg a]lhË ;Dd]ng dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 . a]lhË 3f]if0ffkq (Declaration) / sfo{d~r (Platform for
Action) ;Dd]ngsf pknAwLk"0f{ b:tfj]h x'g\ .

a]lhË 3f]if0ffkq dlxnfx¿sf] ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts tyf cfly{s ;zQmLs/0f ug]{ lbzfdf ;a}
/fi6«sf] ;femf dfu{bz{gsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . a]lhË sfo{d~rn] ;/sf/, dlxnf ;d"x, ljsf;
;fem]bf/ nufotsf nflu a[xt\ sfo{;"rL k|bfg u/]sf] 5, h;df !@ ;/f]sf/sf If]qx¿ (12
Critical Areas of Concern) kb{5g\ . of] ;Dd]ngdf tL ;a} If]qnfO{ ;d]6L /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf
tof/ ug]{ ;xdlt;d]t ePsf] lyof] . ;xdlt cg'¿k ;xefuL /fi6«x¿n] cf–cfkm\gf sfo{of]hgf
tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ub}{ /x]sf 5g\ . a]lhË ;Dd]ngsf] nuQ} h:tf] g]kfn ;/sf/n] n}Ës
;dfgtf tyf dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf, @)%$ :jLs[t u/L nfu' u/]sf] lyof] .
xfn a]lhË hf]8 % ljz]if dxf;efsf lgisif{nfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L tof/ kfl/Psf] n}lËs
;dfgtf tyf dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf, @)^! g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t eO{
sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] 5 . a]lhË ;Dd]ngåf/f klxrfg ePsf !@ j6f ;/f]sf/sf If]q b]xfo
cg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
• dlxnf / u/LaL
• dlxnf / lzIff tyf tflnd
• dlxnf / :jf:Yo
• dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;f
• dlxnf / ;z:q ;ª\3if{
• dlxnf / cy{tGq

6
 • zlQm ;+/rgf / lg0ff{os txdf dlxnf
• dlxnf ljsf;sf nflu ;+:yfut ;+/rgf
• dlxnf / dfgj clwsf/
• dlxnf / ;~rf/
• dlxnf / jftfj/0f
• afnaflnsf .

lg0ff{os txdf sDtLdf #) k|ltzt dlxnfnfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ nIo a]lhË sfo{d~rsf]
pNn]vgLo kIf xf] . of] nIodf cfjZosLo pkl:ylt (Critical Mass) sf] cjwf/0ff k|ltljlDat
5 . csf]{ zAbdf eGg'kbf{ dlxnfsf] Go"gtd #) k|ltztsf] k|ltlglwTjdf ;xefuL /xFbf
;'lj:tf cg'ej ub{5g\ / lg0f{o k|lqmofnfO{ c;/ kfg{ yfNg ;Sb5g\ eGg] dfGotf /flvPsf]
lyof] . g]kfnsf] kl/k|]Ifdf :yfgLo lgsfo nufot ;+;bdf ;d]t ## k|ltzt dlxnfsf]
k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] sfg"gL Joj:yfn] gLltut lg0f{odf dlxnfsf] e"ldsf cxd x'Fb} uPsf] 5 .

-h_ dlxnf lj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ug]{ dxf;lGwsf] OR5fwLg cfn]v (Optional
Protocol to CEDAW) – !(((
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efaf6 ;g\ !((( df kfl/t of] OR5fwLg cfn]v ;g\ @))) af6
k|efjsf/L ePsf] xf] . of] OR5fwLg cfn]vn] dxf;GwL cGtu{t yk b'O{ sfo{ljlw :yflkt u/]sf]
5 . h; cg';f/ klxnf] ;~rf/ sfo{ljlw cGtu{t s'g} dlxnf jf dlxnfsf] ;d"xnfO{
dxf;GwLdf ;'lglZrt clwsf/sf] pNnª\3g ePsf] 5 eGg] bfjL dxf;GwL cGtu{tsf] ;ldlt
;dIf k'g/fjnf]sgfy{ k]; ug]{ cg'dlt lbG5 . bf];|f] zf]wk'5 sfo{ljlw xf], h;cg';f/ dxf;GwL
cGtu{tsf] ;ldltnfO{ kIf /fi6«af6 dxf;GwLn] k|Tofe"t u/]sf clwsf/sf] uDeL/ jf Jojl:yt
¿kdf pNnª\3g ePsf] e/kbf]{ ;"rgfsf cfwf/df zf]wk'5 k|f/De ug]{ cg'dlt ldNb5 .
ljleGg /fi6«;Fu} g]kfnn] klg of] OR5fwLg cfn]v cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 .

-em_ a]lhË hf]8 % – @)))

a]lhË ;Dd]ngsf] % jif{kl5 ;g\ @))) sf] h'g % b]lv ( ;Dd Go'of]s{df ;DkGg ;+o'Qm
/fi6«;+3Lo dxf;efsf] ljz]if clwj]zgdf g]kfn nufotsf ;b:o /fi6«sf pRr:t/Lo k|ltlglw
d08nn] a]lhË 3f]if0ffkq / sfo{of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog l:yltsf] l;+xfjnf]sg ug]{ sfd ePsf]
lyof] .

-`_ ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo (Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) – @)))

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] tTjfjwfgdf Go"of]s{df ;g\ @))) sf] ;]K6]Da/df ;x;|fAbL ;ef (Millennium
Assembly) eof] . Oltxf; d} ljZj g]tfx¿sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] of] hd36 /x]sf o; ;efdf !$&
/fi6«fWoIf / ;/sf/ k|d'vsf] pkl:ylt lyof] . pQm ;efn] to u/]sf ;x;|fAbL 3f]if0ffkqdf

7
 åGå / zflGt, /f]u / :jf:Yo, u/LaL / ;+d[l4sf d'2fx¿sf] ;e]{If0f ugf{sf] ;fy} dfgjLo
cj:yfdf ;'wf/sf pkfotkm{ ljZjnfO{ g} ;ª\slNkt ul/Psf] 5 .

pQm wf]if0ffkqdf pNn]v ePsf nIo dWo] cf7j6f nIox¿ ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIosf ¿kdf
lnOPsf] / ;f] nIox? ;g\ @)!% ;Dd k|fKt ug'{kg]{ u/L ;do cjlw tf]lsPsf] lyof] . pQm
nIox? tn pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ .
!= r/d u/LaL / ef]s pGd"ng
@= cfd k|fylds lzIff
#= n}lËs ;dfgtf k|jw{g Pj+ dlxnf ;zStLs/0f
$= afnd[To'df s6f}tL
%= dft[ :jf:Yodf ;'wf/
^= PrcfO{eL÷P8\;, dn]l/of / cGo /f]usf] lgbfg
&= jftfj/0fLo bLuf]kgsf] ;'lglZrttf
*= ljsf;sf nflu ljZjJofkL ;fem]bf/L

;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIodWo] t];|f] / kfFrf} n}lËstf–ljz]if /x]sf 5g\ . t]>f] nIo cg';f/
k|fylds / dfWolds lzIffdf ;s];Dd @))% ;Dddf ;a} txsf] lzIffdf @)!% cufj} n}lËs
lje]b cGTo ub}{ n}lËs ;dfgtf k|jw{g Pj+ dlxnf ;zStLs/0fdf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . To:t},
kfFrf}+ nIo cg';f/ dft[ :jf:Yodf ;'wf/sf] ;"rssf nflu ;g\ !(() sf] dft[d[To' b/df tLg–
rf}yfO s6f}tL ug{ /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] cltl/Qm afFsL kfFrj6f ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIosf] k|flKtdf
klg n}lËs ;dfgtf ckl/xfo{ cfjZos 5 .

-6_ a]lhË hf]8 !) – @))%

a]lhË hf]8 % df h:t}M a]lhË ;Dd]ngsf] !) jif{kl5 ;g\ @))% sf] @* km]a|'c/Lb]lv !!
dfr{;Dd ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb\, dlxnf ;DaGwL l:ylt cfof]usf] $(
cf}F clwj]zg ;DkGg eof] . pQm clwj]zgdf g]kfn nufot ;b:o /fi6«sf pRr:t/Lo
k|ltlglw d08nsf] ;xeflutf lyof] . pQm clwj]zgn] !) jif{sf] cGtM/fndf a]lhË ;xdltsf]
sfof{Gjog cj:yfsf] l;+xfjnf]sg ug'{sf ;fy} dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fsf ;do;fk]If d'2fx¿df
jx; u/L lgDg d'Vo k|:tfj kfl/t u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
• a]lhË 3f]if0ffkq / sfo{d~rnfO{ rf}yf] ljZj dlxnf ;Dd]ngdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf]df @#
cf}F ljz]if ;qdf ePsf] 5nkmnaf6 k|fKt ;'emfj, lgisif{x¿nfO{ k'gMlglZrt ug{]Ù
• ljleGg ;d:of tyf jfwfx¿sf] jfjh'b klg a]lhË 3f]if0ffkq tyf sfo{d~rsf]
sfof{Gjog k|ultsf] :jfut ub} @# cf}F ljz]if ;qdf ePsf] 5nkmnaf6 k|fKt ;'emfj
Pj+ lgisif{x¿nfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut u/L cem} ;lqmotfsf ;fy sfof{Gjog ug{]Ù
• ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug{df klg a]lhË 3f]if0ffkq / sfo{d~rsf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjog x'g' cfjZos ePsf]n] n}lËs kIfnfO{ ljsf;df ;dflxt ug{] qmddf
;x;|fAbL 3f]if0ffsf ;Gbe{df x'g] pRr:t/Lo a}7sdf k'gMd"NofÍg x'g'kg{]Ù

8
 • dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ug{] dxf;lGwaf6 l;lh{t bfloTjx¿nfO{
k"/f ug{ Pj dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f, n}lËs ;dfgtf xfl;n ug{ a]lhË 3f]if0ffkq tyf
sfo{d~rsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ /
• a]lhË 3f]if0ffkq tyf sfo{d~rsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo lgsfo,
cGt/f{li6«o tyf If]qLo ;Ë7gx¿, gfu/Ls ;dfh, u}/;/sf/L ;+3, ;+:yf tyf dlxnf
/ k'?ifsf] k"0f{ ;xof]u Pj+ k|lta4tfsf nflu cfJxfg ug{] .

!=@=# cGt/f{li6«o dxf;GwL

g]kfnn] cg'df]bg u/]sf tyf ;lDdng hgfPsf dfgj clwsf/, dlxnf clwsf/ Pj+ afnclwsf/
ljifos cGt/f{li6«o dxf;GwL (Conventions) tyf cfn]v (Protocols) lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

!= bf;Tj dxf;GwL, ;g\ !(@^, & hgj/L ;g\ !(^# ;Dd]ng

@= bf;Tj dxf;GwLsf] ;+zf]lwt cfn]v, !(%# & hgj/L !(^# ;Dd]ng
#= bf;Tj, bf; Jofkf/ tyf To:t} cGo cEof; pGd"ng ;DaGwL dxf;GwL, !(%^ & hgj/L
!(^# ;Dd]ng
$= g/;+xf/ ;DaGwL ck/fwsf] /f]syfd tyf ;hfo ;DaGwL dxf;GwL, !($* !& hgj/L !(^(
;Dd]ng
%= hLp df:g], a]Rg] tyf c¿sf] a]Zofj[lQsf] zf]if0fsf] bdg ;DaGwL dxf;GwL, !($(.@&
l8;]Da/ !((% ;Dd]ng
^= dlxnfx¿sf] /fhg}lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;GwL, !(%# @^ clk|n !(^^ ;Dd]ng
&= dlxnf lj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ;DaGwL dxf;GwL, !(&( @@ clk|n !((!
cg'df]bg
*= dlxnf lj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ;DaGwL dxf;GwLsf] OR5fwLg cfn]v,
!(((.!* l8;]Da/ @))^ cg'df]bg
(= a]Zof j[lQsf nflu dlxnf / afnaflnsfsf] hLp df:g]a]Rg] sfd /f]syfd ug]{ / ;f] lj?4
;ª\3if{ ug]{ ;DaGwL blIf0f PlzofnL If]qLo ;xof]u ;Ë7g dxf;GwL, @))@,#! cS6f]a/
@))% cg'df]bg
!)= ;a} lsl;dsf hftLo e]befj pGd"ng ug]{ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o #) h'g !(&! ;Dd]ng
!!= hftLo e]befj x6fpg] tyf ;hfo ug]{ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw, !(&#, !@ h'nfO
!(&& ;Dd]ng
@= v]ns"bdf hfltut e]befj lj?4sf] dxf;GwL, !(*% ! dfr{ !(*( cg'df]bg
!#= gful/s tyf /fhg}lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGw, !(^^ !$ d] !((! ;Dd]ng
!$= gful/s tyf /fhg}lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGwsf] OR5fwLg cfn]v, !(^^, !$
d] !((! ;Dd]ng
!%= d[To'b08 pGd"ng ug]{ Joj:yf ePsf] gful/s tyf /fhg}lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o
cg'aGwsf] bf];|f] OR5fwLg cfn]v, !(*(, @^ ;]K6]Da/ !((& ;Dd]ng

9
!^= cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGw, !(^^, !$ d] !((!
;Dd]ng
!&= oftgf tyf qm'/ / cdfgjLo Jojxf/ tyf ;hfo lj?4sf] dxf;GwL, !(*$, !$ d] !((!
;Dd]ng
!*= afnclwsf/ dxf;GwL, !(*( !$ ;]K6]Da/ !(() cg'df]bg
!(= ;z:q åGådf afnaflnsfsf] ;+nUgtfsf ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ePsf] afnclwsf/ dxf;GwLsf]
OR5fwLg cfn]v, @))), # hgj/L @))& cg'df]bg
@)= afnclwsf/ dxf;GwLsf] afn–a]rljvg, afn–a]Zofj[lQ Pj+ afn–cZnLntf k|bz{g lj?4sf]
OR5fwLg cfn]v, @))), #! cS6f]a/ @))% cg'df]bg
@!= blIf0f Plzofdf afnsNof0f k|jw{gsf] lglDt If]qLo ;dGjo ;DaGwL blIf0f PlzofnL If]qLo
;xof]u ;Ë7g dxf;GwL, @))@, #! cS6f]a/ @))% cg'df]bg

pko'{Qm dxf;GwLsf ;fy} g]kfn cGt/f{li6«o >d ;Ëu7gsf lgDglnlvt dxf;GwLsf] klg kIf /fi6«
ePsf] 5 M

!= cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgx¿df ;fKtflxs ljbf nfu" ug]{ ;DaGwL dxf;GwL, !(%& -g+= !$_ !)
l8;]Da/ !(*^ cg'df]bg
@= ;Ë7g ug]{ / ;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhL ;DaGwL l;4fGt k|of]u ;DaGwL dxf;GwL, !($( -g+= (*_
$ cS6f]a/ !((^ cg'df]bg
#= ;dfg sfdsf nflu dlxnf / k'?if sfdbf/nfO{ ;dfg kfl/>lds k|bfg ug]{ ;DaGwL
dxf;GwL, !(%! -g+= !))_ ^ cS6f]a/ !(&^ cg'df]bg
$= /f]huf/L tyf Joj;fodf x'g] e]befj ;DaGwL dxf;GwL, !(%* -g+= !!!_ !( ;]K6]Da/ !(&$
cg'df]bg
%= ank"j{ssf] >d pGd"ng ;DaGwL dxf;GwL, !(#) -g+= @(_ !# ;]K6]Da/ @))! cg'df]bg ^=
ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zsf] ;Gbe{df Go"gtd Hofnf lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL dxf;GwL, !(&) -g+= !#!_ !(
;]K6]Da/ !(&$ cg'df]bg
&= /f]huf/L k|flKtsf nflu Go"gtd pd]/ ;DaGwL dxf;GwL, !(&# -g+= !#*_ $ cS6f]Da/ !((^
cg'df]bg
*= cGt/f{li6«o >d:t/ sfof{Gjog clej[l4 ug{ lqkIfLo ;xdlt ;DaGwL dxf;GwL, !(&^ -g+=
!$$_ @! dfr{ !((% cg'df]bg
(= afn>dsf lgs[i6 ¿kx¿sf] pGd"ng ;DaGwL dxf;GwL, !((( -g+= !*@_ !# ;]K6]Da/
@))! cg'df]bg !) cflbjf;L tyf hghflt ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ePsf] dxf;GwL, !(*(
-g+=!^(_ @$ cui6 @))& cg'df]bg

pNn]lvt ljifosf cGt/f{li6«o dxf;GwL tyf cfn]vx?sf] g]kfn /fi6« ePklg ;f] dxf;GwL /
cfn]vdf k|ltj4tf hgfPsf ljifoj:t'sf] ;lx sfof{Gjotsf] cj:yf (Effective Implementation)

10
 xfn;Ddsf] PsLg pknAwLx? ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?df Jojl:yt ?kn] clen]v tyf
lhDd]jf/ lgsfo ;d]t gePaf6 o;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog eP gePsf] af/] ljZn]if0f ug{
g;lsPsf] l:ylt 5 .

!=# g]kfndf dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd -;+:yfut ljsf; / sfo{qmdut ljsf;_

g]kfn ;/sf/n] dlxnf ljsf; ;DaGwL /fli6«o gLlt, of]hgf tyf cGt/f{li6«o k|lta4tfx?nfO{ sfo{?k
lbg laleGg dGqfno tyf ljefu cGtu{t dlxnf ljsf; OsfO{x? :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . dlxnf ljsf;
;DaGwL k|d"v ;d:ofx?sf] ;Daf]wg ug{ /fli6«o ljsf; gLt, /0fgLlt tyf of]hgfx? agfO{
sfof{Gjog ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;+:yfut ljsf; qmdsf] ljj/0f tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
 lzIff tyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqfnodf @)@( ;fn -;g\ !(&@_ df dlxnf lzIff
kl/of]hgf PsfO{sf] :yfkgf
 :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnodf @)#* ;fn -;g\ !(*!_ df dlxnf ljsf; zfvfsf] :yfkgf
/ kl5 dxfzfvfdf kl/0ft
 >d dGqfnodf @)$$ ;fn -;g\ !(*&_ df dxfzfvf :yfkgf
 s[lif dGqfnodf @)$( ;fn -;g\ !((@_ df dxfzfvf :yfkgf
 hn tyf zlQm cfof]usf] ;lrjfno, hn;|f]t dGqfnodf @)%) ;fn -;g\ !((#_ df
PsfO{ :yfkgf
 /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]udf @)%) ;fn -;g\ !((#_ df zfvf :yfkgf
 dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno -tTsfnLg dlxnf tyf ;dfh sNof0f
dGqfno_ sf] @)%@ ;fndf :yfkgf
 k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf @)%@ ;fn kmfu'g @# ut] /fli6«o dlxnf tyf afn ljsf;
kl/ifb\ u7g
 :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno cGtu{tsf] dlxnf ljsf; dxfzfvf @)%& ;fndf dlxnf
ljsf; ljefusf] ¿kdf :yfkgf
 @)%* ;fndf /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u u7g
 cfly{s jif{ @)%&.%* ;Dddf clw/fHosf &% j6} lhNnfdf dlxnf ljsf; zfvfsf]
lj:tf/
 lhNnf l:yt dlxnf ljsf; zfvf dlxnf ljsf; sfof{nodf @)^! ;fndf kl/0ft tyf
@)^& ;fndf k'gM dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf sfof{nosf] ¿kdf kl/0ft
 5'§} PsfO :yfkgf geP tfklg :jf:Yo tyf hg;ª\Vof dGqfno, jg tyf e"–;+/If0f
dGqfno / pBf]u dGqfnoaf6 dlxnf ljsf; ;DaGwL cfof]hgf tyf sfo{qmd ;~rfng
 k|To]s dGqfnodf xfn;fn} n}lËs ;Dks{–laGb'sf] Joj:yf .

g]kfn ;/sf/n] dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ /fli6«o k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{qmdsf ¿kdf ;~rfng ub}{
cfPsf] 5 . dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno / cGtu{tsf] ;+:yfut ;+/rgf lgDg
adf]lhd 5 M

11
 -s_ dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno

dlxnf, afn, j[4 / cgfyx¿sf] ;zQmLs/0f Pj+ sNof0f ;DaGwL sfo{ ug{ cfjZos /fli6«o gLlt,
of]hgf / sfo{qmd tof/ u/L ;DalGwt ;a} lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo /fvL sfof{Gjog u/fpg] d'Vo sfo{
lhDd]jf/L ;lxt tTsfnLg lzIff tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnodf /x]sf] ;dfh sNof0fsf] sfo{If]q
;d]t ;Dkfbg ug]{ u/L la=;+= @)%@ ;fn c;f]h ^ ut] dlxnf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf]
:yfkgf ePsf] xf] . la=;+= @)%& df afnaflnsf yk eO{ dGqfnosf] gfd dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf
;dfh sNof0f dGqfno /x]sf] 5 . dGqfno cGtu{t lgDg lgsfox¿ kb{5g\ M
 dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf ljefu / &% j6} lhNnfdf dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf sfof{nox¿,
 lj/f6gu/, /fhlj/fh, jL/u~h / a'6jn u/L $ :yfgdf $ j6f jfnsNof0f u[xx¿ /
 kz'klt j[4f>d .
 ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb\ tyf /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]usf] ;Dk{s lgsfosf] ¿kdf ;d]t dGqfno /xL
cfPsf] 5 .

-v_ /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u

dlxnfsf] xs, lxtsf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g u/L ljsf;sf] d"nk|jfxdf dlxnfnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf
;dflxt ug{ / dlxnf clwsf/ Pj+ n}lËs Gofo sfod ug]{ clek|fon] k|ltlglw ;efaf6 /fli6«o
dlxnf cfof]u P]g kfl/t e} @)^# k'; #) ut]af6 nfu" ePsf] 5 .

-u_ dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf ljefu

g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\ sf] lg0f{oaf6 ldlt @)%&.#.@^ b]lv dlxnf ljsf; dxfzfvfnfO{ dlxnf
ljsf; ljefudf / @)^&÷^÷!@ df dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf ljefu / ldlt @)^).!@.@^ sf]
lg0f{oaf6 lhNnf l:yt dlxnf ljsf; zfvfnfO{ dlxnf ljsf; sfof{nodf / @)^&÷^÷!@ df dlxnf
tyf afnaflnsf sfof{nodf kl/0ft u/L dlxnf ljsf; ;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/Psf] 5 . o;
ljefusf d"Vo sfo{If]qx? lgDg cg';f/ /x]sf] 5 .

sfo{If]q
dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf ljefun] lgDg cg';f/ sfo{If]qsf sfo{x?sf] ;Dkfbg ug]{ u/L tf]lsPsf] 5 M
-!_ dlxnf ljsf; ;DaGwL :jLs[t sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{Ù
-@_ dlxnf ljsf; ;DaGwL gLlt Pj+ sfg'gsf] th'{dfsf nflu dGqfnonfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]Ù
-#_ dlxnf ljsf; ;DaGwL sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ug]{Ù
-$_ dlxnfx¿sf nflu cfjZos zLkd"ns tflnd Pj+ k|lzIf0f ;~rfng ug]{Ù
-%_ dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f ;DaGwL sfo{x¿ ug]{Ù

12
-^_ r]nLa6L a]rljvg lgoGq0f, b]x Jofkf/, 3/]n' lx+;f Pj+ dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ck/fw lgoGq0f
;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{Ù
-&_ dlxnf ;DaGwL /fli6«o, cGt/f{li6«o uf]i7L, ;]ldgf/ / ;Dd]ng ;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ /
-*_ dlxnf ljsf; ;DaGwL ;"rgf ;Íng Pj+ k|sfzg ug]{ .

ljs]lGb|t ljsf; k|lqmof cg'¿k :yfgLo:t/sf] of]hgf th'{df Pj+ sfof{Gjog, k'g/fjnf]sgsf ;a}
r/0fdf n}lËs ;dtf clej[l4 tyf afnclwsf/sf] d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf l;nl;nfdf cfjZos
;dGjosf ;fy} ;xh sfo{sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\ sf] @)^) ;fn ;fpg % ut]sf]
lg0f{oaf6 lhNnfl:yt dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf sfof{nonfO{ dlxnf, afnaflnsf, Ho]i7 gful/s,
ckfËtf ePsf JolQm / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] ;dGjostf{, ;Dks{ ;"q, ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf
lgefpg] ;Dks{ lgsfo (Focal Agency) tf]lsPsf] 5 . dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf sfof{nonfO{ k|fKt of]
sfo{lhDd]jf/L (Mandate) sf ;Gbe{df ljefu Pj+ cGtu{tsf sfof{nox¿sf] e"ldsf d'Votof b'O{
k|sf/sf] /x]sf] 5 .
 sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogstf{
 ;dGjostf{, ;Dks{;"q / ;xhstf{sf] sfo{ ug]{ ;Dks{ lgsfo .

ljefusf] kl/sNkgf (Vision)

…;dtfdf cfwfl/t ;d'Ggt kl/jf/Ú ljefusf] kl/sNkgf xf] .

ljefusf] Wo]o (Mission)

lk5l8Psf / ljkGg dlxnfx¿nfO{ r]tgf hfu/0f, Ifdtf ljsf; / ;fdflhs kl/rfngsf] dfWodaf6
cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pj+ /fhg}lts d"nk|jfxLs/0f u/L ;dtfd"ns ¿kn] kfl/jfl/s hLjg:t/ clej[l4
ug]{ tyf dlxnf ju{sf] xs, lxtsf] ;+/If0f Pj+ k|jw{g ug]{ Wo]o ljefusf] 5 .

ljefusf p2]Zox¿ (Goals)

ljefusf p2]Zo b]xfoadf]lhd 5g\ M
!= cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / /fhg}lts ¿kdf lk5l8Psf / cj;/af6 jl~rt /x]sf ljkGg
dlxnfx¿sf] ljsf;sf nflu r/0fj4 ¿kdf r]tgf hfu/0f, Ifdtf ljsf; Pj+ ;fdflhs
kl/rfng ub}{ :yfgLo:t/df dlxnfx¿sf] ;Ifd / cfTdlge{/ ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿sf] ljsf;
tyf k|jw{g ug]{ / To;sf nflu ;xsfo{sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;d]t k|fyldstf lbg]Ù
@= dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f u/L n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug]{, u/fpg]Ù
#= ;fdflhs s'/Llt, r]nLa]6L a]rljvg, b]x Jofkf/, 3/]n' lx+;f nufotsf dlxnf lj?4sf ck/fw
lgoGq0fsf nflu k'?if ju{sf] ;d]t ;xeflutfdf ;fdflhs hfu/0f a9fpg]Ù
$= ;|f]t, ;fwg / /f]huf/Lsf cj;/df dlxnf ju{sf] kx'Fr tyf ;dfg'kflts lgoGq0f :yfkgfsf
nflu kxn tyf ;dGjo ug]{Ù

13
 %= n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf If]qdf ljz]if1 ;]jf;d]t lbg ;Sg] u/L 'Centre of Excellence' sf
¿kdf ;+:yfut Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{ / dlxnf ju{sf] pGglt tyf n}lËs cg's"n zf;gk|0ffnL
(Gender-responsive Governance) sf nflu ;DalGwt ;+oGqsf] Ifdtf clej[l4df;d]t of]ubfg
ug]{Ù
^= s]Gb| tyf lhNnf:t/df dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng / cg'udg ug{ ;3fp
k'¥ofpg b'a} :t/df ;"rgf tyf clen]v s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf tyf ljsf; ug]{ /
&= ;~rflnt sfo{qmdåf/f ck]lIft gtLhf xfl;n ug{ ;lsP, g;lsPsf] x]g{ / sfof{Gjog:t/df
cfOk/]sf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ sfo{qmdsf] lg/Gt/ cg'udg ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

ljefusf] ljBdfg ;Ë7gfTds :j¿k

ljefu:t/
dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf ljefudf Pshgf dxflgb]{zs / b'O{hgf lgb]{zs /xg] Joj:yf 5 . Pshgf
lgb]{zs cGtu{t k|zf;g zfvf, cfly{s k|zf;g zfvf, cg'udg, d"NofÍg / k|sfzg zfvf /x]sf
5g\ . Pshgf lgb]{zs cGtu{t dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f zfvf, dlxnf hfu[lt zfvf, zLk ljsf; /
tflnd zfvf / of]hgf, cg';Gwfg / sfo{j|md zfvf /x]sf 5g\ . ljefudf :yfoL @% / c:yfoL @&
u/L hDdf %@ b/aGbL /x]sf] 5 .

lhNnf:t/
g]kfn /fHosf &% j6} lhNnfdf dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf sfof{nox¿ :yfkgf ePsf 5g\ .
lhNnf:t/df sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf nflu dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf sfof{nosf] k|d'vsf] ¿kdf g]kfn
ljljw ;]jfsf] /fhkqflÍt lålto / t[tLo >]0fLsf] dlxnf ljsf; clws[t / lghsf] ;xof]uLsf] ¿kdf
;'k/efOh/, d'Vo dlxnf sfo{stf{, dlxnf sfo{stf{, ;xn]vfkfn / sfof{no ;xof]uL /xg] Joj:yf
5 . sfof{nox¿sf] s'n b/aGbL s/Lj !$)) /x]sf] 5 .

!=$ dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd -dlxnf hfu[tL sfo{qmd ;d]t_

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] z'?jft lj=;+= @)#* ;fndf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno cGt{ut dlxnf
ljsf; zfvfsf] :yfkgfu/L sfo{ ;+rfng z'? ul/Psf] xf] . la=;+= @)$& ;fndf dlxnf ljsf;
zfvfsf] :t/f]Gglt u/L dxfzfvf agfOof] eg] lj=;+= @)%^ df pQm dxfzfvfnfO{ :yfgLo ljsf;
dGqfnoaf6 dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno cGtu{t /flvof] . ldlt @)%&.#.@^ sf]
lg0f{oaf6 dlxnf ljsf; dxfzfvfnfO{ dlxnf ljsf; ljefudf / lhNnf l:yt dlxnf ljsf;
zfvfnfO{ dlxnf ljsf; sfo{fnodf / @)&.^.!@ df dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf sfof{nodf kl/0ft u/L
&% lhNnfdf sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/Psf] 5 .

cf=j= @)#(.$) df % lhNnfaf6 z'? ePsf dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd @)%&.%* ;Dd &% j6}
lhNnfdf la:tf/ e} ;s]sf] 5 . cf=j= @)%^.%& b]lv dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] b]zJofkL lj:tf/

14
ug]{ k|of; :j?k dlxnf hfu[lt tyf cfo cfh{gsf yk sfo{qmd nfu' eof] . dlxnf hfu[lt tyf
cfo cfh{g sfo{qmd &% lhNnfsf @)% j6} lgjf{rg If]q cGt/ut ()% uf=lj=;=df ;+rfng
ePtfklg % jif{ leq #(!% uf=lj=;=g} ;d]6g] pRr cfsf+Iff /flvPtf klg >f]t / ;fwgsf] sdLn]
ubf{ bf]>f] jif{b]lv g} sfo{qmd la:tf/ x'g ;s]g . cf=j= @)&).&! ;Dd dlxnf ljsf; ;DaGwL ;a}
sfo{qmdx? PsLs[t ?kdf ;+rflnt x'Fb} #$(* uflj;sf @),!%% j8f / !!& gu/kflnsfsf !)(*
j8f ;d]t u/L hDdf @!,@%# j8fdf dlxnf ljsf; sfof{qmdsf] If]q lj:tf/ e};s]sf] 5 .

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf ljleGg lqmofsnfkx? sfof{Gjog ubf{ dlxnfx?s}] ;lqmo ;xeflutfdf
lgDg cg'?ksf] Joj:yf cg';f/ ;+rfng x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ .

 dlxnfx?nfO{ l5d]sL ;d"xsf] ?kdf $ b]lv & hgfsf] ;d"xdf cfa4 u/L a:tL:t/df
;+ul7t, ;zlQms/0f / art kl/rfng ug]{ ul/Psf] .
 a:tL:t/sf] ;d"xnfO{ j8f :t/sf ;ldltdf cfj4 ul/g] / j8f :t/sf ;ldltnfO{ uflj;
:t/df ;xefuL u/fOg'sf ;fy} ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] ?kdf ljsf; ul/g] .
 ;d"xsf ;j} ;b:ofx?nfO{ cfwf/e"t tflnd k|bfg ul/g]] .
 cfo cfh{g tyf lhljsf]kfh{gsf nflu cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t lqmofsnkfx? / zLk ljsf;
jf/]sf] tflnd lbOg] u/]sf] .
 rqm k|0ffnLdf kF"hL kl/rfng ug]{ u/]sf]] .

cf=j= @)&).)&! ;Dd dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdaf6 k|jlw{t !%),*$@ dlxnf ;d"xdf *,(@,$&$
dlxnf ;b:ox? /x]sf 5g\ . ;d"xdf cfj4 s'n ;b:o dWo] !^=)@ k|ltzt blnt, ##=*% k|ltzt
hghflt / %)=!# k|ltzt cGo ;d'bfosf dflxnfx? 5g\ . pQm !%)*$@ dlxnf ;d"xaf6 !^,^)@
;ldlt / !,&(# btf{ ePsf dlxnf ;xsf/L ;+:yfx? / !%& tby{ dlxnf ;+:yf u7g ePsf 5g\ .
pNn]lvt ;+:yfx? ;xsf/L P]g, @)$* cGtu{g btf{ e} lqmoflzn /x]sf 5g\ . dlxnf ljsf;
sfo{qmdaf6 k|alw{t ;d"xsf] s"n art @^! s/f]8 @^ nfv 5 eg] pQm /sd dWo] nufgL @%!
s/f]8 %( nfv ^* xhf/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdn] ;+rfng u/]sf ljljw sfo{qmd tyf lqmofsnfkx? ljut # bzsb]lv
sfof{Gjog e}/x]sf] cj:yfdf o;af6 sfo{qmddf /flvPsf pb]Zox?, nIo tyf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf
pknAwLx? slt dfqfdf k'/f eP gePsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{ cfjZos ePsf] 5 . ;fy} sfo{qmdsf
ultljlwx?af6 nlIft ;d"xdf k/]sf] ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds k|efjnfO{ cfsng u/L o;af6
l;s]sf kf7x?nfO{ eljiodf dfu{bz{gsf] ?kdf lnO{ cufl8 a9g' kg]{ x'G5 . o;} ;Gbe{df /fli6«o
of]hgf cfof]u cGtu{t P;=Pg=lk=Pd=l;= åf/f dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] t]>f] kIfaf6 :jtGq
d"Nof+Íg ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfndf dlxnf ljsf; ;DaGwL gLlt tyf ;f]rdf cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf ;f]r tyf df]8nx?nfO{ ;d]t
;dfj]z u/L sfo{qmdsf] l8hfOg ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . h;df dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdn] z'?sf aif{x?df

15
ljsf;df dlxnfsf] cjwf/0ff cg';f/ sfo{qmd ;+rfng u/]sf] lyof] . tTkZrft dlxnf / ljsf;
tyf n}lËstf / ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff cg';f/sf sfo{qmddf hf]8 lbPsf] b]lvG5 .

o; sfo{qmdn] vf;u/L u|fdL0f If]qsf @@ jif{ dflysf ljkGg dlxnfnfO{ nlIft u/]sf] 5 . ljkGg
dlxnf eGgfn] tn pNn]lvt s'g} Ps jf b'j} cy{df alGrt dlxnfnfO{ lng] ul/Psf] 5 .
 laBfno g} hfg gkfPsf jf uPklg k|j]lzsf kl/Iff ;Dd ptL0f{ ug{ g;ls z}lIfs ?kn]
alGrt ePsf

 cfˆgf] hUuf jf cfDbfgLsf] lgoldt >f]taf6 jif{ lbg ;Dd vfg gk'Ug] kl/jf/sf cfly{s
?kn] al~rt ePsf
pNn]lvt nlIft ;d"xsf dlxnfx?sf] ljsf; ug{sfnflu dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdn] /0fgLlts ;f]r
tyf cjwf/0ffdf ;zlQms/0f, d"nk|jfxLs/0f / ;dfj]zLs/0fsf ltg cfofd / % j6f k|fyldstfnfO{
lnPsf] 5 . dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] 9f+rf lgDgcg';f/ /x]sf] 5 .

dfly pNn]lvt dlxnf ljsf;sf cjwf/0f, /0fgLlt tyf ;f]rnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L sfo{qmdsf]
sfof{Gjog ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . nlIft dlxnfsf] a}olQms, cfly{s, ;fdflhs ;zlQms/0fsf] Go"gtd
:t/sf] 8fou|fd leqsf kfrj6f ljifoj:t'df k|fyldstf lbO{ xfl;n ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . n}lËs
;dtfdf 5]sjf/hGo rngsf] cj1f, Jojxfl/s n}lËs cfjZostfsf] ;Daf]wg / kfl/jfl/s Pj+
;fd'bflos ;sf/fTds sfo{df (Affirmatic Actoions) hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . k|hgg :jf:Yotftkm{ eg]
k|hgg :jf:ysf k|fylds 1fg, ;d:of eGg] / pkrf/ u/fpg] tTk/tf / kfl/jfl/s
c;+j]bglzntfsf] cj:yfklg l5d]sL k|lt ;Dj]bglzntf b]vfpg] hfu/0f h:tf ljifodf hf]8
lbOG5 . hLjgf]kof]lu lzIff tkm{ cfkm"nfO{ k|:t't ug{], csf{sf] s'/f k/v ug]{ / lg0f{o lngsf nflu
cfTdflaZjf; a9fpg] h:tf sfo{df hf]8 lbOG5 . k'lu;/L ;dkGgtf u/fpg] k|lqmofdf jif{el/ vfg
k'Ug] cfo >f]t hf]8g], ck7\of/f] cj:yfdf b'O{ dlxnf ;Dd lgjf{x vr{ wfGg ;Sg] art hDdf ug{,

16
 ljBfno :t/;Dd cWoog ug{ / :jb]zdf pknJw cfjZos pkrf/ vr{ Joxf]g{ ;Sg] x}l;ot
agfpg] cflbdf s]lGb|t /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;+:yfut ljsf;tkm{ eg] cfjZostf cg';f/ g]t[Tj jf
cg'ofloTj (Followership) lng k|l/t ug]{, aflxl/ ;+rf/ / lj:tfl/t ;]jfsf nflu ;Ifd agfpg]
sfo{df hf]8 lbg] ul/Psf] 5 .

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmsf] tLgj6f d"Vo cfodx?M d"nk|jfxLs/0f, ;dfj]zLs/0f / ;zlQms/0f

;DaGwL /0fgLlt b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] 5 .

!=$=! ;zlQms/0f

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ;zlQms/0f cGtu{t b]xfo adf]lhdsf /0fgLltx? ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ .

 dlxnfn] bL3{sfn;Dd :j–ljj]sn] lg0f{o ug]{, ;zlQms/0f k|lqmofdf ;l/s eO{ /fVg /
ljkGg dlxnfsf] df}h'bf n}lËs 5]sjf/ kG5fpgsf nflu dlxnfdfqsf] ;d"xLs/0f ug]{
 ;d"x, ;ldltnfO{ ;d'bfo :t/df ;zlQms/0f u/L :jfjnDjg / kf/:kl/stfsf] efjgfn]
;d"xsf] pTyfgsf] nflu ;xsf/L l;4fGt cg';f/ ;+:yfut ?kdf ;zlQms/0f ug]{ .
 k'?ifhgnfO{ ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldltdf /fVg k|fyldstf lb+b} ;d"x ;b:o kl/jf/sf k'?if ;xsdL{
/ cGo ;d"bfosf k'?if z'elrGtsx?sf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug]{
 nlIft dlxnfsf] cu|;/tfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg cfk;L ;xof]u ub}{ :jtGq >f]tsf\
k|jw{gsfnflu c+zwg (share capital), ljpk'hL jf lalQo bjfj 3l6 ePsf >f]tnfO{
k|fyldstf lbg]
 laBfno ljd'v /x]sf lszf]/Lx?nfO{ efjL ;d"x ;b:osf] ?kdf ;+nUg u/fpg dlxnf
;d"x;+u ufF;]/ lszf]/L a[Q agfO{ laBfno ljd'v lszf]/Lsf] ;lDdng ug]{
 Joj;flos ;d"x u7g Pj+ ljsf; ubf{ ljkGg dlxnfnfO{ s]lGb|s[t u/L Jofj;flos ;d"x
agfpg]
 k|fs[lts >f]tsf] ;+/If0f, P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbfsf] ;b'kof]u, ;fd'bflos >f]tsf] pkof]u, n}lËs
d'2fdf ax; h:tf lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg u/fO{ ;fd'bflos ;DaGw la:tf/ ug]{
 ;fdflhs kl/rfngdf ;+nUgtf ;dfof]hgf ul/+bf ;d"xsf] ;+:yfut ljsf;sf] :t/ cg';f/
ul/g] .

!=$=@ d"nk|jfxLs/0f

d"nk|jfxLs/0f cGt/ut /0fgLltx? lgDg cg';f/ to u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

 n}lËs ;dfgtf Pj+ afn clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu ;/sf/L, u}/ ;/sf/L, lghL
If]qdsf ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ ;+nUg u/fO{ km/flsnf] sfo{ ;+hfn dfkm{t ;x sfo{ ug]{
 ;dGjo ;ldltsf] cWoIftf nufot n}lËs tyf afn clwsf/sf] ljs]lGb|t d"n
k|jfxLs/0fdf ;d:t k|s[ofdf :yfgLo lgjf{lrt lgsfos} g]t[Tj /xg] u/L ;xlhs/0f ug]{

17
  n}lËs tyf afnclwsf/sf k|d"v ;jfnx?nfO{ klxrfg Pj+ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu
;xeflutfTds k4lt jf ljlw cjnDjg ub}{ cu|;/tfsf] :jfldTj ;DaGwL ;+hfndf /xg]
u/L ;fem]bf/L ug]{
 If]qut p2]Zosf] k|flKtdf n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf] k|efj x'g] u/L clwjfrg ug]{
 ;+hfn ;b:osf] sfo{If]qdf k|j]z gu/L d"nk|jfxLs/0fdf ;dGjo ug{ u/L sfo{If]q l;dfÍg
u|x0f ug]{ .

!=$=# ;dfj]zLs/0f

;dfj]zLs/0f cGt/ut lgDg cg';f/sf /0fgLltx? /x]sf 5g\ .

 ljkGg dlxnfsf] ;fdflhs kl/j]z / cfly{s l:ylt cg';f/ k|bQ ;]jf ;xof]u / kx'Frdf
k|fyldstf lbg] .
 ;fdflhs k"lF h a[l4 ug{sf nflu Psn, ckfËtf, blnt nufot alGrlts/0fdf k/]sf
dlxnfx?sf] ;d"xs/0f ubf{ d"nwf/d} ;lDdlnt u/fO{ ;d"xLs/0f cleGgtfsf] /0fgLlt
lnOg] .
 ;fdflhs kl/rfngsf] lgoldt k|qm[ofdf kx'Fr gePsf vf; cj:yfsf ax'ljkGg dlxnfsf]
nflu ;zt{ gub x:tfGt/0f (Conditional Cash Transfer) sf] dfGotfdf ;DalGwt
lqmofsnfkx?sf] 5'§} kf]sfalGb ul/g] .

Dfly pNn]v eP cg';f/ ltgj6f cfod, kfFrj6f k|fyldstf / ltgj6f cfod ;DaGwL /0fgLlt
cg'?k dlxnf ljsf; ;DaGwL lhNnf:t/df Ps ;oj6f eGbf a9L lqmofsnfkx? ;+rfng x'Fb} cfPsf
5g\ .

!=% dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd cGt/ut ;+rflnt sfo{qmd

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd dfly pNn]lvt cfodx?nfO{ kl/nlIft u/L sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ul/Psf
5g\ . h;df s]lGb|o:t/ / lhNnf:t/sf sfo{qmdx? ;+rflnt e} /x]sf] 5 . ;+rflnt sfo{qmdx?sf]
ljj/0f tn lbOPsf] 5 .

18
s]Gb|:t/
s_ n}lËs lx+;f lgjf/0fsf nflu dlxnf ;+:yfx?sf] PsLs[t ljsf; sfo{qmd
of] sfo{qmd ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo afnsf]if / ;+o"Qm clw/fHo ;/sf/sf] cGt/f{li6«o ljsf; ljefusf]
;xof]udf ;+rflnt dlxnf Para Legal ;ldlt sfo{qmdnfO{ dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmddf PsLs[t ug]{
;DaGwdf lqkIfLo k/fdz{af6 ldlt @)^(.$.!@ df ;+o'Qm kf/udg of]hgf th'{df ul/Psf] lyof] .
pQm of]hgfsf] clek|o ;fljssf] dlxnf Para Legal ;ldlt sfo{qmdnfO{ n}lËs lx+;f lgjf/0fsf nflu
dlxnf ;+:yfx?sf] PsLs[t ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] gfdaf6 dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmddf Psfsf/ ul/Psf] /
;f] sfo{qmd cf=j= @)^(.&) b]lv &% lhNnfdf nfu' ul/Psf] 5 . o; sfo{qmdn] ;fljs Para Legal
;ldltx?nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{ sfo{qmd ;+rfng ePsf] 5 .

v_ 5fpk8L lgjf/0f cfof]hgf

5fpk8L k|yfaf6 dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfsf] :jf:Yodf gsf/fTds c;/ k/]sf] ;Gbe{df g]kfn
;/sf/n] @)^#.!.@^ df 5fpk8L k|yfnfO{ s'/Llt 3f]if0ff u/L o; s'/LltnfO{ x6fpgsf nflu dlxnf
afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno / afn arfp -Save the children) aLr ldlt @)^$.!.@! df

19
;Demf}tf eO{ ;'b'/ klZrdsf c5fd, 8f]6L / afh'/f lhNnfdf 5fpk8L lgjf/0f cfof]hgf ;+rfng e}
/x]sf] 5 . o; sfo{qmdn] tL lhNnfx?df k|hgg :jf:Yo, dlxgfjf/L ;/;kmfO{, Ifdtf clea[l4
tflnd, hLjgf]kof]uL zLk ljsf; tflnd cflb k|fbg ul/Psf] 5 .

u_ n}lËs lx+;f lgjf/0f sf]if

g]kfn ;/sf/n] ldlt @)^^.%.@^ ut]sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ ;g\ @)!) nfO{ n}lËs lx+;f la?4sf] jif{sf]
?kdf dgfpg] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfn ;/sf/af6 n}lËs lx+;f la?4 /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf :jLs[t
eO{ /0fgLlts sfo{If]q klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . sfo{of]hgfsf] bL3{sfnLg nIo dlxnf, k'?if aflnsf Pj+
afnsn] cfˆgf] ;Defjgf k"0f{ ?kdf pkef]u ug{ ;Sg] Pjd\ ;Ddflgt hLjg lhpg] n}lËs lx+;fd'Qm
x'g]5 . o;sf nflu k|zf;sLo sfo{ljlw P]g, @)!# sf] bkmf @ cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] n}lËs lx+;f
lgjf/0f sf]if -;+rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^& hf/L u/]sf] 5 . n}lËs lx+;faf6 k|efljtx?nfO{ tTsfn
/fxt k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] sf]ifsf] ;+rfng tyf Joj:yfkgsf nflu s]lGb|o txdf dlxnf afnaflnsf
dGqfnosf ;lrjsf] ;+of]hsTjdf sf]if ;+rfng ;ldltsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 eg] lhNnf txdf
k|d"v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] ;+of]hsTjdf /fxt ;ldlt /x]sf] 5 . sf]ifaf6 ax'lajfx, c+zwg, 3/]n'
lx+;f, dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/, af]S;Lsf] cf/f]k, s'6lk6 h:tf ljleGg k|sf/sf lx+;faf6
k|efjlt s"n !$(! Hgf dlxnfx?n] cfly{s ;xof]u k|fKt u/L ;s]sf 5g\ .

3_ ckfËtf kl/ro–kq
ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?sf] lxtsf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug{ / ljsf; k|lqmofdf ;dfj]zLs/0f u/fpg
tyf /fHoåf/f tf]lsPsf ;]jf, ;'ljwf / cj;/sf] plrt Joj:yfkg u/fpg ckfË ;+/If0f tyf
sNof0f lgodfjnL, @)%! sf] lgod % cg';f/ ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?sf] kl/ro–kq ljt/0fsf]
sfo{ cf=j= @)%^.%& b]lv ;xfos k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ ;dfh sNof0f clwsf/L tf]sL
kl/ro–kq pknJw u/fpb} cfPsf]df @)^# ;fnb]lv dlxnf ljsf; clws[tnfO{ ;dfh sNof0f
clws[tsf] lhDd]jf/L lbO{ &% a6} dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf sfof{no dfkm{t ckfËtf kl/ro–kq
pknJw u/fpg] sfo{ e}/x]sf] 5 . pQm kl/ro–kq ljt/0f lgb]{lzsf @)^% cg';f/ ckfËtfsf]
dfqfsf] cfwf/df rf/y/L kl/ro–kq hf/L ul/Psf] 5 . cf=j @)&).&! ;Dd s"n hDddf !(@,*!^
kl/ro–kq hfl/ e};s]sf] 5 .

lhNnf:t/sf] sfo{qmd

-s_ nlIft dlxnfsf] klxrfg / ;d"xLs/0f

o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t nlIft dlxnfx?sf] klxrfg u/L gofF uflj;tkm{, ;fljs uflj;sf gofF
j8ftkm{ uflj;:t/Lo k/fdz{ a}7s, ;d"x u7g / kl/rfng ug]{ lqmofsnfkx? ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy},
;fljs uflj;sf k'/fgf j8ftkm{, ;ldlt u7g / kl/rfng -lgu/fgL ;d"x;d]t_ u/L ;d"xLs/0f
;DalGw lqmofsnfkx? ;+rfng ul/Psf 5g\ .

20
-v_ JolQmut ljsf;sf k|f/lDes k|lzIf0f
o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t ;d"x ;b:osf] cg'lzIf0f -# lbg], ufpF:t/_ gofF uflj;sf j8ftkm{, ;fljs
uflj;sf gofF j8ftkm{, ;fljs uflj;sf k'/fgf j8ftkm{ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . cfwf/e"t tflnd -&
lbg]_ lhNnf:t/, dlxnf–k'?if ;dljsf; tflnd -# lbg], ufpF:t/_ dlxnf ;+:yf÷ ;ldltnfO{ sfo{qmd
cg'bfg, ;f;"–a'xf/L cGt/lqmof, -# lbg], ufpF:t/_ dlxnf ;+:yf÷ ;ldltnfO{ sfo{qmd cg'bfg,
k|hgg :jf:Yo ;r]tgf tflnd, -% lbg], lhNnf:t/_ cflb lqmofsnfkx? ;+rfng e} /x]sf 5g\ .

-u_ ;+:yfut ljsf; / ;xeflutf

o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t df}h'bf ;+:yfsf] ;fË7lgs ;'b[l9s/0f ug],{ gePsf jf lgliqmo ;d"xsf] u7g
jf k'gu{7g ug]{ -lgu/fgL ;d"x;d]t_, g]t[Tj tyf ;+:yfut ljsf; tflnd, -% lbg], lhNnf:t/_,
n]Vfkfng tflnd, -& lbg], lhNnf:t/_, k|:tfjgf n]vg tflnd, -# lbg], lhNnf:t/_, dlxnf ;+:yfsf]
cj:yf ljZn]if0f tyf /0fgLlt–kq th'{df sfo{zfnf, -# lbg], ufpF:t/_, /]vfÍg e|d0f, cGt/;+:yf, -%
lbg], cGt/lhNnf, & lbg]_, dlxnf ;+:yf÷ ;ldltsf cWoIfdfem rf}dfl;s cGt/lqmof, -@ lbg],
lhNnf:t/_, ;|f]t kl/rfngsf nflu aLpk"FhL, dlxnf ;+:yfnfO{ ejg lgdf{0f cg'bfg -k|lt;+:yf ?= !
nfv %) xhf/÷ ljsf; nfut @=)–@=% lhNnf ?= @ nfv÷ ljsf; nfut # lhNnf ?= @ nfv %)
xhf/_ cflb lqmofsnkfx? kb{5g\ .

-3_ dlxnf ;ldlt cGtu{t Jofj;flos ;d"x ljsf;

3–!_ gofF k|f/De
o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t ;xeflutfTds n]vfhf]vf ljlwaf6 Joj;fo 5gf}6 tyf k|j4{g, sfo{of]hgf
tof/L, zLk tyf Jofj;flostf ljsf; tflnd, # lbg], ufpF:t/, % lbg], UffpF:t/, % lbg], lhNnf:t/,
& lbg], lhNnf:t/, !% lbg], lhNnf:t/, #) lbg], lhNnf:t/, () lbg], lhNnf:t/ -;fem]bf/Lsf] ah]6
;dfof]lht_, Joj;fo :yfkgf vr{ cg'bfg -k|ltJolQm ?= #,))).– ljsf; nfut @=)–@=% lhNnf ?=
#,%)).– ljsf; nfut # lhNnf ?= &,))).–_ cflb lqmofsnfkx? /x]sf 5g\ .

3–@_ lg/Gt/ k|;f/

o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t 5'6 ;d"x ;b:onfO{ zLk tyf Jofj;flostf ljsf; tflnd, # lbg], ufpF:t/,
% lbg], ufpF:t/, % lbg], lhNnf:t/, & lbg], lhNnf:t/, !% lbg], lhNnf:t/, Joj;fo :yfkgf vr{
cg'bfg -k|ltJolQm ?= #,))).– ljsf; nfut @=)–@=% lhNnf ?= #,%)).– ljsf; nfut # lhNnf
?= &,))).–_, zLk k'gtf{huL tflnd, # lbg], ufpF:t/, % lbg], lhNnf:t/, :ynut k|fljlws lg/LIf0f,
k/fdz{ tyf k'gc{Eof;, cWoog 8]/f -Study attachment_, Jofkf/ d]nfdf d08k, ;femf Jofj;flos
;]jfsf nflu dlxnf ;+:yfnfO{ ax'pkof]uL sfo{qmd cg'bfg -lj?jf Aof8, ;Íng s]Gb|, k|zf]wg
;+oGq, df5f kf]v/L lgdf{0f, Jofj;flos ls6kfng u[x, sfo{zfnf, 9'jfgLsf ;fwg, gZn ;'wf/,
k|fljlws /]vb]v, Knfli6s kf]v/L l;FrfO, OToflb, k|lt;+:yf ?= ! nfv %) xhf/÷ ljsf; nfut
@=)–@=% lhNnf ?= @ nfv÷ ljsf; nfut # lhNnf ?= @ nfv %) xhf/, gd"gf of]hgf cGtu{t
h'g;'s} lhNnf clwstd ?= $ nfv %) xhf/_ /x]sf 5g\ .

-ª_ …u/LaL lj?4 dlxnfÚ cleofg

o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t ;xeflutfTds cj:yf ljZn]if0f / /0fgLlt–kq th'{df sfo{zfnf,-# lbg],
ufpF:t/_, 56' 3/w'/Lsf] ;d"xLs/0f, ;d"x u7g jf k'gu{7g, ;ldlt u7g jf k'gu{7g, k'gtf{huL
cg'lzIf0f, zLk tyf Jofj;flostf ljsf; tflnd, -& lbg], lhNnf:t/_, Joj;fo :yfkgf vr{

21
cg'bfg -k|ltJolQm ?= #,)))÷ljsf; nfut @=)–@=% lhNnf ?= #,%))÷ljsf; nfut # lhNnf ?=
&,)))_, ;femf Jofj;flos ;]jfsf nflu dlxnf ;:yfnfO{ ax'pkof]uL sfo{qmd cg'bfg -la?jf
Aof8, ;ª\sng s]Gb|, k|zf]wg ;+oGq, df5f kf]v/L lgdf{0f, Jofj;flos ls6kfng u[x, sfo{zfnf,
9'jfgLsf ;fwg, gZn ;'wf/, k|fljlws /]vb]v, Knfli6s kf]v/L l;+rfO, OToflbÙ k|lt;+:yf ?= ! nfv
%) xhf/÷ljsf; nfut @=)–@=% lhNnf ?= @ nfv ÷ljsf; nfut # lhNnf ?= @ nfv %) xhf/Ù
gd'gf of]hgf cGtu{t h'g;'s} lhNnf clwstd ?= $ nfv %) xhf/_, :ynut k|fljlws lg/LIf0f,
k/fdz{ tyf k'gc{Eof;, cGt/;+:yf /]vfÍg e|d0f, % lbg], ;xhLs/0f, ;DaGwg Pj+ clen]vLs/0f
-k|ltj8f ?= !@ xhf/÷ljsf; nfut @=)–@=% lhNnf ?= !* xhf/÷ljsf; nfut # lhNnf ?= @$
xhf/_ cflb lqmofsnfkx? /x]sf 5g\ .

-r_ ljBfnoljd'v lszf]/Lsf] ax'cfoflds ljsf; -d'Qm sdn/L;d]t_

r–!_ gofF k|f/De

o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t hLjgf]kof]uL tflnd,-!) lbg], ufFp:t/_ dlxnf ;+:yf÷;ldltnfO{ sfo{qmd

cg'bfg, dlxnf ;+:yfdf lszf]/L ;"rgf tyf k/fdz{ s]Gb| ;~rfng, dlxnf ;+:yfdfkm{t cltljkGg
lszf]/Lsf nflu z}lIfs tyf :jf:Yof]krf/ ;xof]u, Jofj;flos lszf]/L ;d"x ljsf;, ;xeflutfTds
n]vfhf]vf ljlwaf6 Joj;fo 5gf}6 tyf k|j4{g sfo{of]hgf tof/L, zLk tyf Jofj;flostf ljsf;
tflnd, -& lbg], lhNnf:t/_, Joj;fo :yfkgf vr{ cg'bfg -k|ltJolQm ?= #,)))÷ljsf; nfut @–
@=% lhNnf ?= #,%))÷ljsf; nfut # lhNnf ?= &,)))_, :ynut k|fljlws lg/LIf0f, k/fdz{ tyf
k'gc{Eof; /x]sf 5g\ .

r–@_ lg/Gt/ k|;f/

o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t 5'6 lszf]/LnfO{ hLjgf]kof]uL tflnd, -!) lbg], ufFp:t/_ dlxnf
;+:yf÷;ldltnfO{ sfo{qmd cg'bfg, lszf]/L ;"rgf tyf k/fdz{ s]Gb|sf] :t/f]Gglt, lszf]/Lsf nflu
z}lIfs tyf :jf:Yof]krf/ ;xof]u, 5'6 lszf]/LnfO{ zLk tyf Jofj;flostf ljsf; tflnd, & lbg],
lhNnf:t/, Joj;fo :yfkgf vr{ cg'bfg -k|ltJolQm ?= #,)))÷ljsf; nfut @–@=% lhNnf ?=
#,%))÷ljsf; nfut # lhNnf ?= &,)))_, :ynut k|fljlws lg/LIf0f, k/fdz{ tyf k'g{cEof;,
cGt/;d"x /]vfÍg e|d0f, % lbg], lszf]/L ;d"xsf cWoIf / ;lrjdfem rf}dfl;s cGt/lqmof, @ lbg],
lhNnf:t/sf lqmofsnfkx? /x]sf 5g\ .

r–#_ d'Qm sdn/L ;zQmLs/0f, ^ lhNnfsf #^) hgfM sGrgk'/, s}nfnL, alb{of, afFs], ;'v]{t
/ bfª
o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t dlxnf ;+:yfcGtu{t d'Qm sdn/L ;d"x u7g, ;d"x ;b:osf] cg'lzIf0f, #
lbg], ufpF:t/, Jofj;flos ;d"x ljsf;, ;xeflutfTds n]vfhf]vf ljlwaf6 Joj;fo 5gf}6 tyf
k|j4{g sfo{of]hgf tof/L, zLk tyf Jofj;flos ljsf; tflnd, & lbg], lhNnf:t/, Joj;fo :yfkgf
vr{ cg'bfg -k|ltJolQm ?= #,)))÷ljsf; nfut @–@=% lhNnf ?= #,%))÷ljsf; nfut # lhNnf
?= &,)))_, :ynut k|fljlws lg/LIf0f, k/fdz{ tyf k'gc{Eof;, ;xhLs/0f, ;DaGwg Pj+ cg'udg
/x]sf 5g\ .

5_ afnclwsf/sf] ;+j4{g
o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t ljkt\df k/]sf afnaflnsfx¿sf] p4f/ tyf k'g:yf{kg, afnu[xx¿sf] ;+o'Qm
lg/LIf0f, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o afn lbj; /x]sf 5g\ .

22
h_ n}lËs lx+;f lgjf/0f
o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t lhNnf ;|f]t ;d"xsf] a}7s, dfgj a]rlavg lj?4 ul7t lhNnf sfo{;ldltnfO{
cg'bfg, 3/]n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfsf nflu dlxnf ;:yfx¿sf] ;dGjodf ;'/lIft cNksflng
cf>o;lxt ;]jf s]Gb| ;~rfngM !% lhNnf -k|ltlhNnf lxdfn ?= * nfv ÷kxf8 ?= !) nfv÷t/fO{
?= !@ nfv_ kfFry/, ;'g;/L, ;f]n'v'Da', ;Kt/L, ;nf{xL, dsjfgk'/, gjnk/f;L, tgx'F, sfe]|, afUn'ª,
h'Dnf, bfª, alb{of, 8f]6L / s~rgk'/_ /x]sf 5g\ .

em_ d"nk|jfxLs/0f ;Dks{ lgsfo ;]jf

o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t If]qut sfof{nosf] ;xeflutfTds n}lËs nvfhf]vf / ;+o'Qm sfo{of]hgf
th{'df, uflj;:t/Lo n]vfhf]vf, ! lbg], lhNnf:t/Lo n]vfhf]vf / sfo{of]hgf tof/L, @ lbg], nlËs
;/f]sf/sf ljifout cWoog lhNnf n}lËs ljsf; k|ltj]bg tof/L / k|sfzgsf] ut cfjsf] e'QmfgL,
:yfgLo hgk|ltlglw, uflj; ;lrj tyf ;~rf/sdL{nfO{ n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f cg'lzIf0f, # lbg],
lhNnf:t/ -lhlj;;Fusf] ;fem]bf/Ldf_, ;~hfn ;b:odfem cGt/lqmof, ! lbg], lhNnf:t/,
d"nk|jfxLs/0f ;dGjo ;ldltsf] a}7s, nlËs ;Dks{–laGb'x¿sf] a}7s, nlËs ;Dks{–laGb' tyf
;"rLs[t u};;sf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf nflu d"nk|jfxLs/0f tflnd, # lbg], lhNnf:t/, ;+o'Qm :ynut
cjnf]sg, ljifout sfof{nosf tkm{af6, d"nk|jfxLs/0f ;dGjo ;ldltsf tkm{af6, nf]s ;]jf
cfof]uaf6 lnOg] /fhkq cglÍt kb -k|yd / låtLo_ sf d"n k/LIffdf ;xefuL x'g] dlxnf
pDd]bjf/x¿sf nflu tof/L sIff ;~rfng /x]sf 5g\ .

`_ ;fdflhs kl/rfng
o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t ;fdflhs kl/rflnsf / dlxnf ;+:yfsf cWoIf, Joj:yfks jf ;xhstf{nfO{
k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f, & lbg], lhNnf:t/, ;fdflhs kl/rflnsfsf] k|f]T;fxg eQf / rf8kj{ vr{,
kl/rflnsf e|d0f tyf a}7s vr{, sfo{If]qsf k|To]s j8fdf rf}dfl;s ;fy ;Dks{, ;d"x lj:tf/ /
;d"x sfo{df ;+of]hg, ;xhLs/0f Pj+ ;|f]t ;]jf -;fdflhs kl/rflnsf gePsf uflj;tkm{ k|ltuflj;
?=^,)))÷ljsf; nfut @–@=% lhNnf ?= (,)))÷ljsf; nfut # lhNnf ?= !@,)))_ /x]sf 5g\ .

6_ ;flas n}lËs ;dfgtf tyf dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f cfof]hgfsf] afFsL sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog

s_ ;fdflhs ;zQmLs/0f
o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t ;d"x ;b:osf] cg'lzIf0f, # lbg], ufpF:t/, cfwf/e"t tflnd, & lbg],
lhNnf:t/, dlxnf ;+:yfsf] cj:yf ljZn]if0f tyf /0fgLlt–kq th'{df sfo{zfnf, # lbg], ufpF:t/,
dlxnf ;+:yfsf] t'ngfTds ljj/l0fsf k|sfzg, lszf]/Lsf] ax'cfoflds ljsf; M hLjgf]kof]uL tflnd,
!) lbg], ufpF:t/ -dlxnf ;:yf÷;ldltnfO{ sfo{qmd cg'bfg_, dlxnf ;+:yfdf lszf]/L ;"rgf tyf
k/fdz{ s]Gb| ;~rfng, dlxnf ;+:yfdfkm{t cltljkGg lszf]/Lsf nflu z}lIfs tyf :jf:Yof]krf/
;xof]u, dlxnf–k'?if ;dljsf; tflnd, # lbg], ufpF:t/ -dlxnf ;+:yf÷;ldltnfO{ sfo{qmd cg'bfg_,
;f;"–a'xf/L cGt/lqmof, # lbg], ufFp:t/ -dlxnf ;+:yf÷;ldltnfO{ sfo{qmd cg'bfg_ /x]sf 5g\ .
v_ cfly{s ;zQmLs/0f
o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t …u/LaL lj?4 dlxnfÚ cleofg, k'gtf{huL cg'lzIf0f, zLk tyf Jofj;flostf
ljsf; tflnd, & lbg], lhNnf:t/, Joj;fo :yfkgf vr{ cg'bfg -k|ltJolQm ?= #,)))÷ljsf; nfut
@=)–@=% lhNnf ?= #,%))÷ljsf; nfut # lhNnf ?= &,)))_, :ynut k|fljlws lg/LIf0f, k/fdz{
tyf k'gc{Eof;, ;xhLs/0f, ;DaGwg Pj+ clen]vLs/0f -k|ltj8f ?= !@ xhf/÷ljsf; nfut

23
@=)–@=% lhNnf ?= !* xhf/÷ljsf; nfut # lhNnf ?= @$ xhf/_, ;femf Jofj;flos ;]jfsf nflu
dlxnf ;:yfnfO{ ax'pkof]uL sfo{qmd cg'bfg -la?jf Aof8, ;ª\sng s]Gb|, k|zf]wg ;+oGq, df5f
kf]v/L lgdf{0f, Jofj;flos ls6kfng u[x, sfo{zfnf, 9'jfgLsf ;fwg, gZn ;'wf/, k|fljlws /]vb]v,
Knfli6s kf]v/L l;FrfO, OToflbÙ k|lt;+:yf ?= ! nfv %) xhf/÷ljsf; nfut @=)–@=% lhNnf ?= @
nfv ÷ljsf; nfut # lhNnf ?= @ nfv %) xhf/Ù gd'gf of]hgf cGtu{t h'g;'s} lhNnf clwstd
?= $ nfv %) xhf/_ /x]sf 5g\ .

7_ ljBfnoljd'v lszf]/Lsf] ax'cfoflds ljsf; -o'lg;]kmtkm{_

o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t lszf]/Lsf] ax'cfoflds ljsf;sf nflu ;fem]bf/ lgsfo;Fusf] gLlt, of]hgf
tyf ah]6df k}/aL, ;+:yfdfkm{t lszf]/Lsf cleefjs lzIffsf nflu cled'vLs/0f, # lbg] -:yfgLo
lgsfo / ;d'bfosf cu'jfsf nflu_, cGt/;d"x lszf]/L hfu/0f ;d"x cg'ej cfbfgk|bfg, ;fem]bf/
lgsfo / :yfgLo lgsfodfem cGt/lqmof, ! lbg], dlxnf ;+:yf÷;ldlt / lszf]/L hfu/0f ;d"xaLr
cGt/lqmof, ljBfnoljd'v lszf]/Lx¿sf] ax'cfoflds ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng, lszf]/Lx¿sf]
ax'cfoflds hLjgf]kof]uL tflnd !) lbg], uflj;:t/, dlxnf ;+:yfdf lszf]/L ;"rgf tyf k/fdz{
s]Gb| ;~rfng cg'bfg, dlxnf ;+:yfdfkm{t cltljkGg lszf]/Lx¿sf nflu z}lIfs tyf :jf:yf]krf/
;xof]u sfo{qmd cg'bfg, ;xeflutfTds n]vfhf]vf ljlwaf6 Joj;fo 5gf}6 tyf k|j4{g sfo{of]hgf
tof/L, zLk tyf Jofj;flostf ljsf; tflnd, & lbg], lhNnf:t/, Joj;fo :yfkgf vr{ cg'bfg
-k|ltJolQm ?= #)))÷ljsf; nfut @ b]lv @=% lhNnf ?= #%))÷ ljsf; nfut # lhNnf ?=
&)))_, :ynut k|fljlws lg/LIf0f, k/fdz{ tyf k'gc{Eof;, ;fy, ;Dk{s / ;xhLs/0f tyf
cg'udg, d"NofÍg /x]sf 5g\ .

8_ lszf]/L ljsf; tyf n}lËs lx+;f lgjf/0f sfo{qmd -o"PgPkmkLPtkm{_

o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t 3/]n' lx+;faf6 k|efljtsf nflu cNksflng cf>o ;]jf s]Gb :yfkgf /
;~rfng -dlxnf ;:yfnfO{ sfo{qmd cg'bfg_, 3/]n' lx+;faf6 k|efljtsf nflu cNksflng cf>o
;]jf s]Gb|sf ;fd'bflos dlxnf, dgf];fdflhs ljdz{stf{nfO{ tflnd, !) lbg], lhNnf:t/, 3/]n'
lx+;faf6 k|efljtsf cNksflng cf>o ;]jf s]Gb|sf nflu k|rlnt k|lqmof adflhd 5gf}6 ePsf gofF
dgf];fdflhs ljdz{stf{nfO{ $ dlxg] tflnddf ;xeflutf vr{, dlxnf ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf
;b:ox¿sf nflu k|hgg :jf:Yo / n}lËs lx+;f lgjf/0f ;DaGwL tflnd, % lbg], lhNnf:t/, ;/+If0f
ljifout If]q (Protection Cluster) sf ;b:ox¿sf nflu cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd, # lbg], lhNnf:t/,
;/+If0f ljifout If]q -Protection Cluster) sf] a}7s ;~rfng, ljBfnoljd'v lszf]/Lx¿sf nflu
hLjgf]kof]uL zLk ljsf; tflnd, !) lbg]

9_ ;"rgf, lzIff / ;~rf/

o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t cfwf/–/]vf ;"rgf kmf/fd 5kfO{, jflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bg tyf dlxnf ;+:yfsf]
t'ngfTds ljj/l0fsf k|sfzg, hgr]tgfd"ns ;Gb]z k|jfx, kl/ro kGgf -Brochure_ k|sfzg,
lbj;Lo sfo{qmd, cGt/f{li6«o gf/L lbj;, cGo cGt/f{li6«o lbj; tyf cleofg, sd{rf/LnfO{ sDKo'6/
tflnd, Od]n, OG6/g]6 kx'Fr, sfo{qmdsf] ;fj{hlgs k/LIf0f, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg -;fdflhs
kl/rflnsf ePsf uflj;tkm{sf] lgoldt cg'udg ;d]t_ /x]sf 5g\ .

24
!=^= dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] d"NofÍg cWoogsf] p2]Zo

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] cf}lrTo, k|efjsfl/tf, k|efj, sfo{bIftf, bLuf]kgfsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{ o;
cWoogsf] d"Vo p2]Zo xf] . cWoog ;DaGwL lglZrt p2]Zox? lgDg cg';f/ 5g\M

s_ dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] of]hgf th'{df, sfof{Gjogsf] k|lqmof / vfsf (modalities) tl/sf
af/] d"Nof+Ëg ug'{ .
v_ sfo{qmdaf6 dlxnfx?sf] hLljsf]kfh{g / ;fdflhs ;zQmLs/0fdf k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg af/]
d"Nof+Ëg ug'{ .
u_ clwsf/ k|fKt ;d"xsf] ;Gt'li6 / dlxnf g]t[Tjsf ;+:yfx?sf] ;+:yfs/0f
(institutionalization) sf] d"Nof+Ëg ug'{ .

!=& cWoogsf] If]q

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] d"Nof+sg cWoogsf] sfo{ If]q lgDg cg';f/ /x]sf] 5 .
s_ cf}lrTo
dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] cf}lrTo ;DaGwdf lgDg ljifosf] cWoog ePsf] 5 .
 sfof{Gjog k|lqmofsf] pko'Qmtf / cf}lrTo ;DaGwL d"Nof+sg ul/Psf] .
 ;/sf/L gLlt, /fli6«o k|fyldstfdf ;+u Ps ?ktf sfod eP gePsf] af/]
 sfo{qmd th'{df / sfof{Gjosf] ;f]rtflnsf -nuk|m]d_ cg'?k eP gePsf] af/]
 g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o bfloTj k'/f ug]{ ;DaGwL cf}lrTo k'/f u/] gu/]sf] af/]
 sfof{qmd sfof{Gjog kIfsf] pko'Qmttf af/]
 dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] l8hfOg ef}uf]lns If]q ;d]6g], sfo{qmdsf] nflu nlIft hfgtf
5gf}6 ug]{ tyf nlIft hg;+Vofsf] cfsf/sf] pko'Qmtf af/]
 nlIft hg;+Vofsf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ sfo{qmdsf] Ifdtf af/]
 sfo{qmdsf] km]h leq / km]h aflx/ ug]{ sfo{sf] pko'Qmtf af/]
 ;d"bfodf ;fdflhs kl/rfnssf] pko'Qmttf af/]
 sfo{qmsf] nlIft ;d"x jfx]s a9fjf e} km}lnPsf]] nx/sf] k|efj af/] .

v_ k|efjsfl/tf (Effectiveness)

k|efjsfl/tfsf] d"Nof+sg ug]{ l;nl;nfdf lgDg a'Fbfdf s]lGb|t /xL cWoog ul/Psf] 5 .
 sfo{qmdsf lgwf{l/t ;"rsx? / hfFr ug]{ ;fwgx?nfO{ aflif{s sfo{qmd tyf ah]6df
ptfl/Psf] ;DaGwdf
 sfo{qmdsf] lgw{fl/t nfut / ;dodf ;DkGg eP gePsf] af/] / nIodf km]/abn eO{
k|efjsfl/tfdf k/]sf] c;/ af/]

25
  a:tL:t/df dlxnf ;d"xx?sf], ;fy} j8f / uf=lj=;= :t/df ;+ul7t ;ldlt / ;+:yfsf]
-;xsf/L_ x?sf] kl/rfngsf] k|efjsfl/tf ;DaGwdf
 dlxnf ;d"xx? / ;xsf/Lx?af6 x'g] art tyf nufgLsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] cWoog af/]
 n3' pBd ljsf;sf nflu nlIft ;d"x 5gf}6, ;d"x u7g, zLk ljsf; tflnd Jofj;fo
tyf ;+rfng, pTkflbt a:t'sf] lalqm lat/0f, ahf/ / cfDbfgLsf] cj:yf af/]df
 lszf]/Lx?sf] ljsf; / r]tgfd'ns sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] af/]df
 sfo{qmdsf] lgwf{l/t nIo tyf pb]Zox?sf] pknAwL ;DaGwdf
 sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsf/L ;+rfngdf of]ubfg lbg] / Jojwfg v8f ug]{ s/s tTjx? ;DaGwdf

u_ sfo{bIftf (Efficiency)

sfo{qmdsf] sfo{bIftf ;DaGwdf lgDg ljifosf] cWoog ul/Psf] 5 .

 ;d"x u7g, zLk ljsf; tflnd, art tyf nufgL cflbsf] k|lt dlxnf OsfO{ df]6fdf]6L
nfut lx;fj af/]
 laleGg sfo{x?sf nflu 5\'6\ofOPsf] ah]6sf] sfo{bIftfsf] n]vfhf]vf ul/Psf] 5 .
 sfo{qmdsf] ah]6 tyf cGo >f]tx?sf] pkof]u ;DaGwL sfo{bIftf / ljut $÷% jif{sf]
ah]6sf] sfo{bIftfsf] n]vfhf]vf ul/Psf] 5 .
 sfo{qmdsf] nfutsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] laZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

3_ k|efj (Impact)

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdaf6 k/]sf k|efj af/] lgDg cg';f/ cWoog ePsf] 5 .
 sfo{qmdaf6 dlxnfx?sf] pTkfbgzLn ;DkQL a[l4 ug{ / hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ ug{,
/f]huf/Lsf nflu k'¥ofPsf] ;xof]u, cfly{s nfe, cfDbfgL a[l4, ef}lts ;'ljwfx?, :jf:Yo,
lzIff cflbsf] kx'Fr ;DaGwdf
 sfo{qmdn] dlxnfsf] ;fdflhs Ifdtf clea[l4df kf/]sf] k|efj,] g]t[Tj Ifdtfdf ePsf]
kl/jt{g, ;+fu7lgs ;+/rgf, cfˆgf] s'/f /fVg] / lg0f{o lng], ;fdflhs sfo{df a[l4,
;fd"lxs zlQmsf] lgdf{0f, dlxnf lx+;f, sd pd]/df ul/g] ljjfx, aRrf hGdfpg] pd]/ cflb
;DaGwdf
 sfo{qmdn] ;DalGwt lgod sfg"g kl/jt{g ug{ kf/]sf] k|efj, dlxnf ljsf; d}qL /fli6«o
tyf :yfgLo:t/sf gLlt, sfg"g / lgodx?sf] th'{df, k'?if tyf dlxnfsf] b[li6sf]0fdf
kl/jt{g, dlxnf tyf n}lËs ljsf;, kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df kl/jt{g cflb ;DaGwdf
 sfo{qmdn] 3/ kl/jf/sf] u/LjL Go"lgs/0f ug{ / o'jfx?sf] alx/udgdf k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg
af/]
 sfo{qmdn] :yfgLo hgtfsf] ljsf;sf cfsf+Iffx? k'/f ug{ k'u]sf] ;xof]u af/]

26
ª_ bLuf]kgf (Sustainability)

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] bLuf]kgf sfod ug]{ kIfdf lgDg ljifosf] cWoog ePsf] 5 .
 sfo{qmdnfO{ dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnoåf/f cfGtl/sLs/0f ug]{
;DaGwsf] bLuf]kgf
 sfo{qmdsf] cfly{s ?kdf bLuf]kgf
 sfo{qmdsf] ;jn ;+rfngsf] nflu k|fljlws 1fg zLkdf bLuf]kgf
 nlIft hgtfdf cfly{s nfesf] ljt/0fdf bLuf]kgf
 dlxnfåf/f g]t[Tj ul/Psf] ;+:yf tyf ;xsf/Lx?sf] bLuf]kgf
 sfo{qmddf s]lGb|o:t/b]lv :yfgLo:t/sf lgsfodf /fhg}lts ;xof]usf] bLuf]kgf
 sfo{qmdåf/f ljsf;sf] glthf xfl;n ug{ k'u]sf] of]ubfgsf] bLuf]kgf .
 cGo ljsf; ;+u ;DalGwt sfo{qmdx?;+usf] ;fem]bf/L tyf ;dGjosf] bLuf]kgf .
 sfo{qmdsf] pknAwLsf] bLuf]kgf .

r_ dlxnfsf] ;Gt'li6

sfo{qmddf dlxnfsf] ;Gt'li6 ;DaGwdf lgDg cg';f/sf ljifodf cWoog ul/Psf] 5 .

 clwsf/jfnf ;d'bfosf] ;Gt'li6 af/]df a:tL:t/df nlIft ;d"xsf] 5gf}6, j8f / uf=lj=;=
:t/df dlxnfx?sf] ;f+u7flgs u7gdf cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u, pBdL ljsf; ug{df
k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg, n3' pBd :yfkgf / ;+rfngdf ePsf] k|fljlws ;xof]u, lszf]/
lszf]/Lx?sf] lasf; sfo{qmddf k'u]sf] ;xof]u cflb ;DaGwdf cWoog ul/Psf]] 5 .

5_ ;dfj]zLs/0f

sfo{qmdn] ;dfj]zLs/0fdf k'u]sf] of]ubfgsf af/]df lgDg ljifosf] cWoog ul/Psf] 5 .

 sfo{qmdn] clt u/Lj, u/Lj, l;dfGts[t -;dflhs tyf ef}uf]lns ?kdf_ dlxnfx?nfO{
;dfj]z u/] gu/]sf] / ;fdflhs ;d"xx?sf] ljljw kIfsf] jf/]df cWoog ul/Psf] 5 .
 sfo{qmdaf6 nfesf] ljt/0f dlxnfx? aLr ;dfg ?kdf eP gePsf] af/]df cWoog
ul/Psf] 5 .
 ;d"x / ;+:yf leqsf] ;d"x ultlzntf -Group Dynamic_ sf] jf/]df n]vfhf]vf ul/Psf] 5 .

h_ ;du| d"Nof+Ísg

cGtdf ;j} d"Nof+Ísgsf dfksx?nfO{ ;dfj]z u/L lgisif{ tyf ;'emfjx? Plss[t u/L lgDg
adf]lhd ;dli6ut cfj:yfsf] dfkg ul/Psf]] 5 .

27
 tflnsf g+= ! M d"Nof+Ísgsf dfks ;"rsx?
qm=
dfks ;"rf+s dfks :tl/otf
;+=
! cf}lrTo s= pRr cf}lrTok"0f{, v= k"0f{ cf}lrTo u= ;fdfGo cf}lrTok"0f{ 3=
cf}lrTo gePsf]
@ k|efjsfl/tf s= clt k|efjsf/L v= k|efjsf/L u= ;fdfGo k|efjsf/L 3= k|efjsf/L
gePsf]
# sfo{bIftf s= clt sfo{bIftfk"0f{ v= sfo{bIftf u= ;fdfGo sfo{bIftf 3=
sfo{bIftf xfl;n gePsf]
$ k|efj s= clt k|efljt v= k|efjk"0f{ u= ;fdfGo k|efj 3= s'g}klg k|efj
gk/]sf]
% bLuf]kgf s= clt bLuf]kgf v= bLuf]kgf u= ;fdfGo bLuf]kg 3= bLuf]kg gePsf]
^ clwsf/jfnf s= pRr ;Gt'li6, v= ;Gt'li6 u= ;fdfGo ;Gt'li6 3= c;Gt'li6
;d'bfosf]
;Gt'li6
& ;dfj]zLs/0f s= pRr ;dfj]zL, v= ;dfj]zL u= ;fdfGo ;dfj]zL 3= ;dfj]zL
gePsf]
* ;du| lgisif{ s= clt ;Gtf]ifhgs v= ;Gtf]ifhgs u= :jLsf/of]Uo 3 c;Gtf]if

pNn]lvt d"Nof+Ísg ;DaGwL tYo tyf glthfsf cfwf/df dlxnf lasf; sfo{qmdsf] th'{df,
sfof{Gjog / cg'udg tyf d"Nof+Íg af/]df ;'wf/ ug{ ug'{ kg]{ sfo{x?sf] ;'emfjx? k|:t't ul/Psf
5g\ .

!=*= cWoog ljlw

o; d"Nof+Íg cWoog ug]{ l;nl;nfdf dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf d"Vo d"Vo kIfx?nfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L
d"Nof+Íg cWoog ljlw ckgfOPsf] 5 . o; ;DaGwL cWoogsf p2]Zo tyf sfo{If]qdf pNn]v
ul/Psf a'Fbfx?nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL k/fdz{bftfn] sfo{ zt{ -Terms of Reference_ cfwf/df pko'Qm
ljlwx? ckgfOPsf] 5 . cWoogdf bf]>f] ;"rgf k|0ffnL tyf k|fylds ;"rgf k|0ffnLaf6 ljleGg
cfjZos ;"rgfx? ljZn]if0f u/L d"Nof+Íg ul/Psf] 5 . pNn]lvt ;"rgfx? kl/df0fTds tyf
u'0ffTds ljlwx?af6 laZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf ;"rgfx? ;+sng ubf{ ;xeflutfTds k4tL,
:ynut lgl/If0f, k|fljlws ;e]{If0f, 3/w'/L ;e]{If0f, nlIft ;d"xut 5nkmn, k|d"v ;"rgfstf{x?sf]
cGt/jftf{ cflb ljlwx?sf] dfWodaf6 cWoog ul/Psf]] 5 . cWoogsf qmddf k|of]u ul/Psf
ljlwut sfo{x? lgDg cg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ .

28
!=*=! dlxnf lasf; sfo{qmdsf] ;f]rtflnsf cBfjlws

dlxnf lasf; sfo{qmdsf] ;f]rtflnsf :ki6 tyf dfkb08 cg';f/ gePsf] cj:yf ljBdfg /x]sf]n]
;f] sf] cfwf/df sfo{qmdsf] glthfx?sf ;"rs ;lxt d"Nof+Íg sfo{ ug{ dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf
;dfh sNof0f dGqfno / dlxnf ljsf; laefu;+u k/fdz{ u/L ;f]r tflnsf cBfalws ul/ tof/
ul/Psf] 5 .

!=*=@ k|ltj]bg tyf ;"rgfx?sf] k'g/fjnf]sg

dlxnf lasf; ;DaGwL ljleGg k|sflzt k|ltj]bg, b:tfa]h, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf ;"rgfx? ;+sng
u/L ;DalGwt k|ltj]bgx?sf] k'g/fjnf]sg cWoog ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx?sf] km]xl/:t
tof/ ul/ ;DalGwt bf]>f] ;"rgfx? ;+sng ePsf] 5 . pQm k|ltj]bgx?sf] ;+sng / k'g/fjnf]sg
ug{ lgDg cg';f/sf lgsfo tyf ;+:yfx?df pknJw sfuhftx?sf]] cWoog ePsf] 5 .

 /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] dlxnf lasf; ;DaGwL b:tfj]hx? .

 dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf aflif{s k|ltj]bgx? .
 dlxnf lasf; laefusf aflif{s k|ltj]bgx? .
 dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno / dlxnf ljsf; laefuåf/f ul/Psf
d"Nof+sg k|ltj]bgx? .
 g]kfn ;/sf/sf dlxnf ljsf; ;DaGwL gLlt, of]hgf / sfo{qmdx? .
 UNWOMEN tyf cGo lgsfox?n] u/]sf cWoog k|ltj]bgx? .

pNn]lvt ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx?sf] lj:t[t cWoog u/L sfo{qmdsf] dfks ;"rfÍx?sf cfwf/df u'0ffTds
;"rgf ;+sng tyf laZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

!=*=# ;e]{If0fsf ;fdfu|Lx?

:ynut ;e]{If0f tyf ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;+u ul/g] cGt/jftf{sf nflu g]kfnL efiffdf ;e]{If0f
;fdfu|Lx? tyf r]s lni6 tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm ;e]{If0f ;DalGw ;dfu|Lx? 5nkmn kZrft
clGtd ?k lbOPsf] lyof] . :jLs[t ;e]{If0fsf ;dfu|Lx? :ynut ;e]{ sfo{df ;"rgf ;+sng ug{
k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] . ;e]{If0fsf ;fdfu|Lx?sf] gd"gf cg';"lr–! df ;+nUg ul/Psf]] 5 .

!=*=$ ;e]{ gd"gf ;+Vof

dlxnf ;d"xx?sf] ;e]{If0f sfo{sf nflu sfo{qmdaf6 k|efljt If]qdf lglZrt 3/w'/Lsf] gd"gf sfod
u/L pQm 3/w'/Lsf] ;e]{If0f ug]{ sfo{ ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf nflu cfjZos 3/w'/L ;+Vof ;'lglZrt ug{
tYof+szf:qsf] ljlw k|of]u ePsf] 5 . ;e]{If0fsf] nflu cfjZos gd"gf ;+Vof sfod ug{ gd"gf
lgwf{/0f ;'qsf] cfwf/df ;+Vof PsLg ul/Psf] 5 .

29
 ;'q cg';f/
Sample size formula;
Z21-α/2 p(1-p)
n=
δ2
Where Z = Value of standard normal distribution i.e. 1.96 for 95 % confidence level
p = Proportion of beneficiaries approximately 50 % (taken as 50 % average beneficiary
from the project)
 = Permissible error i.e. 0.05 (considered)
Where D is the Design Effect
Now,
n = (1.96)2 (0.50) (1-0.50)
(0.05)2
= 3.84 *0.50 *0.50
0.0025
= 0.96
0.0025
= 384
The estimated sample size after adjusting the Design Effect for sample will be
N = n*D= n *3
After adjusting Design Effect, the final sample size will be 384 X 3 = 1152
The sample size will be taken 1152 households (cases)
The sample size for Control Group will be 25 % of total sample size for the control which
is finalized by the task force meeting.
Sample size of control group is 0.25 X 1152 = 288

dfly pNn]lvt tYof+szf:qLo ;'q cg';f/ gd"gf ;+Vof sfo{qmdn] ;d]l6Psf If]q (Case) tkm{ !!%@
3/w'/L / sfo{qmdn] ;d]l6Psf If]q (Control) df @** 3/w'/L ;d]t hDdf !$$) gd"gf 3/w'/L
;+Vof sfod ul/Psf] 5 . pQm gd"gf ;+VofnfO{ hg;+Vofsf] cfwf/df ;dfg'kflts b/df k|To]s
lhNnfdf 3/w'/L ;+Vofsf] ljt/0f ul/Psf] 5 . o; cWoogsf] nflu u7g ul/Psf] sfo{bn -Task
Force_ aLr ePsf] 5nkmn cg';f/ * lhNnfx? -;+v'jf;ef, df]/Ë, /f}tx6, DofUbL, ?kGb]xL, bfË,
sflnsf]6 / c5fd_ 5gf}6 ul/Psf] 5 . gd"gf ;+VofnfO{ lhNnfsf] 3/w'/L ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df lgDg
cg';f/ gd"gf 5gf}6 ul/Psf]] 5 .

!=*=% gd"gf 5gf}6 ljlw

dfly pNn]lvt gd"gf ;+Vof 5gf}6 ubf{ k|To]s 5gf}6df k/]sf lhNnf, uf=lj=;=/ ;d"xdf gd"gf
r/0fa4 ?kdf 5gf}6 ug{ $ txsf] ;fwf/0f /]08d :ofklnË ljlw cjnDjg ul/Psf] 5 . h;

30
 cg';f/ gd"gf ;+VofnfO{ ;fwf/0f cf}ift 5gf}6 k4tLaf6 ul/Psf] 5 . gd"gfdf k/]sf lhNnfsf
3/w'/L / pQ/bftfsf] 5gf}6 lgDg cg';f/ ul/Psf] 5 .

r/0f ! M 5gf}6 k/]sf gd"gf lhNnfx?df lnOg] gd"gf ;+VofnfO{ lhNnfsf] hg;+Vofsf cfwf/ dflg
to ul/Psf]] 5 .

r/0f @ M ;de]{If0f ul/g] dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd ;+rfng ePsf uf=lj=;=x?sf]] ljj/0f ;DalGwt
lhNnfsf] dlxnf ljsf; sfof{noaf6 lnOPsf] 5 . tL uf=lj=;=x? dWo]af6 Random Sampling sf]
cfwf/df uf=lj=;x? 5gf}6 ul/Psf] xf] .

r/0f #M gd"gfdf k/]sf uf=lj=;=x?sf ;d"x j8f:t/sf a:tLx?sf] gd"gf 5gf}6 ubf{ simple
random sampling ljlw ckgfO{ a:tLx?sf] 5gf}6 ul/Psf] xf] .

r/0f $ M ;'lglZrt ePsf a:tLsf ;d"xx?sf] 3/3'/L dlxnf ;d"xsf] lni6 cg';f/ random
Sampling sf cfwf/df pQ/bftf 3/w'/L 5gf}6 ePsf] xf] .

sG6«f]n ;d"xsf] 3/w'/L 5gf}6 ljlw

dfly pNn]vlt ljlw cg';f/ gd"gf 5gf}6df k/]sf uf=lj=;=x?df dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd ;+rfng
gePsf a:tLx?sf 3/w'/L dWo]af6 Simple Random Sampling sf] cfwf/df gd"gf 3/w'/L ;e]{If0f
ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L 5gf}6 ePsf uf=lj=;=sf ;a} a:tLx?df sfo{qmd ;+rfng ePsf] cj:yfdf ;f]xL
uf=lj=;=;+u hf]l8Psf cGo uf=lj=;=sf a:tLx? -sfo{qmd ;+rfng gePsf_ af6 3/w'/L 5gf}6 u/L
;e]{If0f ul/Psf] 5 .

!=*=^ ;e]{o/ tyf ;'kl/j]Ifssf] 5gf}6 / tflnd

;e]{If0f sfo{ ug{sfnflu ;Dej eP;Dd :yfgLo:t/df dlxnf ;e]{o/ tyf ;'k/efOh/sf] 5gf}6 u/L
@ lbg] tflnd nlntk'/df lbOPsf] lyof] . pQm tflnddf :yfnut ;e]{ ljlw, cGt/jftf{sf] tl/sf,
;"rgf ;+sng ug]{ tl/sf, ;d"xut 5nkmn ljlw, tYof+s ljZn]if0f ug]{ tl/sf / hg;Dks{ ubf{
Wofg lbg' kg]{ a'bf cflbsf af/]df hfgsf/L lbOPsf] lyof] .

;e]{If0f ;DaGwL sfo{df ;e]{o/ / ;'k/efOh/sf] :ynut kl/If0f nlntk'/ lhNnfdf ul/Psf] lyof] .

!=*=& k|fylds ;"rgf ;+sng

o; d"NofÍg ;DaGwL cWoog ubf{ :ynut ;e]{If0f, ;d"x 5nkmn, ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;+u 5nkmn,
;DaGwLt dlxnf ;d"x, ;+:yf tyf ;xsf/Lx?;+u 5nkmn u/L k|fylds ;"rgf ;+sng ul/Psf] 5 .
pQm ;"rgfx? kl/df0ffTds / u'0ffTds ?kdf ;+sng ePsf 5g\ .

31
!=*=* :ynut ;e]{If0f

o; d"Nof+Íg cWoogdf k|fylds ;"rgf k|0ffnLaf6 * lhNnfsf gd"gf 5gf}6 k/]sf uf=lj=;=x?df
:ynut ?kdf 3/w'/L ;e]{If0f ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L ;e]{If0f ubf{ 3/w'/L ;e]{If0f kmf/fdx?sf] k|of]u
u/L ljleGg cfjZos ;"rgfx? ;+sng ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf ;"rgfx? ;+sng ubf{ ;xeflutfTds
k4tL, :ynut lgl/If0f, 3/w'/L ;e]{If0f, nlIft ;d"xut 5nkmn, k|d"v ;"rgfstf{x?sf] cGt{jftf{
cflb ckgfO{Psf] 5 .

!=*=*=! w/w'/L ;e]{If0f

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd ;+rfng ePsf ljleGg ef}uf]lns If]q ;d]l6Psf * gd"gf lhNnfx?df
:ynut ;e]{If0f ug]{ sfo{ ul/Psf] 5 . pQm lhNnfdf dlxnf ljsf; sfof{no;+u ;dGjo u/L
sfo{qmd ;+rfng ePsf If]qx? Case / sfof{qmd ;+rfng gePsf If]qx? Control sf ?kdf rog
ul/Psf uf=lj=;=x?df u0fsx?åf/f 3/w'/L gd"gf 5gf}6 u/L 3/w'/Ldf ;e]{If0f ug]{ sfo{ ;DkGg
ul/Psf] 5 .

32
 dfly pNn]v ul/Psf sfo{qmdn] ;d]l6Psf If]q tyf sfo{qmdn] g;d]l6Psf If]qdf u0fsx?åf/f 3/

3/df dlxnfx?;+u cGt/jftf{ lnO{ cfjZos ;"rgf ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm ;"rgf tof/
ul/Psf] k|ZgfjnL cg';f/sf ljljw ;"rgfx? qmda4 ?kdf ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . u0fsx?n]
;DalGwt pQ/bftf;+u ;xhLs/0f u/L ;xL pQ/nfO{ ;+sng u/L k|ZgfanL kmf/fd e/]sf lyP .
sltko pQ/bftfx? v]tjf/Lsf] sfddf Jo:y ePsf] x'Fbf u0fsx? pQm :yfgdf g} uP/ cGt/jftf{
lng] sfo{ ;d]t ul/Psf] lyof] .

!=*=*=@ :ynut cg'udg

:ynut 3/w"/L ;e]{If0f sfo{sf] cg'udg /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf sfo{bnsf ;b:ox? / k/dz{bft[
;+:yfsf ;'k/efOh/ tyf lj1x?åf/f ul/Psf] lyof] . cg'udgsf] qmddf ;'k/efOh/x?n] el/Psf
kmf/fdx?sf] :ynut ?kdf hfFr ul/Psf] tyf 3/w'/Laf6 ;lx ;"rgf lng] sfo{df 6f]lnnfO{ dfu{bz{g
tyf lgb]{zg ;d]t ul/Psf] lyof] .

!=*=*=# ;d"xut 5nkmn

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsfl/tf d"Nof+sg cWoogsf l;nl;nfdf ljleGg lhNnfx?df

;d"xut 5nkmn ug]{ sfo{ ul/Psf] 5 . ;d"xut 5nkmndf dlxnf ;d"x tyf ;+:yfsf kbflwsf/L /
k|ltlglwx?nfO{ ;dfj]z u/L 5nkmnsf] nflu tof/ ul/Psf] r]slni6sf cfwf/df la1x?n]
;xhLs/0f ul/Psf] 5 . cWoogsf] l;nl;nfdf lhNnfx?df ul/Psf ;d"xut 5nkmn lgDg cg';f/
/x]sf] 5 .

33
 tflnsf g+= @M ;d"xut 5nkmnsf ljj/0f
qm=;+= lhNnf ;d"xut 5nkmn ;+:yfut 5nkmn lszf]/L ;+usf] cGt/lqmof
! ;+v'jf;ef @ @ !
@ df]/Ë @ @ !
# /f}tx6 @ @ !
$ DofUbL @ @ !
% ?kGb]xL @ @ !
^ bfË @ @ !
& sflnsf]6 @ @ !
* c5fd @ @ !

;d"xut 5nkmnsf nflu dlxnf ;d"xx?df

/x]sf] ;b:ox?nfO{ ;dfj]z u/L 5nkmn
ul/Psf] lyof] . 5nkmn ug{sf nflu tof/
ul/Psf] r]slni6df ePsf k|Zgx?nfO{ qmda4
?kdf 5nkmndf k|:t't ul/Psf] / ;f] ;DaGwL
5nkmndf dlxnfx?n] cfk\mgf egfO{ tyf
cg'ejx?nfO{ ;d"xdf /fvL cfk;L ljrf/
ljdz{ u/fPsf lyP . 5nkmndf ePsf
lgrf]8x?nfO{ l6Kk0fL ul/Psf] / ;du|
5nkmnsf] k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] .

!=*=*=$ d"Vo ;"rgfbftf;+usf] 5nkmn

cWoogsf] l;nl;nfdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;+u dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsfl/tf / cGo kIfx?

;DaGwdf 5nkmn ug{ ljz]if1 6f]nLn] lgDg adf]lhdsf >f]t JolQmx?;+u 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] .
 dfggLo ;b:o -dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd x]g]{_ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
 ;lrj, dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno
 ;x ;lrj, dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno
 dxf lgb]{zs / cGo ;DaGwLt sd{rf/L, dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf ljefu
 :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt
 k|d"v dlxnf ljsf; clws[t / dlxnf ljsf; clws[t
 lhNnf l:yt dlxnf ljsf; ;DaGwL ljifot lgsfo k|d"vx?
 u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf -dlxnf ljsf;+u ;DalGwt_

34
!=*=*=% Case Study

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] cWoogsf] l;nl;nfdf la1x?åf/ ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?sf] Case Study ug]{
l;nl;nfdf ?kGb]xL lhNnfsf] k|ultl;n dlxnf ljsf; ax'pb]ZoLo ;xsf/L ;+:yf ln= / bfË
lhNnfsf] e[s'6L dlxnf ;xsf/L ;+:yf ln=sf] cWoog ul/Psf] 5 .

!=( ;"rgf tyf tYof+° laZn]if0f

:ynut ;e]{If0f tyf ;d"xut 5nkmnaf6 cfPsf ;"rgfx?nfO{ k|zf]wg u/L sDKo"6/sf] SPSS af6
laZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . k|fKt tYof+sx?nfO{ kl/df0ffTds tyf u'0ffTds ljlwaf6 d"Nof+Ígsf dfksx?
Cg';f/ ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} sfo{qmd rn]sf] If]q (Case) / sfo{qmd grn]sf If]q (Control)
aLrsf] t'ngfTds cWoog ul/Psf] 5 . d"Nof+Íg ubf{ k|efljt If]qsf dlxnfx?sf] dlxnf ;d"xdf
cfj4 x'g' eGbf cufl8 / dlxnf ;d"xdf cfj4 ePkl5sf] l:yltsf af/]df ;d]t t'ngfTds cWoog
ul/Psf] 5 .

!=!) dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] d"Nof+Íg

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd s/Lj ltg bzs b]lv g} ;fna;fnL ?kdf ljleGg sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ul/b}
cfPsf] b]lvG5 . bf]>f] ;"rgf / k|fylds ;"rgfaf6 k|fKt ePsf tYof+sx?sf] laZn]if0fsf cfwf/df
d"Nofsgsf ;'lglZrt dfkb08 cg';f/ cf}lrTo, k|efjsfl/tf, sfo{bIftf, k|efj, bLuf]kgf, dlxnfsf]
;Gt'li6 / ;dfj]zLs/0fsf ljljw kIfx?df s]–slt k|efj jf kl/jt{g ePsf 5g\ eGg] jf/] d"Nof+Íg
ul/Psf] 5 . dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ;+rfngaf6 l;s]sf k7 l;sfO{ tyf gLltut, sfo{qmdut
tyf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ kIfx?sf af/]df ;'emfj ul/Psf] 5 .

!=!!= cWoogsf ;Ldfx?

cWoogsf] ;Ldfx? lgDg cg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ .

s_ cWoogsf] l;nl;nfdf 3/w'/L ;e]{If0fsf] sfo{ aiff{tsf] ;dodf ug'{ k/]sf]n] s[ifsx? jfnL
nufpg Jo:t ePsf]n] ;"rgf ;+sngsf] sfo{df sl7gfO{ eO{ ck]Iff ul/P eGbf ;"rgf
;+sng ug{ s]xL ;do a9L nfu]sf] .
v_ 3/w'/L ;e]{If0f ;DaGwL ;"rgf ;+sng ubf{ w]/} ;+3 ;+:yfx?n] ;"rgf ;+sng ug]{ / ;f] sf]
sfof{Gjog gug]{ kl/kfl6n] ubf{ ;DalGwt JolQmx? ;"rgf lbg TolQ OR5's / pT;flxt
gePsf] kfOof] .
u_ cfof]hgfsf z'? b]lvsf k|ltj]bg / ljj/0f ;DaGwL clen]vx? PsLs[t ?kdf /fVg]
;+:yfut Joj:yf gePsf]n] cfjZos ;"rgfsf] sdL ePaf6 t'ngfTds ?kdf cWoog ug{
sl7gfO{ ePsf] 5 .
3_ o; cWoogsf] TOR df la:t[t ?kdf ;a} kIfx? ;d]l6Psf] ePtf klg sltko ;"rgf k|fKt
x'g g;s]sf] x'Fbf k|fKt ePsf ;"rgfsf cfwf/df dfq dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] d"NofÍg
ul/Psf] 5 .

35
 kl/R5]b @
dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd d"NofËg
@= n}lËs tYof+s laZn]if0f / tYout ljj/0f
@=! dlxnf ljsf;sf] cj:yf
g]kfndf dlxnf ljsf;sf] qmd k|yd cfjlws of]hgf cjlw b]lv g} ljleGg sfo{qmdx? to ul/Ptf
klg 5}6f} k+~raifL{{o of]hgfsfnaf6 dfq gLltut ?kdf k|fyldstf lbOPsf] b]lvG5 . dlxnfx?sf]
cj:yf / ;dfj]zLs/0f, ;xeflutf, kx'Fr cflbsf] cj:yf af/] ePsf tYof+sx?sf cfwf/df 5}6f}
of]hfgnfO{ cfwf/ dflg xfn;Ddsf] l:ylt lgDg cg';f/ b]lvg cfPsf] 5 .
Tflnsf g+= # dlxnfsf] ljleGg ;"rsx?sf] cj:yf
%}^f} k+ralif{o of]hgfsf]
2068 hgu)fgfsf] cj:yf
dlxnf ;DaGwL ljj/)f -2037—42_
OsfO{ dlxnf k'?if b'j} dlxnf k'?if b'j}

hg;+fl+ so cg'kft k|ltzt 49=3 50=7 100=0 51=4 48=6 100=0

hGdbf hLjgsf] ck]Iff jif{ 41=1 43=4 64=5 63=6
lzz' d[To'b/ -k|ltxhf/ hLljt hGd_ Hgf 137=9 128=4 133=6
ljjfxsf] cf};t pd]/ jif{ 16=8 20=9 17=5 21=6
s'n k|hgg b/ hGd 6=1 2=6
10 aif{{ / dflysf] ;fIf/tf k|ltzt 5=2 33=2 19=2 53=3 75=6 63=7
laBfnodf egf{ %fqf cg'kft k|ltzt
k|fylds :t/ k|ltzt 20=0 50
lgDgdfWoflds :t/ k|ltzt 17=7 49
dfWoflds :t/ k|ltzt 18=9 48
laZjljBfno :t/ k|ltzt 21=0 38=6
10 aif{ / dflysf] >d ;xeflutf b/ k|ltzt 35=1 82=9 59=3 80=1 87=5
cfly{s b[li^n] ;lqmo hg;+Vof cg'kft k|ltzt 29=2 70=8 100
cly{s b[li^n] ;lqmo k|ltzt 35=1 53=1
#/wGbf ug]{ dlxnf k|ltzt 57=1 7=6
lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;xeflutf k|ltzt 2=6 13=29
n}lËs ;dfgtf ;"rfsf° pknGw gePsf]
n}lËs ljsf; ;"rfsf° ,, 0=499
n}lËs ;zlQms/)f Dfks ,, 0=496
n}lËs ljifdtf ;"rfsf° ,, 0=558
>f]t M dlxnf ljsf; ljefu, aflif{s k|ult tyf /fli6«o hgu0fgf, @)^*

36
 dfly pNn]lvt tflnsf cg';f/ 5}6f} of]hgsf] k"jf{j:yf / @)^* sf] hgu0fgfsf] cfj:yfnfO{
t'ngfTds ?kdf x]bf{ 5}6f} of]hgf cjlw ;Dd hg;+Vofdf dlxnfsf] lx:;f $(=# k|ltzt /x]sf]df
@)^* sf] hgu0fgfdf %!=$ k|ltzt ePsf]n] hg;+Vofdf dlxnfsf] lx:;f cfwf eGbf a9L x'g
k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . dlxnfx? hGdbfsf] ck]lIft pd]/ $!=! jif{ ePsf]df ;f]df a[l4 e} ^$=% aif{ k'u]sf]
x'Fbf nueu k'?if ;x/ /x]sf] g} /x]sf] 5 . ljjfxsf] cf}ift pd]/ !^=* j6f a[l4 e} !&=% jif{ sfod
x'g uPsf] b]lvG5 . k"jf{j:yfdf ;fIf/tf b/ %=@ k|ltzt /x]sfdf xfn %#=# k|ltzt ePaf6 lzIffsf]
If]qdf pNn]vlgo ;'wf/ e} dlxnfx?sf] z}lIfs, ;fdflhs / r]tgfdf clea[l4 x'g ;s]sf] 5 . !)
jif{ dflysf] >d ;xeflutf b/ klxn #%=! k|ltzt /x]sf]df ;f] b/ a[l4 e} *)=! k|ltzt ePaf6
k'?if ;/xg} >ddf ;xeflutf b]lvPsf] 5 . ;fy} cfly{s ?kn] ;lqmo hg;+Vofdf dlxnfsf] cg'kft
#%=! k|ltzt ePsf]df ;f]df a[l4 e} %#=! k|ltzt k'u]sf] x'Fbf cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf dlxnf ;lqmodf
pNn]Vo e"ldsf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . dlxnfx? 3/wGbfdf dfq l;ldt x'G5g\ eg] cjwf/0ffnfO{ kl/jt{g
u/L 3/wGbf ug]{ dlxnf klxnf %&=! k|ltztaf6 36]/ &=^ k|ltztdf sfod ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L
lghfdlt ;]jfdf dlxnf ;xeflutf @=^ k|ltzt /x]sf]df xfn !#=@( k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . o;af6
dlxnfx?sf] ;du| ljsf; tyf ;zlQms/0f / ;dfj]zLs/0fdf a[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5 .

@=@ n}lËstf / ljsf;

n}lËs ljsf;sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 t'ngfTds cWoog ug]{ qmddf ePsf tYof+sx?sf] ljZn]if0f ubf{
dlxnf ljsf; / n}lËs ljsf;sf] kl/jlt{t kx'Frsf] qmdnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . n}lËs ljifonfO{ dlxnf /
k'?if aLr ljsf;, ;]jf k|jfx d"n k|jfxLs/0f, ;dfgtf, ;dtf, z;lQms/0f cflbsf] ljZn]if0f tn
ul/Psf] 5 .

n}lËs ;dfgtf / ;dtfM

dlxnf / k'?ifaLr ;a} k|sf/sf ;fdflhs e]befjsf] cGTosf] cj:yf g} n}lËs ;dfgtf -Gender
Equality_ sf] cj:yf ePsf] x'Fbf o;df d"Vo kIfx? lgDg cg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ .
 dlxnf / k'?ifnfO{ ;dfg cj;/
 dlxnf / k'?ifnfO{ ;fdg :t/
 dlxnf / k'?ifnfO{ ;dfg clwsf/
 dlxnf / k'?ifnfO{ ;dfg lhDd]jf/L
 ljsf;sf] >f]t Pj+ k|ltkmndf dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;dfg kx'Fr
 ljsf; k|lqmofdf dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;dfg ;xeflutf
 lg0f{o sfo{df dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;dfg dt

37
n}lËs ;dtf eg]sf] dlxnfx?nfO{ Gofo lbO{ e]befj / c;dfgtfx?nfO{ a/fj/L ?kdf dfGotf lbg]
cjwf/0ff xf] . To;sf nflu dlxnfx?nfO{ k|fyldstf, cu|flwsf/, cf/If0f ;dtf cflbdf clea[l4
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

dlxnf ;zlQms/0fM

dlxnfx?sf] cj:yfdf kl/jt{g Nofpg] ;dIfdtf ;DaGwL kx'Fr clea[l4, ;xeflutfdf a[l4,
;r]tgfsf] Ifdtf a[l4, lgoGq0f txdf pRrtd pknAwL xfl;n u/L dlxnfsf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/
Nofpg] sfo{ xf] . o;nfO{ sNof0fsf/L, kx'Fr, ;r]tgf, ;xeflutf, lgoGq0fsf] cj:ydf n]vfhf]vf
ug{ ;lsG5 .

dlxnf d"n k|jfxLs/0fM

n}lËs lje]bnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L ljsf; gLlt, sfo{qmd, bL3{sflng of]hgf, sfo{ljlw th'{df Pj+
sfof{Gjog k|lqmofdf dlxnfnfO{ ;dflji6 u/fpg] sfo{ d"n k|jfxLs/0fdf kb{5g\ . o; cGtu{t
ljsf;sf d'2f, gLlt tyf sfo{x?df dlxnfx?sf] OR5f, cg'ej Pj+ b"/blz{tfsf] ;lDdng /
dlxnfx?sf] Jojxfl/s cfjZostfdf /0fgLlts lxtsf] ljZn]if0f Pj+ ;Daf]wgsf kIfx? kb{5g\ .

dfksM
n}lËs ljsf;nfO{ laleGg dfksx?åf/f ;dfgtfsf cj:yf x]g{ ;lsG5 . n}lËs ljsf; ;"rf+Í
-Gender–related Development Index_, -Gender Empowerment Measures_, -Human Development
Index_ / -Gender Inequality Index_ cflbaf6 dfkg ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;af6 n}lËs cj:yfsf]
hfgsf/L xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 . ;f]xL cfwf/df dlxnf ljsf;sf] cfj:yf dfkg u/L ;'wf/sf
sfo{qmdx? cjnDjg ug{ ;lsg] 5 .

n}lËs ljsf;sf lx;fjn] g]kfnsf] dlxnfx?sf] l:ylt lgDg cg';f/ b]lvG5 .

tflnsf g+= $ n}lËs ljsf; ;DaGwL ;"rsx?

ljifox? OsfO{ dlxnf k'?k hDdf
hg;+Vof k|ltzt 51=4 48=6 100=0
dlxnf #/d'nL #/kl/jf/ k|ltzt 25=73 74=27 100=0
;DklQdf dlxnfsf] :jfldTj
#/ hUuf b'j}df k|ltzt 10=8 89=2 100=0
hUuf hldgdf k|ltzt 9=08 90=92 100=0
hGd btf{ 5 jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsf 58=1
gjhft lzz' d[To"b/ k|lt xhf/ hGd 33

38
 5 jif{ d'lgsf d[To'b/ 38
;fIf/tf b/ k|ltzt 57=4 75=1 65=9
Pr cfO{ le P*; ;+qmldt ;+Vof ;+Vof 9344 15837 25181
cfly{s ?kn] ;lqmof hg;+Vof 5044781 1064134 6108915
/f]huf/L k|fKt hg;+Vof 4263311 5627787 9891098
afn >d -5—17_ 37=4
;xsf/L
hDdf ;xsf/L ;+Vof ;+Vof 31177
3656-
11=7_
dlxnfåf/f ;+rflnt ;xsf/L ;+Vof k|ltzt
;xsf/Ldf dlxnf ;b:o ;+Vof ;+Vof 2100137
;xsf/Lsf] Joj:yfkgdf dlxnf k|ltzt 33=57
;xsf/Ldf dlxnf sd{rf/L k|ltzt 45=95
dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdåf/f ;+rflnt ;xsf/L
1636-
44=7
dlxnf ;xsf/L k|ltzt_
dlxnf ;xsf/Lsf] k|ltzt 5=2
dfgj ljsf; ;"rf+° 0=540
n}lés c;dfgtf ;"rf+° 0=479
n+lés ljsf; ;"rf+° 0=514
n}lés ;zlQms/)f dfks 0=568
>f]tM ;fdflhs tYof+s, dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno, @)&@

dfly pNn]lvt tflnsf cg';f/ dlxnfåf/f ;+rflnt ;xsf/L ;+:yfx? s"n ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] !!=&
k|ltzt /x]sf]df dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdåf/f ;+rflnt ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] lx+;f %=@ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
dlxnfåf/f ;+rflnyt ;xsf/Lx? dWo] dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdx?åf/f ;+rflnt dlxnf ;xsf/L ;+:yf
$$=& k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L ;xsf/Lsf] Joj:yfkgdf dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutf ##=%&
k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . dlxnf ljsf; ;DaGwL ;"rf+°x?df dfgg ljsf; ;"rsf+° 0=540 /x]sf] %
eg] n}lés c;dfgtf ;"rsf+° 0=479, n+lés ljsf; ;'rsf+° 0=514 / n}lés ;zlQms/)f
dfks 0=568 /x]sf] % .

dlxnfsf] ;+nUgtf / ;xeflutf ljleGg lghfdtL, lzIfs, k|x/L, g]kfnL ;]gf cflb ;]jf tyf
If]qx?df ePsf] cj:yf lgDg cg';f/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

39
 tflnsf g+= %M laleGg ;]jf tyf If]qdf dlxnf ;xeflutf
dlxnf ;xeflutf dlxnf k'?if hDdf
;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof k|ltzt
lghfdtL ;]jfdf 12884 20=8 48964 79=261848 100=0
Gofo If]qdf 8 3=01 258 96=09 266 100=0

laBfnodf lzIfs 97267 34=2 187132 65=8

248399 100=0
g]kfn k|x/L ;]jfdf 4123 6=1 63292 93=9 67416 100=0
z;:q k|x/L ;]jfdf 1131 3=37 32384 96=63 33515 100=0

g]kfnL ;]gfdf 1936 1=97 96699-998=03 98635 100=0

g]kfn d]l*sn sfpG;Lndf 5335 34=11 10306 65=89 15641 100=0
btf{ *fS^/
g]kfn OlGhlgol/é 3145 14=39 18708 -85-61 21835 100=0
sfpG;Lndf btf{ OlGhlgo/
>f]tM ;fdflhs tYof+s, dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno, @)&@

dfly pNn]lvt tflnsf cg';f/ g]kfnsf] ljleGg ;]jfdf /x]sf dlxnfx?sf] l:ylt ljZn]if0f ubf{ Gofo
;]jfdf #=)! k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] lghfdlt ;]jfdf @)=* k|ltzt dfq dlxnf /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfn
k|x/L, z;:q k|x/L tyf g]kfnL ;]gfdf qmdzM ^=!, #=#& / !=(& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . o;af6 g]kfnL
;]gfdf dlxnf ;xeflutf Hofb} Go"g dfqfdf ePsf] kfO{G5 . dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf 8fS6/df #$=!!
k|ltzt tyf OlGhlgo/df !$=#( k|ltzt x'g' pT;fxjw{s cj:yf /x]sf] xf] . lghfdtL ;]jfdf
dlxnfsf] k|ltzt hgu0fgf @)!! Df !#=@( k|ltzt /x]sf]df ;f] ;+Vof xfn @)=* k|ltzt b]lvg
cfPsf]n] lghfdtL ;]jfdf pNn]Vo ?kdf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf a9\b} uPsf] b]lvG5 .

dlxnf lx+;fM
dlxnfx? dfly ul/g] lx+;fsf] cj:yfsf af/]df k|fKt cfFsf8fsf cfwf/df zf/Ll/s lx+;f dfq, of}g
lx+;f dfq tyf zf/Ll/s / of}g lx+;f b'j} / zf/Ll/s cyjf of}g lx+;f x'g] u/]sf] ;DalGwt tflnsfdf
lbOPsf] 5 .
tflnsf g+=^M laleGg k|sf/sf dlxnf lx+;fsf] cj:yf -;g\ @)!!_
dlxnf lx+;f -15 b]lv 49_ jif{sf dlxnfx? k|ltzt

zf/Ll/s lx+;f dfq 13=7

of}g lx+;f dfq 4=5
zf/Ll/s / of}g lx+;f 7=8
zfl//Ls cyjf of}g lx+;f 26=0
>f]tM ;fdflhs tYof+s, dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno, @)&@

40
 dfly pNn]lvt tflnsf cg';f/ zf/Ll/s lx+;f dfq !#=& k|ltzt x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] of}g lx+;f
dfq $=% k|ltzt x'g] u/]sf] kfO{G5 . ;fy} zf/Ll/s jf of}g lx+;f @^=) k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 eg]
zf/Ll/s / of}g lx+;fsf] dfqf &=* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .

dlxnf / aflnaflnsf ;DaGwL ck/fwM

dlxnf / afnaflnsf ;DaGwL ck/fw tyf ljleGg c;fdflhs sfo{x?df ;+nUg e} bf]lif / kLl8tsf]
cj:yf tn lbOPsf] 5 .

tflnsf g+=&M dlxnf / afnaflnsf ;DaGwL ck/fw tyf c;fdflhs sfo{x?

dlxnf Affnaflnsf
k|sf/x?
lkl*t bf]lif lkl*t bf]lif
Hofg ;DaGwL ck/fw 223 224 74 19
anfTsf/ 675 37 396 41
dfgj a]rlavg 203 109 34 5
rf]/L 219 61 1 33
ckx/)f 64 35 16 5
nfu"cf}ifw 6 175 5 21
cGo 811 1176 55 77
>f]tM ;fdflhs tYof+s, dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno, @)&@

dfly pNn]lvt tflnsf cg';f/ Hofg ;DaGwL ck/fwdf bf]lif dlxnf @@$ / afnaflnsf !( /x]sf
5g\ . anTsf/sf lkl8t dlxnf ^&% 5g\ eg] bf]lif #& kfOPsf] 5 . afnaflnsf anTsf/sf kLl8t
#(^ hgf /x]sf / $! hgf bf]lif ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;af6 ljleGg ck/fwdf dlxnf tyf
afnaflnsfx? lkl8t ePsf 5g\ .

@=# ;e]{If0f ul/Psf If]qsf] tYof+s

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] d"NofÍgsf l;nl;ndf * lhNnfx?df ul/Psf] 3/w'/L ;e]{If0fsf] sfof{qmn]
;d]6Psf If]q (Case) / sfo{qmdn] g;d]l6Psf If]q (Control) sf] lhNnfut 3/w'/L ;+Vof ljj/0f
tn lbOPsf] 5 .

41
 Tflnsf g+= *M ;e]{If0f ul/Psf 3/w'/L ;+Vof
sfo{qmdn] ;d]l6Psf sfo{qmdn] g;d]l6Psf
qm=;+= lhNnf hDdf
If]qsf 3/ w'/L ;+Vof If]qsf 3/ w'/L ;+Vof
! ;+v'jf;ef %$ !$ ^*
@ df]/Ë ##% *$ $!(
# /f}tx6 !^& $@ @)(
$ DofUbL $# !! %$
% ?kGb]xL @%& ^$ #@!
^ bfË !*# $^ @@(
& sflnsf]6 &^ !( (%
* c5fd #& * $%
hDdf !!%@ @** !$$)
>f]tM :ynut ;e]{If0f, @)&@

Tflnsf g+= (M ;e]{If0f ul/Psf 3/w'/Lsf] hfthftL ljj/0f

blnt hghftL cGo t/fO hfthftL
lhNnf hDdf
;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof k|ltzt
;+v'jf;ef 8 14=8 35 64=81 25 46=30 0 0=00 68

df]/Ë 40 11=9 97 28=96 165 49=25 117 3493 419

/f}tx6 24 14=4 44 26=35 66 39=52 75 44=91 209

DofUbL 6 14=0 8 18=60 40 93=02 0 0=00 54

?kGb]xL 29 11=3 101 39=30 156 60=70 35 13=62 321

bfË 24 13=1 10 5=46 148 80=87 47 25=68 229

sflnsf]6 15 40=5 0 0=00 30 81=08 0 0=00 45

c5fd 23 30=3 0 0=00 66 86=84 6 7=89 95

hDdf 161 14=0 295 25=61 671 58=25 192 16=67 1440

>f]tM :ynut ;e]{If0f, @)&@

dfly pNn]lvt tYof+s cg';f/ ;e]{If0f ul/Psf If]qsf] hfthftLsf] ljj/0f x]bf{ blnt !$=) k|ltzt,
hghftL @%=^!, cGo %*=@% k|ltzt / t/fO{sf hfthftL !^=^& /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . pk/f]Qm
tflnsfdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ ;aeGbf a9L blnt sflnsf]6 lhNnfdf / ;aeGbf sd ?kGb]xL
lhNnfdf /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L hghftL tkm{ x]bf{ ;aeGbf a9L ;+v'jf;ef lhNnfdf ^$=* k|ltzt 5
eg] sflnsf]6 / c5fd lhNnfdf z'Go k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .

;e]{If0f ul/Psf If]qdf /x]sf 3/kl/jf/sf] 3/sf] lsl;d sfo{qmd ;+rfng x'g' klxn] / sfo{qmd
;+rfng ePkl5sf] cj:yfsf af/]df tn tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 .

42
 tflnsf g+= !)M ;e]{ ul/Psf 3/kl/jf/sf] 3/sf] lsl;d
klxnf clxn]
3/sf] lsl;d
;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof k|ltzt
cf/ l;=l;= -9nfg u/]sf]_ lkn/ ePsf] kSsL 3/ #)# @!=) $&* ##=!
9'Ëf tyf O§fsf] ufx|f] l;d]G6 hf]8fO ePsf] / $&$ #@=( $#! @(=(
h:tf jf 9'Ëf jf 6fon 5fgf ePsf] kSsL 3/
9'Ëf tyf O§fsf] ufx|f] df6f] hf]8fO ePsf] / $$% #)=( #&) @%=*
9'Ëf jf v/sf] 5fgf ePsf] sRrL 3/
5\jfnL jf v/ 5fgf dfq ePsf] sRrL 3/ 6x/f @!* !%=@ !^! !!=@
hDdf !$$) !))=) !$$) !))=)
>f]tM :ynut ;e]{If0f, @)&@

dfly pNn]lvt tflnsfdf b]vfP cg';f/ 3/sf] lsl;ddf dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd nfu' x'g' eGbf
klxnf cf/=;L=;L 9nfg u/]sf] 3/ @!=) k|ltzt /x]sf]df sfo{qmd kZrft 9nfg u/]sf] 3/ ##=!
k|ltzt b]lvPsf] 5 . o;af6 sfo{qmd z'? x'g' eGbf dlxnfsf] t'ngfdf kSsL 9nfg 3/ x'g]
3/w'/Lsf] ;+Vofdf a[l4 e} cfly{s l:yltdf ;'wf/ e} ;Dkltdf a[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L 5\jfnL
jf v/ 5fgf dfq ePsf] sRrL 3/ 6x/f sfo{qmd z'? x'g' eGbf klxnf !%=@ k|ltzt ePsf]df xfn
36]/ !!=@ k|ltzt sfod x'g cfPsf] 5 . h;af6 o; >]0fLdf ePsf 3/ kl/jf/n] sRrL 3/df
;'wf/ u/L kSsL 3/ agfPsf] :ki6 x'g cfp5 . tyflk dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdaf6 dfqf ;Dk"0f{
?kdf cfly{s nufgL ePsf] dfGg ;lsb}g . o;df 3/kl/jf/sf] cGo cfDbfgL h:t}M /]ld6]G;, pBf]u
Joj;fo tyf cGo cfDbfgL x'g ;Sb5 .

#= d"Nof+sgsf] glthf
#=! sfo{qmdsf] cf}lrTo
g]kfnsf] hg;+Vofdf cfwf eGbf a9L lx:;f dlxnf ePsf] x'Fbf dlxnfnfO{ nlIft ljsf;sf] k|of;af6
g} /fi6«sf] ljsf; x'g ;Sb5 eGg] s'/fdf b'O{dt 5}g . dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] cf}lrTo af/]df
/fli6«o gLlt, sfo{qmdn] kl/nlIft ul/Psf If]qx?sf ;DaGwLdf cWoogaf6 b]lvPsf k|d"v a'Fbfx?
lgDg cg';f/ /x]sf] 5 .

#=!=! dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf]] pko'Qmtf / cf}lrTo

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] sfo{Gjog @)#(÷$) ;fn b]lv xfn;Dd ;fna;fnL ?kdf ;+rfng x'Fb}
cfPsf] 5 . olt nfdf] ;do;Dd o; sfo{qmdn] lg/Gt/tf kfpg', nlIft ;d"xdf lj:tf/ ul/b}
n}hfg' / o;sf] ;+u7gfTds ?kdf hgzlQm ylkb} hfg'sf ;fy} ;a} lhNnfdf sfo{qmd ;+rfngn]
Jofkstf kfpb} hfg'n] klg o;sf] cf}lrTo ;fljt x'g uPsf] 5 .

43
dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjo k|lqmofsf] ;DaGwdf ljut tLg bzsb]lv sfo{qmd ;+rfngsf
/0fgLlt, cjwf/0ffx? cg'?k sfof{Gjo u/L cfPsf]df clxn] cfP/ sfo{qmdsf] 9fFrfdf kl/jt{g u/L
sfo{qmd ;+rfng dfu{bz{g @)&! nfu' ub}{ dlxnfsf] ;zlQms/0fsf] kIfnfO{ s]Gb| laGb' dfg]/
lqmofsnfkx? cufl8 a9fOPsf] 5 .

sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog k|lqmofnfO{ x]bf{ nlIft ;d"xsf] klxrfg, ;d"xLs/0f, ;+ul7t dlxnfx?sf]
JolQmTj ljsf;sf tflnd, Ifdtf clea[l4sf sfo{x?, Joj;flos zLk ljsf; tflnd, Joj;flos
;d"x u7g, lap kF"hL / art kl/rfng h:tf lqmofsnfkx?af6 ljkGg dlxnfx?nfO{ s]lGb|t u/L
tNnf] tx b]lv (Buttom -up qpproach_ ;+rfng ePsf] b]lvG5 . tyflk ljleGg lg0f{o k|lqmof dfly
af6 tn hfg] -Top- down approach_ klg cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 . o;df ljleGg lqmofsnfkx?
:yfgLo ;d"xsf] ;xeflutfdf th'{df geO{ s]Gb|:t/af6 g} nIo tf]sL sfo{qmd k7fpg] ul/Psf] 5 .
s]Gb|:t/af6 g} lqmofsnkfsf 9f+rfx? tof/ x'g] x'Fbf k|foh;f]M ;a} lhNnfdf Pp6} 9fFrfdf sfo{qmd
;+rfng e}/x]sf] 5 .

o; sfo{qmdsf] nIo / p2]Zo u/Lj tyf ljkGg u|fld0f dlxnfx? ePsf] ;f] nlIft dlxnfx? %@
nfv ePsf]df o; sfo{qmdaf6 xfn;Dd ( nfvnfO{ dfq kx'Fr k'Ug ;s]sf] b]lvG5 . o; sfo{qmdn]
cGt//fli6«o k|lta4tf, ;GwL ;Demf}tfdf ul/Psf k|fjwfgx?nfO{ c+lusf/ ub}{ /fli6«o of]hgfdf
;/sf/sf] k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{qmd /x]sf] 5 . o; sfo{qmdn] dlxnfx?sf] ;zQmLs/0f,
d"nk|jfxLs/0f / ;dfj]zLs/0faf6 pgLx?nfO{ ;Ifd / ;jn agfpg] ePsf]n] klg cem} u|fdL0f
If]qdf k'Ug af+sL g} /x]sf] cj:yfn] ubf{ sfo{qmdsf] ;+rfngdf pko'Qm b]lvPsf] 5 . ;fy}
sfo{qmdsf] lgwf{l/t nIo xfl;n ug{ / dlxnfx?sf] ljsf;af6 g} /fli6«o ljsf;sf] nIo k|fKt ug{
;lsg] ePsf]n] dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd cf}lrTok"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . lhNnfut ?kdf dlxnf ljsf;
sfo{qmdsf] cf}lrTosf ;DaGwdf ul/Psf] ;e]{If0fsf] glthf cg';f/ sfo{qmdsf] cf}lrTo c5fd,
sflnsf]6sf pQ/bftfn] ;a} eGbf a9L (&=) k|ltzt cf}lrTo /x]sf] hgfPsf 5g\ . cGo lhNnfx?df
klg ^) k|ltzt eGbf a9L pQ/bftfn] sfo{qmdsf] cf}lrTo ePsf] atfPsf 5g\ .

44
 pNn]lt af/ rf6{df b]vfP cg';f/ ljleGg lhNnfsf dlxnfx?n] sfo{qmdsf] cf}lrTo b]vfPsf 5g\ .
h;df c5fd, sflnsf]6 h:tf kx'Fr gk'u]sf / b"u{df lhNnfdf sfo{qmd clt g} cf}lrTo k"0f{ /x]sf]
b]lvG5 eg] /f}tx6, df]/Ë, bfË lhNnfdf ;d]t ^) k|ltztn] cf}lrTo ePsf] s'/f cf}+NofPsf 5g\ .

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd cGtu{t ;+rflnt ljljw sfo{qmd / ;f]xL cg';f/sf !)) eGbf
lqmofsnfkx? ;+rfng e}/x]sf] b]lvG5 -cg';"rL @_

#=!=@ dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ;/sf/L gLlt, /fli6«o k|fyldstfdf Ps ?ktf

dlxnf ljsf; ;DaGwL k~raifL{{o of]hgfx?df gLltut Joj:yf x'Fb} cfPtf klg dlxnf ljsf;sf]
:ki6 u'? of]hgf -Master Plan_ cem} alg ;s]sf] kfOb}g . dlxnf ljsf; ;DaGwL gLlt tyf
k|fyldstfsf] ljifodf klxnf] kN6 5}7f} k~rjifL{o of]hgfdf dlxnf ;xeflutf k|a4{g ug]{ ;DaGwL
gLlt ;dfj]z ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;f] of]hgfdf dlxnf ljsf; ;DaGwL k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f u/L /0fgLlt
tyf sfo{gLlt to u/L of]hgfa4 lasf;df dlxnfnfO{ cfly{s ?kdf ;lqmo ;xeflutf a9fpg'sf
;fy} dlxnfsf] sfo{ If]q lj:tf/ ul/g' kg]{ ljifodf hf]8 lbPsf] lyof] . ;ftf} k~rjifL{o of]hgfdf
klg dlxnf lqmofsnfk4f/f pTkfbsTj / Ifdtf a9fpg'sf ;fy} pgLx?nfO{ ljsf; k|lqmodf k'?if
;/x ;lqmo ?kdf ;xefuL agfpg] gLlt cjnDag u/]sf] kfO{G5 . cf7f} of]hgfdf dlxnfx?nfO{
ljsf;sf] d"nk|jfxdf ;dflxt ug]{ / pgLx?sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s pTyfg ug]{ sfo{gLltx? lgwf{/0f
ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . gjf}+ of]hgfdf n}lËs ;dfgtf / dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fsf sfo{qmdx? th'{df ul/Psf]
kfO{G5 . dlxnf ju{nfO{ d"nk|jfxdf ;Ddflxt u/fpg sNof0fsf/L b[li6sf]0f eGbf ;dtf tyf
;zQmLs/0f cfjZos ePsf] s'/f cf}NofOPsf] 5 . bz} k~rjifL{o of]hgfsf] /0fgLlt u/LjL
lgjf/0fdf n}lËs d'nk|jfxLs/0f Pj+ dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fnfO{ hf]8 lbOPsf] lyof] . To;}u/L tLg jifL{o

45
cGtl/d of]hgfn] /fHo ;+/rgfdf dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj / ljsf; k|lqmodfdf n}lËsLs/0fdf hf]8
lbPsf] kfO{G5 .

lj=;+= @)^* sf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ b]zsf] s"n hg;+Vof dWo] !* jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsf tyf
lszf]/–lszf]/L $$=$ k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ eg] !)–!( jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/
lszf]/Lsf] hg;+Vof @$=!( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . afnaflnsf ;DaGwL P]g, @)$* / lgod @)%! sf]
sfof{Gjogaf6 ;d]t afnaflnsfsf] ;du| ljsf;df ;sf/fTds glthf k|fKt x'g yfn]sf 5g\ .
afnaflnsfsf] xslxt / clwsf/nfO{ k|fyldstfsf;fy sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg afnclwsf/sf d'Vo
ljifox¿ afn arfj6, ;+/If0f, ljsf; / cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutfsf nflu afnaflnsfsf nflu !) jif]{
/fli6«o sfo{of]hgf -@)^!÷^@–@)&!÷&@_ sfof{Gjog e}/x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L lszf]/lszf]/Lsf] xs
clwsf/ ;'lglZrt u/L ljsf; k|lqmofdf pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutf clej[l4 ug]{ Wo]on] lszf]/–lszf]/Lsf]
;du| ljsf;sf nflu /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog x'g] cj:Yffdf /x]sf] 5 .

at{dfg k~rjifL{o of]hgfdf klg n}lËs ;dfgtf tyf dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fsf gLltx?sf] lg/Gt/tf
sfod ul/Psf] 5 . o; of]hgfdf lglb{i6 ul/Psf sfo{ of]hgfx?df dlxnf la?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf
e]befj pGd"ng ug]{ dxf;GwL sfof{Gjogsf] nflu tof/ ul/Psf] /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf @)^), n}lËs
;dfgtf tyf dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf @)^!, n}lËs lx+;f cGTo tyf n}lËs
;zQmLs/0f ;DaGwL sfo{of]hgf -@)^(÷&)–)&#÷&$_ tyf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3, ;'/Iff kl/ifbaf6 kfl/t
k|:tfj gDj/ !#@% / !*@) sf] sfof{Gjog /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf -@)^&÷^*–@)&!÷&@_ sfof{Gjogdf
/x]sf 5g\ . 3/]n' lx+;f -s;"/ / ;hfo_ P]g, @)^^ tyf lgodfjnL, @)^& hf/L ePkl5 dlxnfdfly
x'g] lx+;fsf] cGTosf nflu k|efjsf/L sfg"gL cfwf/ tof/ ePsf] 5 . n}lËs lx+;f lgjf/0f sf]if
-;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^& sfof{Gjogdf NofO{ n}lËs lx+;f lgjf/0f sf]ifsf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5 .

lghfdtL ;]jf -!%=# k|ltzt k'u]sf]_, g]kfn k|x/L, g]kfn ;z:q k|x/L, g]kfnL ;]gf nufotsf
/fHosf ljleGg c+ux¿df dlxnf ;xeflutf a9\b} uPsf] 5 . n}lËs pQ/bfoL ah]6tk{m d'n'ssf] s"n
ah]6sf] @!=&% k|ltztsf] cg'kft / :yfgLo lgsfodf hfg] cg'bfgsf] sDtLdf !) k|ltzt /sd
dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f tk{m 5'6\ofpg' kg]{ Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . lakGg u|fdL0f dlxnfsf nflu j}slNks
cj;/ >[hgf ug]{ u/L ;~rflnt dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdaf6 cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷&) sf] cGt;Dddf
b]zsf krxQ/} lhNnfsf ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf lj:tf/ eO;s]sf] 5 . 3/]n' lx+;f / of}ghGo
b'Jo{jxf/af6 k|efljt dlxnfsf nflu !% lhNnfdf ;]jf s]Gb| ;~rfngdf cfPsf 5g\ . g]kfnn]
;x;|flAb ljsf; nIo k|fKtLsf nflu u/]sf k|of;af6 dft[ d[To' b/df ;'wf/ cfO{ k|lt Ps nfvdf
!&) df em/]sf] 5 . dlxnfx¿sf] s'n ;fIf/tf b/ %& k|ltzt eGbf a9L k'u]sf] 5 eg] !%–@$
jif{sf] pd]/sf dlxnfx¿sf] ;fIf/tf b/ *% k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . oL pNn]lvt dlxnf ;DaGwL /fli6«o
gLlt, k|fyldstf tyf of]hgfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ sfo{qmdsf] cf}lrTo /x]sf] 5 .

46
#=!=# sfo{qmd th'{df / sfof{Gjosf] ;f]rtflnsf -nuk|m]d_

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ;f]r tflnsf tof/ ul/Psf]df ;f] tflnsfdf /flvPsf sYo ;f/f+z,
k/LIf0fof]Uo ;"rsx?, kl/If0fsf dfWodx?, d"Vo cg'dfgdf pNn]v ul/Psf nIo, pknAwL, k|ltkmn
/ lqmofsnfkx? :ki6 ?kdf lvlrPsf] cj:yf g/x]sf] / ;f]r tflnsf cg';f/sf sfo{qmdsf]
sfof{Gjog ePsf] b]lvb}g . tyflk dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] tLg cfofd / kfFr k|fyldstf ;lxtsf]
sfo{qmd ;+/rgf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 -aflif{s k|utL k|ltj]bg @)^$÷^%_ . pQm ;f]r tflnsfdf pNn]v
ePsf tYo ;f/f+z / k/LIf0fof]Uo ;"rsdf b]vfOPsf ;"rsx?sf] laZn]if0f ubf{, pNn]lvt ;"rsx?
xfl;n ug]{ u/L lqmofsnfkx? th'{df ug'{ kg]{df ;f] cg'?k :ki6 ?kn] pNn]v gePaf6 ;f]r
tflnsfdf ls6fg ePsf nIox? clglZrt / a[xt :t/ (Macro Level) sf] ePaf6 tbg'?ksf
dlxnf ljsf;sf lqmofsnfkx? th'{df x'g g;s]sf] kfOof] . dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdx? th'{df ubf{
pQm ;f]r tflnsf eGbf laleGg ;dodf bft[ lgosfn] nufgL ug{ hf]8 lbPsf If]q, ;do ;dodf
/fhg}lts :t/af6 x'g] u/]sf lg0f{ox? / ;d;fdlos cfjZostfnfO{ Wofg lbPsfn] sfo{qmddf
Ps?ktf / ;f]r tflnsf adf]lhd x'g g;s]sf] b]lvG5 . t;y{ ljutdf tof/ ul/Psf] ;f]r tflnsf
k'g/fjnf]sg u/L sfo{qmdsf] cfod -d"nk|jfxLs/0f, ;zlQms/0f / ;dfj]zLs/0f_ cg'?k ;+/rgfnfO{
cfwf/dfgL] ;f]r tflnsf -nuk|m]d_ agfpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . tbg'?ksf] ;f]r tflnsfsf] gd"gf cg';"lrdf
;+nUg ul/Psf] 5 .

#=!=$ dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdn]] g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o bfloTj k'/f ug]{ ;DaGwL cf}lrTo

g]kfnn] dlxnf ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw, ;Demf}tf / k|lta4tfx?nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug'{ kg]{ bfloTj
ePsf]n] o; ;DaGwL dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf dGqfno tyf ljefuaf6 kl/kfng u/L sfo{qmdx?
;+rfng ul/g' kg]{ x'g hfG5 . k|foh;f] pQm ;ef ;Dd]ng, a}7s cflbdf dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf
;dfh sNof0f dGqfnon] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fy} ;lGw ;Demf}tf / k|lta4tf Pj+
cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngdf ePsf lg0f{ox? sfof{Gjog ug]{ /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{
kmf]sn lgsfosf] ls6fg cf}krfl/s ?kdf cem} ePsf] kfOb}g -;/f]sf/jfnfx?;+usf] 5nkmn_ . t;y{
o; ;DaGwL sfo{x? ug{sf nflu dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf ljefunfO{ kmf]sn lgsfo tf]ls sfof{Gjog
ul/g' kb{5 . cGt/f{li6«o dxf;GwLsf s]xL k|fjwfgx? dWo] lgDg cg';f/sf k|fjwfgx? sfof{Gjog
ul/Psf b]lvG5g\ .

!= lhp df:g], a]Rg] tyf a]Zofj[ltsf] zf]if0fsf] bdg ;DaGwL dxf;GwL ;g\ !($( sf
;DaGwdf
 lhp df:g] a]Rg] sfo{ lgoGq0f P]g, @)$# th'{df u/L nfu' ul/Psf] 5 .
 dfgj a]r lavg / cf];f/ k;f/ lgoGqo0f lgodfjnL, @)^% nfu' ul/Psf] .

@= dlxnf lj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd'ng ;DaGwL dxf;GwL ;g\ !(&( ;DaGwdf

47
  g]kfnsf] ;++ljwfg, @)&@ df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
 n}lËs ;dfgtf sfod ug]{ s]xL g]kfn P]g ;+;f]wg ug{ ag]sf] P]g, @)^# df pNn]v
ul/Psf] .
 3/]n' lx+;f -s;'/ ;hfo_ P]g, @)^# nfu' ul/Psf]
 n}lËs lx+;f lgjf/0f sf]if ;+rfng lgodfjnL, @)^& nfu' ul/Psf] 5 . h;df n}lËs lx+;f
lgjf/0f sf]if :yfkgf ul/g] 5 / ;f] /sd lkl8tnfO{ tTsfn pkrf/ ug{, cf}iflw ug{,
sfg"gL ;xfotf ug{, Joj;fosf] nflu ljp k"FhL k|bg ug{, k'g:yf{kgf u/fpgsf nflu
sfo{ljlw cg';f/ vr{ ul/g] 5 .
 sfo{:yndf x'g] of}ghGo b"Jo{jxf/ -lgjf/0f_ P]g, @)&! nfu' ul/Psf] 5 . o; P]gdf
s;}n] klg sfo{:yfndf of}ghGo b"Jo{jxf/ ug{ jf u/fpg' x'Fb}g / s;}n] cfˆgf] kb, zlQm
jf clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u u/L, s'g} lsl;dsf] bjfj k|efj jf k|nf]egdf kf/L jf xtf]T;flxt
u/L s'g} sd{rf/L jf ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ sfo{:yndf of}+ghGo cfzon] u/]sf lqmofsnkfsf]
lj?4 ph'/L lbg ;Sg] / ;hfosf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
 Psn dlxnf ;'/Iff sf]if -;+rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)&) nfu' ul/Psf] 5 . o; P]gdf cfly{s
b[li6n] sdhf]/ tyf ljkGg ju{sf Ps dlxnfsf] lxt / ;+/If0f ug]{ sfd ;d]tsf] nflu
sf]if :yfkgf ul/g] k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . pQm sf]ifsf] /sd Psn dlxnfnfO{ lzIff,
zLkd"ns tflnd, :j/f]huf/ sfo{qmd ;+rfng, cf}ifwL pkrf/ ug{, /fxt tyf k'g:yf{kgf
ug{, sfg"gL ;xfotf ug{ cflbsf nflu ;xof]u ul/g] 5 .

#= afn clwsf/ dxf;GwL ;g\ !(() nfu' ug]{ ;DaGwdf

 afnaflnsf ;DaGwL P]g, @)$* agfO{ nfu' ul/Psf] 5 .
 afn >d P]g, @)%^ nfu' ul/Psf] 5 .

cGt/f{li6«o bfloTj k"/f ug]{ ;DaGwdf dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdaf6 ;+rflnt ePsf sfo{qmdx? dWo]
u/LjL la?4 dlxnf cleofg sfo{qmdn] ;x;tfJb|L nIo k'/f ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 . afn clwsf/
dxf;GwL !(() df pNn]v ePsf k|ltj4tf k'/f ug{ afn clwsf/ ;Da4{g sfo{qmdn] ;3fPsf] 5 .
To;}u/L a]lhË ;Dd]ng !((% n] ls6fg u/]sf] ;/f]sf/sf If]qx? dWo] dlxnf / u/LjL, dlxnf lj?4
lx+;f, afnaflnsf ;DaGwL sfo{x?nfO{ ;3fpg n}lËs lx+;f lgjf/0f, u/LjL lj?4 dlxnf cleofg,
afn clwsf/ ;Da4{g, lszf]/L ljsf; tyf n}lËs lx+;f lgjf/0f h:tf sfo{qmdx?n] k|d"v e"ldsf
lgefPsf 5g\ .

#=!=% dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdn] ckgfPsf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog kIfsf] pko'Qmtf

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] clwsf+; lqmofsnfkx? lhNnf :t/af6 ;+rfng ePsf 5g\ . lhNnfdf
cjl:yt dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf sfof{nosf] cu'jfO{df g} sfof{Gjo e} /x]sf] 5 . ;dosf]

48
cfjZostf cg';f/ s]xL jif{ otf dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd ;zlQms/0f kIfnfO{ d"Vo ?k lbO{ cGo
lqmofsnfkx? ;+rfng u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

dlxnf ljsf; sfof{qmdsf] lgwf{l/t nIo cg';f/ aflif{s ?kdf ljleGg sfo{qmdx? th'{df ug]{
ul/Psf] 5 . pQm aflif{s sfo{qmd cg'?ksf lqmofsnfkx? lhNnf :t/df ;+rfng ul/g] 5g\ . rfn'
vr{ zLif{saf6 ;+rfng x'g] sfo{qmdx?nfO{ 5'6\ofOPsf ah]6 lgsf; u/L lhNnf:t/df ;f]xL cg';f/
sfof{Gjog u/L vr{ ul/g] kl/kfl6 /x]sf] 5 . sfof{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog nlIft ;d"xsf] zlQms/0fsf]
k|lqmof ePsf]n] lg/Gt/ ?kdf ;+rfng ul/Psf] 5 . ;d'bfo:t/df ;d"x, j8f:t/df ;ldlt /
uf=lj=;= :t/df ;+:yf dfkm{t ljleGg sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ul/Psf] / ;f]xL cg';f/ lszf]/L ;d"x,
Joj;flos ;d"xsf nflu kl/nlIft sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog ePsf] 5 . k|lzIf0f tyf Ifdtf cleq[l4
;DaGwL s[ofsnfkx?nfO{ lg/Gt/ ?kdf gofF ;d"x tyf e}/x]sf ;d"xdf ;+rfng ul/Psf] 5 .
/fli6«o:t/sf] gLltut sfo{qmd h:t}M u/LjL la?4 dlxnf cleofg, afn clwsf/ ;Da4{g, n}lËs
lx+;f lgjf/0f cflb sfo{qmdx? ;d'bfo:t/ tyf lhNnf:t/df ;+rfng ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L sfo{qmdsf]
sfof{Gjog kIfnfO{ x]bf{ s]lGb|o:t/, lhNnf:t/, uf=lj=;= :t/ / ;d'bfo:t/df ljleGg sfo{qmd
;+rfng ul/Psf] / :yfgLo dlxnfx?sf] hLjgf]kof]uL sfo{qmd ePsf] x'Fbf pgLx?sf] ;zlQms/0fdf
hf]8 lbOPsf]n] pko'Qm ePsf] b]lvG5 .

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdaf6 dlxnfx?sf] ljsf;df k'u]sf] ;xof]usf ;DaGwdf ul/Psf] :ynut
;e]{If0faf6 b]lvPsf] glthf cg';f/ *! k|ltztn] ;xof]u k'u]sf] eGg] egfO{ /x]sf] 5 . pQm ;DaGwL
rf6{ tn lbOPsf] 5 .

pNn]lvt rf6{ cg';f/ dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdaf6 dlxnfx?nfO{ k'u]sf] ;xof]usf ;DaGwdf ul/Psf]
cWoogn] s/Lj *! k|ltzt dlxnfnfO{ ;xof]u k'u]sf] b]lvG5 eg] s/Lj !( k|ltzt dlxnfnfO{
sfo{qmdaf6 ;xof]u k'Ug g;s]sf] eGg] egfO{ /x]sf] 5 .

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd s]Gb|:t/ tyf lhNnf :t/ ePtf klg clwsf+z sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjo
lhNnfaf6 ul/g] ul/Psf] 5 . s]lGb|o :t/sf ckfË kl/ro kq ljt/0fsf] sfo{sf ;fy}
lhNnf:t/sf ljleGg lqmofsnfksf] sfof{Gjog lhNnfsf] df}h'bf hgzlQm / >f]t ;fwgaf6
;DkGg ug]{ ul/Psf]df al9 lqmofsnfkx? ePaf6 sfof{Gjo kIfsf] pkoo'Qmtf ePtf klg
;dodf g} ;DkGg ug{ sl7gfO{ /x]sf] 5 .
49
#=!=^ dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] l8hfOg ef}uf]lns If]q ;d]6\g] sfo{qmdsf] nflu nlIft hg;+Vofsf]
cfsf/sf] pko'Qmtf

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ?k/]vf tof/ ubf{ z'?df % lhNNffaf6 z'? ePtfklg la:tf/ u/L &% j6}
lhNnfdf ;+rfng u/L nlIft dlxnfnfO{ ;d]6\g] sfo{ ePsf] 5 . nlIft hg;+VofnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L
uf=lj=; tyf gu/kflnsfsf j8fx?df ;d"x u7g, kl/rfng, art tyf C0f / Ifdtf clea[l4sf
tflnd ;lxtsf ljljw lqmofsnfkx? ;+rflnt e} /x]sf 5g\ . dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdn] ;d]6]sf]
ef}uf]lns If]qsf lhNnfx?, uf=lj=;, gu/kflnsf tyf sfo{qmdåf/f u7g ul/Psf ;d"x, ;ldlt /
;+:yfx?sf ;fy} nfeflGjt nlIft ;d"x cflbsf] ljut % jif{sf] ljj/0f tn tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 .

tflnsf g+= !!M dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdn] ;d]6]sf If]q tyf ;d"lxsLs/0fsf] cj:yf
sfo{qmd ;+rflnt If]q 2039.40 b]lv 2067.68 2068.89 2069.70 2070.71
tyf hg;+Vof 2065.66 ;Dd ;Dd ;Dd ;Dd ;Dd
sfo{qmd ;+rflnt lhNnf 75 75 75 75 75
sfo{qmd ;+rflnt
uf=lj=;= 2443 3360 3570 3636 3498
sfo{qmd ;+rflnt
gu/kflnsf 35 37 41 43 117
sfo{qmd ;+rflnt j*f 15787 19,507 21362 22421 21253
u&g ePsf dlxnf
;d"x ;+Vof 75859 107,958 123573 132928 150842
;d"xdf nfeflGjt
dlxnf 478069 653,083 736046 807976 892474
blnt 74042 106,086 124516 131735 142947
hghftL 161821 219,471 258912 292615 302125
cGo 242206 327.526 352618 383626 447402
>f]t M dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd, aflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bgx?

dflysf] tflnsfdf b]vfP cg';f/ cf=j= @)&).&! ;Dddf &% lhNnfsf #$(* uf=lj=; / !!&
gu/kflnsfdf sfo{qmd ;+rfng ePsf] b]lvG5 . z'?sf] cjlwdf % lhNnfaf6 ;+rflnt sfo{qmdn]
xfn g]kfnsf] ;a}h;f] ef}uf]lns If]q ;d]l6Psf] 5 . sfo{qmdaf6 u7g ePsf dlxnf ;d"x cf=j=
@)^%.^^ ;Dd &%, *%( /x]sf]df aflif{s ?kdf ;d"x u7g tyf lj:tf/ x'Fb} cf=j=@)&).&!
!%),*$@ ;d"x u7g ePsf] 5 . ;d"xdf cfj4 e} nfeflGjt ePsf dlxnfx? cf=j= @)&).&!
;Ddsf] ;+Vof * nfv (@ xhf/ $ ;o &$ k'u]sf] 5 h;df blnt !$@, ($& -!^=) k|ltzt_,
hghftL #)@, !@% -##=* k|ltzt_ / cGodf $$&,$)@ -%)=@ k|ltzt_ /x]sf] 5 .
nlIft hg;+Vof s/Lj %@ nfv dWo] xfn;Dd s/Lj ( nfvdf dfq kx'Fr k'u]sf]n] nlIft
hg;+VofnfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf ;dfj]z ug{ sfo{qmdsf] cem} la:tf/ ul/g' kg]{ cfj:yf b]lvPsf] 5 .
xfnsf] sfo{qmdaf6 ;d]l6Psf] ;+Vof s/Lj !& k|ltzt dfq x'g cfPsf]n] nlIft hg;+Vofsf]
pko'Qmtf ePtf klg ;d]6g kg]{ hg;+Vof cem} af+sL /x]sf] 5 .

50
#=!=& nlIft hg;+Vofsf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ sfo{qmdsf] Ifdtf

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd u/Lj, ljkGg tyf u|fld0f If]qsf s/Lj %@ nfv hg;+VofnfO{ nlIft u/L
;+rfng ul/Psf] 5 . tL dlxnfx?sf] JolQmut Ifdtf, JolQmTj ljsf;sf ;fy} ;fdflhs kl/jt{g
tyf cfly{s lqmofsnfkx?df ;+nUg u/fO{ hLjgofkgdf ;'wf/ ug'{sf ;fy} afnaflnsfx?sf] eljio
k|lt ;xhLs/0f ug]{ lqmofsnfkx? ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6 tL dlxnfx?sf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{
tkm{ sfo{qmd to ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . dlxnfx?nfO{ ;d"lxs/0f u/L ljleGg tflndsf dfWodaf6 af]Ng
;Sg], ;dfhdf cfˆgf] s'/f /fVg ;Sg], ;fdflhs ?kdf ;+ul7t x'g], k|hgg :jf:Yo ;DaGwL
hfgsf/L / lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg], ;d"xdf art ug]{ tyf ;+:yfut ?kdf art kl/rfng, nufgL tyf
Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{ cflbaf6 dlxnfsf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s / lhjg:t/df ;'wf/ ePsf] kfOPsf]
5 . xfn;Dd sfo{qmdaf6 s/Lj ( nfv hg;+Vofdf dfq kx'Fr k'Ug ;s]sf] x'Fbf af+sL /x]sf
hg;+Vofsf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ xfn ;+rflng sfo{qmdaf6 dfq ;Dej x'g] b]lvb}g . ljut
#) jif{sf] aflif{s a[l4 b/ lgs} sd /x]sf] x'Fbf df}h'bf ;+:yfut ;+/rgf / sfo{qmd ;+rfng
Joj:yfkgaf6 nlIft hg;+Vof ;Dk"0f{ ?kdf ;d]6\g lgs} ;do nfUg] b]lvPsf] 5 . ;fnj;fnL
sfo{qmd th'{df u/L ah]6 Joj:yfkaf6 ;+rflnt sfo{qmdsf] Ifdtfaf6 dfq nlIft hg;+Vofsf]
cfjZostfnfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf ;d]6\g lgs} sl7g /x]sf] 5 .

#=!=* o; sfo{qmdsf] km]h leq / km]h aflx/ ug]{ sfo{sf] pko'Qmtf

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd cGtu{t ljleGg sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ePsf / ;f]xL cg';f/ ljljw
lqmofsnfkx? ul/b} cfPsf 5g\ . ;d"xLs/0f u/L nlIft ;d"xnfO{ d"n k|jfxLs/0faf6 dlxnfx?sf]
;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf JolQmTj ljsf; ug]{ k|lqmof lg/Gt/ ?kdf nlIft hg;+VofnfO{ k"0f{?kdf
xfl;n gx'Fbf ;Dd ;+rfng x'g]5 . o; sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;+rfng ug{ s]xL
sfo{qmdx?nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg' kg]{ / s]xL sfo{qmd cGtu{tsf Pp6} k|s[ltsf lqmofsnfkx?
kl/dfh{g u/L km]h leq / km]h jflx/ ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

s_ nlIft dlxnf klxrfg / ;d"xLs/0f sfo{qmd

nlIft hg;+VofnfO{ ;d"xLs/0f ug{ cem} af+sL /x]sf] x'Fbf nlIft ;d"x klxrfg / ;d"xLs/0f ug]{
sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{ o; cGtu{tsf lqmfosnfkx? JolQmTj ljsf;sf k|f/lDes k|lzIf0f, ;d"x
;b:osf] cg'lzIf0f / cfwf/e"t tflnd, JolQmTj ljsf;nfO{ ;d"xLs/0f u/] nut} PsLs[t ?kdf
;+rfng ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

v_ JolQmTj ljsf;sf k|f/lDes k|lzIf0f

o; k|f/lDes k|lzIf0fdf ;d"x ;b:ox?sf] cg'lzIf0f, dlxnf k'?if ;d ljsf; tflnd, cfwf/e"t
tflnd, ;f;' a'xf/L cGt/lqmof / k|hgg :jf:Yo tflnd k|fbg ul/g] ul/Psf] 5 . ;d"x u7g ul/P

51
kZrft tTsfn} oL cfwf/e"t tflnd ;+rfng u/L dlxnfx?sf] JolQmTj tyf Ifdtf ljsf; x'g] x'Fbf
o;nfO{ nlIft dlxnfsf] klxrfg / ;d"xLs/0f sfo{qmd;+u ldnfg u/L ;+rfng ul/g' kb{5 .

u_ ;+:yfut ljsf; / ;xeflutf sfo{qmd

dlxnf ;d"x, ;ldltx?nfO{ ;+:yfut ?kdf ;xsf/L ;+:yfdf cfj4 u/L ;+:yfut ljsf; ug]{ sfo{df
lg/Gt/tf lbOg' kg]{ 5 . o;df ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf / ;+rfng eP kl5 ;f] If]qdf /x]sf] ;d"x, ;ldltsf]
art kl/rfng qmlds ?kdf km]h jflx/ ub}{ gofF ;d"x tyf ;ldltx?nfO{ km]h leq ug]{ sfo{ ul/g'
kb{5 . xfn lg:s[o ?kdf /x]sf ;d"x, ;ldltx?nfO{ lgu/fgL ;d"xsf] ;lqmotf / dlxnf ljsf;
sfof{nosf] ljz]if cg'udg / lgl/If0fdf ;lqmo agfpg' kg]{5 . ;fy} ;d"x / ;ldltdf /x]sf]
artnfO{ oyfzSo ;+:yfut ul/g' kg]{5 .

u_ zLk tyf Jof;flostf ljsf; tflnd

;ldlt cGtu{t Joj;flos ;d"x u7g u/L pgLx?nfO{ zLk ljsf; tflnd / Jofj;flos ljsf;
tflnd k|bfg / pBd Joj;fo ;+rfng ug{] sfo{qmd /x]sf] 5 . o;df % lbg b]lv () lbg ;Ddsf
ljleGg zLk tyf Joj;flos tflnd lbg] ul/Psf]df Hofb} 5f]6f] ;dosf] tflndaf6 Ifdtf ljsf;
x'g g;Sg] ePaf6 !% lbg ;Ddsf] tflndnfO{ km]h aflx/ ug]{ / Joj;flostf ljsf; tflndsf]
nflu MEDEP af6 tof/ ul/Psf] kf7\oqmd / ;fdfu|Ldf cfwfl/t tflnd k|bfg ul/g' kb{5 . zLk
ljsf; tflnd CETVT åf/f tof/ ul/Psf] k7\oqmd cg';f/ !@) b]lv #() 306fsf] ul/g' cfjZos
5.

3_ u/Lj la?4 dlxnf cleofg sfo{qmd

u/Lj la?4 dlxnf cleofg sfo{qmdn] nlIft dlxnf ;d"xnfO{ Jof;flos tflnd lbO{ pBd tyf
Joj;fo ;+rfng u/L cfly{s ljsf; ug]{ clek|fon] ;+rfng ul/Psf] / zLk ljsf; tyf Joj;flos
tflnd lbg] ul/Psf] 5 . of] sfo{qmdsf] lqmofsnfkx? zLk tyf Joj;flostf ljsf; tflndsf
lqmofsnkfx?;+u d]n vfg] / dlxnfx?nfO{ zLk / Joj;flostf tflndaf6 pBd Joj;fo ;+rfng
u/L pgLx?sf] hLjg:t/ psf:g] clek|fo ePsf]n] o; sfo{qmdnfO{ Pp6} agfO{ km]h leq /fvL
;+rfng ul/g' kb{5 .

ª_ n}lËs lx+;f lgjf/0f sfo{qmd

o; sfo{qmd g]kfnn] u/]sf cGt/f{li6«o k|ltj4tf tyf /fli6«o ?kdf n}lËs lx+;fdf k/]sf
dlxnfx?nfO{ cNksflng cf>o ;lxt ;]jf s]Gb| ;+rfng ug]{ tyf dfgj a]rljvg lj?4 lhNnf
sfo{;ldltnfO{ cg'bfg lbg] lqmofnsnfkx? ;+rflnt ePsf 5g\ . n}lËs lx+;fsf] a9\bf] rfknfO{ sd
ug{ of] sfo{qmd lg/Gt/ ?kdf ;+rfng ul/g' kb{5 .

r_ ljBfnoljd'v lszf]/Lsf] ax'cfoflds ljsf;

52
 o; sfo{qmdn] ljBfno ghfg] / lardf 5f8\g] lszf]/Lx?sf nflu hLjgf]kof]uL tflnd /
Joj;flostf ljsf; tflnd u/L pgLx?sf] hLjg:t/ psf:g] sfo{df Wofg lbPsf] 5 . nlIft
lszf]/L ;d"xx?sf nflu ;+rflnt sfo{qmd lg/Gt/ ?kdf ;+rfng ul/g' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

5_ afnclwsf/sf] ;Da4{g
afnjflnsf ;DaGwL /fli6«o gLlt tyf ljktdf k/]sf afnjflnsfx?sf] p4f/ tyf k'g:yf{kg,
jfnu[xsf] lg/LIf0fsf ;fy} cGt/f{li6«o afnlbj; ;DkGg ug]{ cflb lqmofsnfkx? ;+rflnt x'Fb}
cfPsf]df o; sfo{qmdaf6 afnclwsf/sf] ;Da4{g ug{ cfjZos /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

h_ d"nk|jflxs/0f ;Dks{ lgsfo ;]jf tyf ;fem]bf/L

d"nk|jflxs/0f dlxnfx?nfO{ /fHosf ljleGg ljsf; tyf ;dfj]zL ub}{ n}hfg] / To;sf] nflu ;Dks{
ljGb', tflnd, :ynut cjnf]sg h:tf lqmofsnfkx? ;+rfng e}/x]sf]n] o;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO/xg'
kg]{ b]lvG5 .

em_ ;fdflhs kl/rfng

;fdflhs kl/rfngsf] nflu dlxnf hfu[tL sfo{qmdåf/f kl/rflnt ;fdflhs kl/rflnsfsf] sfo{
tyf lhDd]jf/LnfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg ul/g' kb{5 . ;fdflhs kl/rflnsfsf] e"ldsf pNn]Vo ?kdf gePsf]
eGg] ;j]{If0f tyf ;d"xut 5nkmnaf6 ;d]t b]lvg cfPsf]n] o;nfO{ qmlds ?kdf km]h cfp6 ub}{
n}hfg' kb{5 .

`_ ;"rgf, lzIff / ;+rf/

o; lqmofsnfk dWo] hgr]tgfd"ns ;"rgf, lzIff / ;+rf/sf cfw'lgs k|ljlw ckgfO{ k|efjsf/L
?kdf dlxnfx?sf] kx'Fr ;Dd k'¥ofpg] lqmofsnfk ul/g' kb{5 .

dfly pNn]lvt sfo{qmdx?nfO{ ;|f]t tflnsf kl/dflh{t u/L tbfg'?ksf lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ km]h leq
/fvL cGo lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ k]mh aflx/ u/L sfof{Gjog ug'{ kb{5 .

;zlQms/0f sfo{qmd lg/Gt/ ?kdf rln/x]g / o;sf] dfkb08 lgwf{/0f gePsf] / nlIft
;d"xsf] ;zlQms/0f ug{ afFsL /x]sf]n] o; k|sf/sf sfo{qmdsf] km]h cfp6 ug{ ;lsb}g .
t/ s]xL sfo{qmdx? Pp6} k|s[lt / lqmofsnfkx? Ps} vfnsf ePsf]n] sfo{qmd k'g/fnf]sg
u/L PsLs[t ?kdf ;+rfng ul/g' kb{5 . ;+:yfsf] ;+rfng eP kZrft pQm If]qdf
;fdflhs kl/rng tyf ;+;yfut ljsf; sfo{qmd km]h cfp6 ub}{ n}hfg' kb{5 .

#=!=( ;d'bfodf ;fdflhs kl/rfnssf] pko'Qmtf

b]z ljsf;sf] x/]s If]qdf dlxnfnfO{ klg k'?if ;/x ;xefuL agfpg] p2]Zo /fvL cf=j= @)%^.%&
df % jif]{ -@)^! ;fn;Dddf_ bL3{sflng of]hgf cg';f/ g]kfnsf ;a} uflj;sf] If]q cf]u6\g] u/L
dlxnfsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhg}lts ¿kdf :t/ / ;xefuLtf a[l4 ug{ s/Lj # nfv () xhf/

53
dlxnfnfO{ k|ToIf ¿kdf nfe k'¥ofpg] nIo ;lxt dlxnf hfu[lt tyf cfo cfh{g sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f]xL nIo cg';f/ &% lhNnfsf sl/j ($) uflj;df of] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/of] .
pQm sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf nflu x/]s uflj;df ;f]xL uflj;sf !.! hgf :jo+;]js ;fdflhs
kl/rflnsfx¿ sfo{/t /xg] 5g\ . o;/L :j+;]jf ;fdflhs kl/rfngsf] ?kdf sfd ug]{ dlxnfx?nfO{
lgjf{x vr{ :j?k k|f]T;fxg eQf lbg] ul/Psf] 5 .

;fdflhs kl/rflnsfx¿sf] sfo{If]q u|fdL0f dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;d"xsf] cfjZostf, u7g / kl/rfng

af/]df cfjZos s'/fx¿sf] hfgsf/L lbg] /x]sf] 5 . cfo–cfh{g sfo{qmdsf] 5gf}6 / kl/rfngsf
nflu :yfgLo ;d'xn] cfjZostf cg'ej u/]sf cfo–cfh{g sfo{qmd /fli6«o jf :yfgLo:t/sf nflu
nfek|b vfnsf sfo{qmd, k/:k/df cGt/ ;DalGwt eO{ 6]jf lbg] kl/k"/s vfnsf sfo{qmd ->d /
;dosf] art ug]{, pBd ug{ ;lsg] If]q, zLk hfu/ >d / ;do nufpg h:t} ;]jf Joj;fo,
kz'kfng, s[lif sfo{, ;fgf pBdx¿_ Joj;flos Pj+ cfly{s lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos
;xof]u k''¥ofpg ;fdflhs kl/rflnsfsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xg] u/]sf] 5 . ;fdflhs kl/rflnsfsf]
e"ldsf af/] ;e]{If0faf6 k|fKt wf/0ff lgDg cg';f/ /x]sf] 5 .

Tflnsf g+ !@M ;fdflhs kl/rflnsfsf] e"ldsfsf] ;Gt'li6 :t/

l;=g+= ;Gt'li^sf] :t/ ;+Vof k|ltzt
1 clt ;Gtf]ifhgs 119 10=3
2 ;Gtf]ifhgs 290 25=2
3 l7sl7s} 481 41=8
4 sd ;Gt'i6 172 14=9
5 ;Gtf]ifhgs gePsf] 90 7=8
hDdf 1152 100=0

>f]tM :ynut ;e]{If0f, @)&@

dfly tflnsfdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ ;fdflhs kl/rflnsfsf] e"ldsf / k|efjsf/Ltf ;DaGwdf ;d"x
;b:ox?;+u ul/Psf] :ynut ;e]{If0fsf] cf+s8f x]bf{ $!=* k|lt;tn] l7sl7s} /x]sf] wf/0ff JoQm
u/]sf 5g eg] &=* k|ltztn] dfq ;Gtf]ifhgfs gePsf] s'/f JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . ;fdflhs
kl/rfngsf] e"lddf @%=@ k|ltztn] ;Gtf]ifhgs /x]sf] atfPsf 5g / !)=# k|ltztn] clt
;Gtf]ifhgs /x]sf] hfgPsf 5g\ .
;fdflhs kl/rfngsf] e"ldsfsf af/]df s/Lj @%=@ k|ltztn] dfq ;Gtf]ifhgs /x]sf
;e]{If0faf6 b]lvPsf]n] k|efjsf/L ?kdf kl/rfng ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . ;d"xut
5nkmnaf6 klg ;fdflhs kl/rfnssf] e"ldsf TolQ k|efjsf/L g/x]sf] eGg] lgisif{ /x]sf]
/ cem a9L k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu pgLx?sf] yk ;'ljwf, tflnd / k|f]T;fxgsf] Joj:yf
ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

54
#=@ sfo{qmdsf]] k|efjsfl/tf

#=@=! sfo{qmdsf lgwf{l/t ;"rsx? / hfFr ug]{ ;fwgx?nfO{ aflif{s sfo{qmd tyf ah]6df ;dfj]z af/]

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ;f]rtflnsf k"0f{?kdf ljsf; u/L lgwf{l/t ;"rs tyf hfFr ug]{ ;fwgx?
/ pknJwLx?sf] jf/]df :ki6 pNn]v ul/Psf] b]lvb}g . ljut nfdf] ;do b]lv lg/Gt/ ?kdf sfo{qmd
;+rfng ePsf] x'Fbf / lglZrt cjlw tf]sLPsf sfo{qmd / ;f]sf] cfjlws nIox? g/flvPsf] x'Fbf
aflif{s sfo{qmdx?df ;d]t ;"rsx? lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] b]lvb}g . aflif{s sfo{qmdx?df d"Vo
lqmofsnfkx?sf nflu ah]6 th'{df ubf{ ;+rfng dfu{bz{g cg';f/ g} sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 Joj:yf
ul/Psf] kfO{G5 . o;df cy{ dGqfnon] tf]s]sf] ah]6 l;lnËsf] cfwf/df aflif{s sfo{qmd tyf
nIox? /fvL dGqfno, /fli6|\o of]hgf cfof]uaf6 sfo{qmd :jLs[t u/fO{ lgwf{l/t ah]6 cg';f/sf
sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ul/g] kl/kfl6 /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

xfn ;Dd u7g ePsf ;d"x, zLk ljsf; tflnd k|fKt dlxnf, ljleGg lqmofsnfkx?sf] cfs8f
lbOPsf] 5 . tyflk o;sf] nflu lgwf{l/t nIo / xfn ;Ddsf] pknJwLsf ;"rsx?sf] ;"rgf k|fKt
ug{ g;lsPaf6 sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsfl/tf dfkg ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . aflif{s ah]6sf] vr{ k|ult
ljj/0f cg';f/ () k|ltzt eGbf dfly b]lvPsf] ePtfklg lgwf{l/t ;"rsx? slt k'/f eP ePgg\
:ki6 cf+sng ug{ cfjZos k|ult k|ltj]bg tyf ;"rgf pknJw x'g ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g .

#=@=@ dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd lgw{fl/t nfut / ;dodf ;DkGgtf

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ;+rfng @)#(.$) b]lv g} ;fnj;fnL ?kdf ;+rfng x'Fb} cfPsf] b]lvG5 .
o; sfo{qmdnfO{ z'?df :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno cGt/ut :yfgLo lgsfosf] dftfxtdf u|fdL0f
dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd tyf lqmofsnfkx? dfq ;+rflnt ePsf] lyof] . @)%^ ;fndf :yfgLo
ljsf; dGqfnoaf6 dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno cGtu{t dlxnf tyf
afnaflnsf ljefu / lhNnf l:ylt dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf sfo{no dfkm{t &% j6} lhNnfdf
;+rflnt /x]sf] 5 . dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] lgwf{l/t nfut / ;dosf] lglZrttf gePsf] x'Fbf
sfo{qmd ;dodf ;DkGg eP gePsf] ;DaGwdf :ki6tf g/x]sf] cfj:yf 5 . ljut % jif{sf] jflif{s
sfo{qmd x]bf{ s/Lj ! s/f]8 %) nfv aflif{s ?kdf vr{ ul/Psf] x'Fbf sfo{qmdsf] nfutsf] ?kdf
lng ;lsG5 t/ s]lGb|o :t/sf vr{ tyf cGo vr{x?sf] :ki6tf gv'n]sf] x'Fbf nfutsf] /sd PsLg
ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g\ .
dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] nfut / ;dofjlw sfo{qmd th'{dfsf cj:yfdf sfo{qmd
;DaGwL b:tfj]h agfO{ gtf]lsPsf] x''Fbf nfutsf] k|efjsfl/tf / ;dodf ;DkGgtfsf]
k|efjsfl/tf dfkg ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .

55
#=@=# a:tL:t/df dlxnf ;d"xx?sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] ;fy} j8f / uf=lj=;= :t/df ;+ul7t ;+:yf -;xsf/L_
x?sf] kl/rfngsf] k|efjsfl/tf

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] nlIft ;d"x a:tL :t/df /x]sf ljkGg dlxnfx? kb{5g\ / tL
dlxnfx?nfO{ ;d"xdf ;+ul7t u/L dlxnf ;d"xdf cfj4 u/fO{b}, j8f :t/df ;ldlt / uf=lj=;=
:t/df dlxnf ;xsf/L ;+:yf :yfkgf u/L art, C0f tyf cGo sfo{qmdx? sfof{Gjog x'Fb} cfPsf]
5 . nlIft ;d"x klxrfg u/L ;d"x u7g ug]{ sfo{df jflif{s ?kdf k|ult x'Fb} ;d"x u7g, ;ldlt
u7g / ;+:yf :yfkgfdf ePsf] a[l4 af/] lgDg tflnsfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

Tflnsf g+= !#M dlxnf ;d"x ;ldlt / ;+:yfsf] aflif{s a[l4 b/

2039.40 2039.40 b]lv 2069.70 2039.40 b]lv 2070.71
dlxnf ;d"x b]lv ;Dd ;Dd
;+:yfsf] ljj/)f 2068.69 a[l$ a[l$
;+Vof a[l$ ;+Vof a[l$
;Dd b/ b/
u&g ePsf dlxnf 123573 132928 9355 7=5 150842 17914 13=4
;d"x ;+Vof
;d"xdf nfeflGjt 736046 807976 71930 9=7 892474 84498 10=4
dlxnf
blnt 124516 131735 7219 5=8 142947 11212 8=5
hghftL 258912 292615 33703 13=0 302125 9510 3=2
cGo 352618 383626 31008 8=7 447402 63776 16=6
u&g ePsf dlxnf 5075 15211 10136 199=7 16612 1401 9=2
;ldlt
u&g ePsf dlxnf 1439 1568 129 8=9 1636 68 4=3
;+:yf
tby{ dlxnf ;+:yf 229 200 -29_ -12=6_ 157 -43_ -21=5_
>f]tM dlxnf ljsf; ljefusf] aflif{s k|ltj]bgx?

dfly pNn]lvt tflnsf cg';f/ @)#(.$) b]lv @)^*.^( ;Dd u7g ePsf / ;f] kZrft u7g
ul/Psf dlxnf ;d"x, ;ldlt / ;+:yfx?sf] ljj/0f cWoog ubf{ @)^*.^( b]lv @)^(.&) sf] dlxnf
;d"xsf] a[l4 b/ &=% k|ltzt, nfeflGjt ;b:o ;+Vofsf] k|ltzt (=& k|ltzt a[l4 ePsf] 5 . o;/L
a[l4 ePsf] k|ltztdf hghftL tkm{ !# k|ltzt / hghftL tkm{ %=* / cGo *=& k|ltzt /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . ;fy} u7g ePsf dlxnf ;+:yfsf] a[l4 b/ *=( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .

dfly tflnsfdf pNn]v ul/P cg';f/ cf=j= @)^*.^( b]lv @)&).&! ;Dd dlxnf ;d"xsf ;+Vof
!#=$ k|ltztn] a[l4 ePsf] / ;b:o ;+Vof !)=$ k|ltztn] a9]sf] b]lvG5 . u7g ul/Psf dlxnf

56
 ;+:yfsf] a[l4 b/ eg] $=# k|ltzt /xL tby{ ;+:yf ;xsf/L ;+:yfdf btf{ e} ;+rfng ePsf]n] @!=%
k|ltztn] 36g uPsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L x]bf{ dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd nlIft ;d"xsf] klxrfg / u7g
ug{, ;ldlt tyf ;+:yf u7g / kl/rfng h:tf sfo{ k|lt jif{ a9\b} uPsf] b]lvG5 .

;xsf/L ;+:yfdf ;b:otf lng] dlxnfx?sf] jf/] :ynut cWoog cg';f/ sfo{qmd ;+rfng ePsf
If]qdf &) k|ltzt dlxnfn] ;+:ydf ;b:otf lnOPsf] 5 eg] sfo{qmdn] g;d]l6Psf If]qsf dlxnf
@@ k|ltztn] dfq ;xsf/L ;+:yfdf ;b:o lnPsf] b]lvG5 . pNn]lvt cf+s8f cg';f/ sfo{qmd
;+rfng ePsf If]qsf dlxnfx? sfo{qmd ;+rfng gePsf If]qsf dlxnf eGbf a9L ;+ul7t,
r]tgzLn / hfu?s ePaf6 ;+:yfdf cfj4 eO{ kl/rflnt x'g ;s]sf] :ki6 ePsf] 5 . o; ;DaGwL
ljj/0f tn rf6{df lbOPsf] 5 .

#=@=$ dlxnf ;d"xx? / ;xsf/Lx?af6 x'g] art tyf nufgLsf] k|efjsfl/tf

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] dfWodaf6 u7g ePsf ;d"x, ;ldlt / ;xsf/L ;+:yfdf art ;+sng
ug]{ / ;b:ox?nfO{ nufgL ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fy} pQm art /sd ;d"xsf ;b:ox?nfO{ ljleGg
sfo{x? tyf pBd ;+rfng ug{ C0fsf] ?kdf nufgL ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . lgoldt art ug]{ afgLsf]
ljsf; eP kZrft a}ssf] dfq e/ gk/L cfk\mg} artaf6 b}lgs Jojxf/ rnfpgsf ;fy} Joj;fo
;d]t ;+rfng ug{ cfjZos kF"hLsf] kl/rfng ug{ ;lsPsf] 5 .

lgoldt arts} kl/0ffd :j?k dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdaf6 &% lhNnfx?df ul7t dlxnf ;d"x,
;ldlt / ;+:yftxdf u/L cf=j= @)&).&! ;Dd hDdf ?= @ cj{ ^! s/f]8 @^ nfv art ;+slng
/x]sf] 5 . ;+slnt art dWo] ? !( s/f]8 *) nfv ;d"xdf, ?= #! s/f]8 ^ nfv ;ldltdf / ?= @
cj{ !) s/f]8 $) nfv ;+:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . cg'kftsf ?kdf ;d"xdf &=%* k|ltzt, ;ldltdf
!!=*( k|ltzt / ;+:yfdf *)=%# k|ltzt /sd art ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6 ;a}eGbf a9L art
;+:yfdf ;+slnt /x]sf] 5 . o;/L art /x]sf] /sd dWo] ?= @ cj{ %! s/f]8 %( nfv nufgLdf

57
 kl/rfng e}/x]sf] b]lvG5 . h;af6 dlxnfx?sf] nufgL artsf] (^ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . pQm
nufgLaf6 dlxnfx?sf] hLjgofkgsf ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg x'g'sf ;fy} Joj;fo ;+rfng u/L cfly{s
lqmofsnfkx? u/L cfo–cfh{g ug]{ u/]sf] x'Fbf art tyf nufgLsf] k|efj kl//x]sf] 5 .

cWoog ul/Psf * lhNnfsf] lhNnfut ?kdf ;d"x, ;ldlt / ;+:yfsf] art ;+sng tyf nufgLsf]
ljj/0f tn tflnsfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf g+= !$M dlxnf ;d"x, ;ldlt / ;+:yfsf] cf=j= )&!.)&@ ;Ddsf] art / nufgL
;+slnt /sd -? 000df_ hDdf art jf+sL
nufgL
lhNnf -?=000 -
;d"x ;ldlt ;+:yf -?=000 df_
df_ ?=000d_f
;+v'jf;ef 205 2240 4454 6899 6899 0
df]/é 32835 7064 19625 59525 59080 444
/f}tx^ 0 8595 16859 25455 25383 71
DofUbL 240 3454 20994 24689 24689 0
?kGb]xL 0 10112 104164 114276 114276 0
bfé 77696 0 0 77696 77696 0
sflnsf^ 3439 22 519 3981 3974 7=8
c%fd 1071 290 4454 5816 4543 1272
hDdf 115486 31777 171069 318337 316540 1865
>f]tM dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd, aflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)&@

dfly pNn]lvt tflnsf cg';f/ lhNnfut ?kdf x]bf{, c5fd, sflnsf]6 / df]/Ë lhNnfdf ;+slnt
art dWo] nufgLsf] dfqf sd ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] cGo lhNnfx?df artsf] /sd ;a} nufgL ePsf]
b]lvG5 . cGo lhNnfsf] t'ngfdf c5fd lhNnfdf art /x]sf] /sd dWo] @!=* k|ltzt /sd af+sL
/x]sf] b]lvG5 .

#=@=% n3' pBd ljsf;sf] k|efjsfl/tf

dlxnf ;d"xsf ;b:ox?nfO{ pBd tyf Joj;fotkm{ cu|;/ u/fO{ lhljsf]kfh{g tyf cfly{s ?kn]
;Ifd agfpg l;k ljsf; tflndsf ;fy} Joj;fo ;+rfngsf] nflu C)f tyf cGo ;xof]u ug]{
u/]sf] % . cf=j= 2070.71 ;Dd Joj;fod"ns zLk ljsf; tflndf 122,055 hgfnfO{
lbOPsf] % eg] Joj;fo k|a${gstf{ tflnd 1877 hgfnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] % . n#' pBdsf]
nflu Joj;flos ;d"xx? u&g ul/Psf] / pQm ;d"xnfO{ ;xsf/L ;+:yf dfkm{t nufgL u/L
Joj;fo ;+rfng ul/Psf] kfOG% . vf;u/L t/sf/L v]tL, afv|fkfng, a+u'/ kfng, s'v'/f kfng

58
tyf crf/ agfpg], x:tsnfsf ;fdfg agfpg] cflb Joj;fo ;+rfng u/]sf] b]lvG% . ;d"xut
%nkmnaf^ pQm Joj;flos ;d"xdf Joj:yfkg / ahf/sf] ;d:of b]lvPsf] % .

:ynut cWoog ul/Psf lhNnfdf ;+rfng ePsf pBd Joj;fo ;DaGwL ljj/)f tn tflnsfdf
pNn]v ul/Psf] % .

tflnsf g+=15M pBd Joj;fo ;+rfng ;DaGwL ljj/)f

sfo{qmdn] ;d]l^Psf] If]q sfo{qmdn] g;d]l^Psf] If]q
lhNnf 3/w'/L Jofj;foL 3/w'/L Jofj;foL
k|ltzt k|ltzt
;+Vof ;+Vof ;+Vof ;+Vof
;+v'jf;ef 54 2 3=7 14 0 0
df]/Ë 335 64 19=1 84 10 11=9
/f}tx6 167 12 7=2 42 2 4=8
DofUbL 43 13 30=2 11 3 27=3
?kGb]xL 257 26 10=1 64 11 17=2
bfË 183 29 15=8 46 6 13=0
sflnsf]6 37 9 24=3 8 1 12=5
c5fd 76 14 18=4 19 2 10=5
hDdf 1152 169 14=7 288 35 12=2
>f]tM :ynut ;e]{If0f, @)&@

dfly tflnsfdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ sfo{qmdn] ;d]l6Psf If]qdf pBd Joj;fodf dlxnfx? !$=&
;+nUg /x]sf 5g\ eg] sfo{qmdn] g;d]l6Psf If]qdf !@=@ k|ltzt dlxnf dfq pBd Joj;fodf
;+nUg ePsf] b]lvG5 . sflnsf]6, c5fd, ;+v'jf;ef, /f}tx6 / DofbL lhNnfdf Joj;foLx?sf] k|ltzt
;+Vof @$=#, !*=$, #=&, &=@ / #)=@ k|ltzt dfq b]lvG5 . df]/Ë, ?kGb]xL / bfË lhNnfdf
Joj;foLx?sf] ;+Vof a9L b]lvg cfPaf6 b'u{d / lk5l8Psf lhNnfdf pBfd Joj;fo ;+rfng ug{
dlxnfx? cu|;/ gePsf] / sfo{qmaf6 pQm If]qdf k|efjsf/L ;xof]u k'Ug g;s]sf] b]lvG5 .

pBd ;DaGwL zLk ljsf; tflnd Hofb} cfjZos / pkof]uL ePsf]n] pQm tflnd lng]x?sf]
;+VofTds l:ylt tn rf6{df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] rf6{df b]vfOPsf] cf+s8f cg';f/ sfo{qmdn]
;d]l6Psf If]qsf dlxnfx? dWo] s/Lj #! k|ltztn] tflnd lnPsf] hgfOPsf] 5 eg] sfo{qmdn]
g;d]l6Psf If]qsf dlxnfx? dWo] s/Lj * k|ltztn] dfq tflnd lnPsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L sfo{qmdn]
;d]l6Psf If]qdf tflnd k|fKt dlxnfx?n] pBd Joj;fo ;+rfng ubf{ k|efjsf/L b]lvPsf] 5 eg]
ahf/ k|j4{g, k|lt:kwf{ tyf u'0f:t/ / k|fljlws ;xof]usf] If]qdf ;d]t sfo{qmdaf6 ;xof]u x'g' kg]{
b]lvG5 .

59
 dfly pNn]lvt rf6{df b]vfOP cg';f/ zLkd"ns / Joj;flos tflndsf] pko'Qm kf7\ofqmdx?df
cfwfl/t x'g'kg]{df ;f] kf7\ofqmd cg';f/sf tflndx? ;+rfng ePsf] b]lv+b}g . o;sf nflu Joj;fo
;DaGwL tflnd MEDEP ;Fu ;dGjo u/L kf7\ofqmdnfO{ k5\ofpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 eg] zLkd"nsdf
CTEVT sf] kf7\ofqmd cjnDjg ug'{ kb{5 .

#=@=^ lszf]/Lx?sf] ljsf; / r]tgfd'ns sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsfl/tf

ljBfno lad'v lszf]/Lx?nfO{ ;Ifd agfO{ cfTdflge{/ u/fpg sfo{qmdn] lszf]/Lx?sf] ax'cfoflds
ljsf; ;DaGwL ljleGg lqmofsnfkx? ;+rfng ePsf 5g\ . lszf]/Lx?nfO{ zLk ljsf;, k|hgg
:jf:Yo tflndsf ;fy} Joj;fo k|a4{g ug]{ tkm{ kl/nlIft ul/Psf] 5 . lszf]/Lx?sf] ;d"x u7g ug{
sfo{qmdaf6 ;xhLs/0f u/L :yfgLo ;ldltx?sf] ;+nUgtfdf ljBfno lad"v lszf]/L ;d"xdf #)
b]lv $) hgf ;Dd /flv ;d"x u7g ul/Psf] 5 . ;d'bfo :/t/df oL ;d"xx? u7g ePkl5 j8fdf
lszf]/L ljsf; pk;ldlt / ufFp ljsf; ;ldltdf lszf]/L hfu/0f a[t (Adolescent Girl Circle) u7g
ug]{ u/]sf] kfO{G5 . lszf]/Lx?sf] ax'cfoflds ljsf; ug{ pgLx?nfO{ ;ul7t ub}{ cfjZos kg]{ zLk
ljsf; tflnd, pBd Joj;fo tflnd tyf C0f pknJw u/fO{ cfo cfh{g ug{ sfo{qmdaf6 s]lx
dfqfdf kxn sbdL ePtfklg pNn]Vo ?kdf ;xof]u ePsf] b]lvb}g . u7g ePsf lszf]/L
;d"xx?nfO{ cfo cfh{g tkm{ cu|;/ u/fpg / cfTdf lge{/ x'g] Joj;fo s]xL :yfgx?df z'? ul/Ptf
klg a[xt ?kdf ;+rfng x'g ;s]sf] blvb}g .

60
 dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdaf6 lszf]/L ljsf;df k'u]sf] ;Gt[li6sf] :t/ ;DaGwL ;e]{If0faf6 k|fKt cf+s8f
tn rf6{df lbOPsf] 5 .

dfly rf6{df pNn]v ul/P cg';f/ lszf]/L ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ;Gt'li6sf] :t/ x]bf{ clt ;Gtf]ifhgs
!#=$ k|ltzt, @)=% k|ltzt ;Gtf]ifhgs, #@=% k|ltzt l7sl7s} / !*=( k|ltzt sd ;Gt'i6sf
;fy} !$=* k|ltzt ;Gtf]ifhgs gePsf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . lszf]/Lx?;+u ul/Psf] ;d"x 5nkmnsf
qmddf sfo{qmdaf6 zLk ljsf; ;DaGwL tflnd k|fKt u/L crf/ agfpg], w'k agfpg], a]tafF;sf
;fdfg agfpg], ;fgf ls/fgf tyf lrof k;n
;+rfng ug]{ h:tf cfo–cfh{gsf sfo{ ;+rfng
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . tyflk, ck]Iffs[t ?kdf
Joj;fo ;+rfng ug{ cem} zLk ljsf; tflnd
cfjZos ePsf] / /f]huf/Ld"ns Joj;fotkm{
sfo{qmdn] ;xof]u ug'{ kg]{ wf/0ff JoQm u/]sf]
5g\ .

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdåf/f ;+rflng ljBfno

lad"v lszf]/L ljsf;sf nflu lszf]/L ;d"x
u7g, kl/rfng / cfo cfh{g lqmofsnkfx?af6 ljkGg tyf :yfgLo :t/df lk5l8Psf
lszf]/Lx?nfO{ ;d]6g ;s]sf] x'Fbf lszf]/L ljsf;df of]ubfg k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fy} ljleGg tflnd,
cGt/lqmof tyf ;d"xLs/0faf6 pgLsf] r]tgfdf ;d]t clea[l4 e} ;Ifd lszf]/L agL cfˆgf] cfTdf
lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] ePsf]n] sfo{qmdsf] k|efj /x]sf] 5 .

#=@=& dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdn] k|a4{g u/]sf n3' pBd / ;f]af6 pTkflbt a:t'x?sf] ahf/ k|j4{g af/]
dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdaf6 n3' pBdx? ;+rfng ug{ zLk ljsf; tflnd ;+rfng x'g] u/]sf 5g\ .
;d"xsf dlxnfx? dWo] s]xLn] ;+:yfaf6 C0f lnO{ s'v'/f kfng, a+u'/ kfng, t/sf/L v]tL, df}/L

61
 kfng, ;fgf ls/fgf k;n, lrof k;n cflb ;+rfng u/]sf] kfO{G5 . ;a} ;b:ox?nfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L
a[xt/ ?kdf n3' pBd ;+rfng x'g ;s]sf] kfOb}g . s]xL dlxnfx?n] :yfgLo zLkdf cfwfl/t
3/of;L ;fdfgx? agfpg], crf/ agfpg], af; tyf rf]ofsf ;fdfgx? agfpg] u/]sf] kfO{G5 .
pTkflbt a:t'x?sf] ahf/sf] :yfgLo ?kdf dfq l;ldt /x]sf] / d"Vo ahf/ s]Gb|x?df pTkflbt
;fdfg n}hfg / ahf/ Joj:yfkg ug{ a9L vr{ nfUg] / ahf/ ;DaGwL hfgsf/L sd ePsf sf/0fn]
ubf{ ;fdfgn] plrt d"No kfpg g;s]sf] eGg] s'/f pBd ;d"xx?sf] 5nkmndf JoQm u/]sf 5g\ .
dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] lhNnf :t/df /x]sf hgzlQmx? Joj;flos sfdsf] nflu bIftf gePaf6
Joj;flos ;d"xsf] ck]Ifs[t ?kdf ;+rfng ug{ ;xof]u gkfPsf] b]lvG5 . v'nfahf/ / cfk;L
k|lt:kwf{n] ubf{ ;+rflng Joj;foaf6 pTkflbg j:t'n] ahf/ lng ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . ahf/ k|j4{g ug{
;fgf / :yfgLo :t/df ;+rflnt pBd Joj;fox? ;Ifd x'g g;s]sf] x'Fbf ahf/Ls/0fsf] ;d:of
68\sf/f] ?kdf b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmddf ahf/ ;DaGwL ;"rgf k|jfx tyf kx'Frsf
nflu sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/Psf] b]lvb}g .

#=@=* sfo{qmdn] lgwf{l/t u/]sf nIo tyf pb]Zox? / k|fKt pknAwL

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] d"Vo pb]Zo g} dlxnfx?sf] ;zlQms/0f u/L ;dIf, ;jn / k|lt:kwL{
agfpg] / ljkGg dlxnfsf] hLjgofkgdf ;'wf/ u/L d"nk|jfxLs/0f tyf ljsf;df ;dfj]zLs/0f ug'{
/x]sf] 5 . dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf lglZrt nIo / pb]Zox? xfl;n ug{ ljleGg !)) eGbf a9L
lqmofsnfkx? ;+rflnt e}/x]sf 5g\ . tL sfo{qmdx? s]lGb|o:t/, lhNnf:t/ / ;d'bfo :t/df
;+rfng u/L lgwf{l/t nIo tyf pb]Zox? xfl;n ug{ dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd ljut #) aif{ b]lv
lg/Gt/ ?kdf sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] 5 . ;d"xLs/0f tkm{ nlIft ;d"x dWo] !& k|ltzt dlxnfnfO{
;d]6g ;lsPsf] 5 eg] ;zlQms/0f ug]{ sfo{ lg/Gt/ ?kdf rln /xg] k|lqmof ePsf]n] ljleGg
tflnd, Ifdtf clea[l4, hgr]tgf, ;+:yfut ljsf; tyf :yfgLo :t/df ;xeflutfdf a[l4 ePsf]
b]lvG5 .

n}lËs lx+;fdf k/]sfx¿sf nflu tTsfn p4f/, cf}iflw pkrf/, sfg"gL ;xfotf tyf k'g:yf{kgfsf
sfo{x¿ ;d]t dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdaf6 ;+rfng x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . Psn dlxnf ;'/Iff sf]if
-;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)&) sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf -@)=* k|ltzt k'u]sf]_, g]kfn
k|x/L, g]kfn ;z:q k|x/L, g]kfnL ;]gf nufotsf /fHosf ljleGg c+ux¿df dlxnf ;xeflutf a9\b}
uPsf] 5 . n}lËs pQ/bfoL ah]6tk{m d'n'ssf] s"n ah]6sf] @!=&% k|ltztsf] cg'kft / :yfgLo
lgsfodf hfg] cg'bfgsf] sDtLdf !) k|ltzt /sd dlxnf ;zQmLs/0ftk{m 5'6\ofpg'kg]{ Joj:yf
ePsf] 5 . lakGg u|fdL0f dlxnfsf nflu j}slNks cj;/ ;[hgf ug]{ u/L ;~rflnt dlxnf ljsf;
sfo{qmd cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷&) sf] cGt;Dddf b]zsf krxQ/} lhNnfsf #,^#^ ufpF ljsf;
;ldltdf lj:tf/ eO;s]sf] 5 . 3/]n' lx+;f / of}ghGo b'Jo{jxf/af6 k|efljt dlxnfsf nflu !%
lhNnfdf ;]jf s]Gb| ;~rfngdf cfPsf 5g\ . g]kfnn] ;x;|flAb ljsf; nIo k|fKtLsf nflu u/]sf
k|of;af6 dft[d[To' b/df ;'wf/ cfO{ k|lt Ps nfvdf !&) df em/]sf] 5 . dlxnfx¿sf] s'n ;fIf/tf

62
 b/ %& k|ltzt eGbf a9L k'u]sf] 5 -Social Statistics 2072, Ministry of Women Children and Social
Welfare_.

pNn]lvt pknAwLx? ePtf klg dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdaf6 nlIft %@ nfv dlxnfx?
dWo] ;d"xdf ;xeflutf s/Lj ( nfv ;d]6g ;lsPsf]n] cem} tL ljkGg dlxnfx?
;Dd sfo{qmdsf] kx'Fr k'u]sf] b]lvb}g .
#=@=( dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsf/L ;+rfngdf of]ubfg jf Jojwfg

dlxnf lasf; sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsf/L ;+rfngdf dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf ljefu s]lGb|o:t/df /
lhNnf l:yt dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf sfo{fno sfof{Gjo txdf ;lqmo /x]sf b]lvG5g\ . ;fy} laleGg
cGt/f{li6«o lgsfo, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?af6 klg dlxnf ljsf; ;DaGwL ljljw sfo{qmd ;+rfng
ul/Psf 5g\ . sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/ ?kdf ;+rfng u/L nlIft dlxnf klxrfg u/L a:tL:t/df
sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g' ;sf/fTds kIf /x]sf] 5 . dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd ;+rfngsf nflu s]lGb|o
:t/ / lhNnf l:yt sd{rf/Lx?af6 ul/Psf] cf–cfˆgf] lhDdj]/L tyf e"ldsf / of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 .
sfo{qmdnfO{ :ynut ?kdf klg ;'k/efOh/, ;fdflhs kl/rflnsfx?sf] of]ubfgnfO{ sb/ ug{
cfjZos 5 .

dlxnf ;DaGwL sfo{qmdn] ;a} If]qnfO{ k|efljt ug]{ / ;a}sf] k|of;af6 dfq k|efjsf/L ?kdf
;+rfng ug{ ;lsg] ePsf]n] s]lGb|o:t/ b]lv lhNnf:t/ tyf :yfgLo :t/df ;a} kIfsf] ;dGjofTds
e"ldsf / ;xof]u x'g' kb{5 . oBkL, dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf Core Activities h:t} nlIft
dlxnfsf] klxrfg / ;d"lxs/0f, JolTj ljsf;sf k|f/lDes k|lzIf0f, ;+:yfut ljsf; / ;xeflutf,
Joj;flos ;d"x ljsf;, n}lËs lx+;f lgjf/0f cflbnfO{ dfq sfof{Gjodf k|fyldstf lbOPsf] x'Fbf
cGo sfo{qmdx? k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf] b]lvG5 . sfo{qmdsf] ;+rfngdf ;fna;fnL ?kdf cfGtl/s
>f]taf6 dffq ul/Psf] x'Fbf cfjZos >f]t ;fwgsf] sdL e}/x]sf] 5 eg] sfo{qmdnfO{ s'g} lglZrt
cjlw tf]sL nIo tyf ;"rsx? agfO{ sfof{Gjo ug{ g;lsPsf] cj:yf 5 . dlxnf tyf
afnaflnssf sfof{non] lhNnfdf afnaflnsf ;DaGwL, ckfË kl/ro–kq lbg], dlxnf lx+;f nufot
ljljw sfo{df ;DalGwt lgsfo;+u sfo{ut ;dGjo u/L ;+rfng ubf{ ;DalGwt sfof{nox?af6
k|fofKt ;xof]u x'g g;s]sf] b]lvG5 .

sltko dlxnf lx+;f ;DaGwL lqmofsnfk k'g{:yfkgfsf] sfo{qmdx? cgfjZos bnut /fhg}lts
:jfy{n] ubf{ sfof{nox?n] sfo{ ;+rfngdf c;xh l:ylt ;d]t cfpg] u/]sf s'/f
;/f]sf/jfnfx?;+usf] 5nkmnaf6 hfgsf/L x'g cfPsf] 5 . :yfgLo lgsfox? klg !^ jif{ b]lv
lgjf{rg gePsf / /fhg}lts bnsf k|ltlglwsf] cgfjZos ;+nUgtfn] ubf{ :yfgLo:t/df sfo{qmd
;+rfngdf k|efjsfl/tf x'g g;s]sf] kfO{G5 .

63
 dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ;+rfngdf dlxnf ;d"x, ;ldlt / ;+:yfx?sf] ;+:yfut ljsf; tyf
:yfgLo ;xeflutfdf u|fld0f ljkGg dlxnfsf] of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} sfo{qmdnfO{ Joj:yfkg,
cg'udg, ;xhLs/0fdf s]Gb| tyf lhNnf l:yt sd{rf/Lx?sf] of]ubfg pNn]Vo ?kdf ePsf] b]lvG5 .
;fy} ljleGg cGt/ If]qut ljefu, sfof{nox?af6 sfo{qmd ;+rfngdf of]ubfg k'u]sf] 5 .

sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;+rfng ug{ a}1fglgs tyf cfw'lgs Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLdf sdL,
;"rgf k|0ffnLdf sdL, lhNnf:t/sf sd{rf/Lx?sf] a[lQ ljsf;df sdL tyf nlIft ;d'bfosf
dfux?nfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf ;Daf]wg x'g g;Sg'sf ;fy} ;/f]sf/jfnfx? aLr ;dGjosf] cefj d"Vo ?kdf
Jojwfgsf ?kdf /x]sf] 5g\ .

#=# sfo{qmdsf] sfo{bIftf

#=#=! ;d"x u7g, zLk ljsf; tflnd, art tyf nufgL cflbsf] k|lt dlxnf OsfO{ nfut lx;fj

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd cGtu{t ljleGg lqmofsnfkx? ;fna;fnL ?kdf ;+rfng x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
oL sfo{qmdx?sf] k|lt OsfO{ lx;fj ug{{ cf=j= @)#(.$) b]lv xfn;Ddsf] tYof+sdf Ps?ktf
g/x]sf] / vr{x?sf] ljj/0f klg Ps?ktf gePsf]n] ubf{ ;d"x u7g, zLk ljsf; tflnd, art tyf
nufgL cflbsf] dlxnf k|lt OsfO{ lx;fj cf=j= @)&).&! sf] ah]6sf cfwf/df nfut OsfO{ vr{
tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

Tflnsf g+= !^M dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] vr{ / k|lt OsfO{ vr{
qm=;+= sfo{qmd 2070.71 k|lt
OsfO{
ah]^ ? vr{ ? OsfO{ s}lkmot
1 k"+hLut vr{sf sfo{qmdx? ;+Vof
000df 000df vr{ ?
sfof{no ejg 58300 29150
sfof{no kl/;/ lgdf{)f 1700 1393
d]lzg/L cf}hf/ 750 750
kmlg{r/ tyf lkmS;r{/ 3023 2973
;jf/L ;fwg 3700 3629
2 rfn'k"+hL tkm{
nlIft dlxnf klxrfg / 14843 14451 11937 1211
;d"xLs/)f
JolQmTj ljsf;sf k|f/lDes 78121 75826 79747 950.8
k|lzIf)f
;+:yfut ljsf; / 59512 56512 5249 10766 ;+:yfdf ljpm k"+hL /
;xeflutf dlxnf ;+:yfsf] ejg
lgdf{)f cg'bfg ;d]t
u/Lj lj?$ dlxnf cleofg 60232 58144 15079 3856 Joj:yfkg vr{ /
ax'pkof]uL cg'bfg

64
 zLk tyf Jofj;flostf 60499 57799 1429 40447 ;+:yfnfO{ ax'pkof]uL
ljsf; tflnd cg'bfg
n+lus lx+;f lgjf/)f 20290 17880 135 132 lhNnf sfo{ ;ldltnfO{
cg'bfg, cf>o ;]jf
s]Gb| ;+rfng
laBfno ljd'v lszf]/L 38713 37454 12808 2924
ax'cfoflds ljsf;
d'Qm sdn/L ;zlQms/)f 3000 2012 337 5970 Joj;fo :yfkg vr{
;d]t
afn clwsf/ ;Da${g 8610 7280 238 30588
d"n k|jfxLs/)f ;Dks{ 13385 12742 1015 12554 :ynut cjnf]sg
lgsfo ;]jf
;fdflhs kl/rfng 66622 62839 9650 6512 ;fdflhs kl/rfnssf]
k|f]T;fxg eQf / bz}
vr{
dlxnf hfu[lt sfo{qmd
;"rgf lzIff / ;+rf/ 14774 14214 3187 4460
hDdf 515956 460507
vr{sf] pkof]u k|ltzt 89=2

>f]tM aflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bg, dlxnf ljsf; ljefu, @)&@

dfly pNn]lvt tflnsf cg';;f/ nlIft dlxnfsf] klxrfg / ;d"sLs/0fsf] k|lt OsfO{ nfut vr{ ?=
!@!! b]lvG5 eg] JolQmTj ljsf;sf nflu k|f/lDes k|lzIf0f k|lt dlxnf vr{ ?= (%). /x]sf] 5 .
;+:yfut ljsf; / ;xeflutfsf] nflu nfut vr{ k|ltOsfO{ ?= !),&^^., u/Lj lj?4 dlxnf
cleofgsf nflu ?= #*%^.)) / n}lËs lx+;f lgjf/0fsf nflu ?= !#@.)) k|lt OsfO{ vr{ ePsf]
b]lvG5 .

zLk tyf Jofj;flos ljsf; tflndsf] nflu k|lt OsfO{ $),$$&.)) vr{ ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L
l;k ljsf;sf nflu vr{ lgs} ePsf] 5 eg] pBd tyf Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{ dlxnfsf] ;+Vof sd
ePsf] kfO{G5 . afn clwsf/ ;Da4{gsf] nflu k|lt OsfO{ vr{ ?= #)%**.)) /x]sf] ePtfklg o;sf]
pknAwL Go"g /x]sf] 5 .

#=#=@ laleGg sfo{x?sf nflu 5\'6\ofOPsf] ah]6sf] sfo{bIftfsf] n]vfhf]vf

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd cGt/ut ljleGg lqmofsnkfx? ;+rfng ug{sf nflu ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/L
alfif{s sfo{ ul/Psf] 5 . s]lGb|o :t/sf] ah]6 tyf lhNnfsf] sfo{qmd ;+rfng ah]6 ljlgof]hg
ul/Psf] 5 . sfo{qmd ;+rfngsf] nflu 5\'6\ofOPsf] ah]6df k"FhLut vr{ / rfn' k"FhLtkm{ vr{
ul/Psf] 5 . rfn' vr{ tkm{ dlxnf ljsf; ;DaGwL ljljw lqmofsnfkx?sf nflu ah]6 ljlgof]hg
ul/Psf] / ;f]xL cg';f/ ah]6 vr{ ePsf] b]lvG5 . dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf ljut jif{x?df
ul/Psf] ah]6 tyf vr{sf] ljj/0f tn lbOPsf] 5 .

65
 Tflnsf g+= !& M laleGg sfo{qmdsf] ah]6 / vr{sf] l:ylt
qm=;+= sfo{qmd 2070.71
2067.68 2068.69 2069.7

1 k"+hLut vr{sf sfo{qmdx? ah]^ vr{ ah]^ vr{ ah]^ vr{

sfof{no ejg 22040 17617 35000 23077 43535 41390 58300 29150

sfof{no kl/;/ lgdf{)f 5000 4700 5000 3751 5625 5455 1700 1393

d]lzg/L cf}hf/ 475 475 2500 2500 5700 5480 750 750

kmlg{r/ tyf lkmS;r{/ 1666 1641 2000 1999 1825 1824 3023 2973

;jf/L ;fwg 1505 1748 2600 2502 2815 2792 3700 3629

hDdf

2 rfn'k"+hL tkm{
nlIft dlxnf klxrfg /
;d"xLs/)f 66754 65090 13230 13106 3551 3514 14843 14451
JolQmTj ljsf;sf
k|f/lDes k|lzIf)f 16198 15425 58065 56328 18957 18635 78121 75826
;+:yfut ljsf; /
;xeflutf 38518 37341 32478 31747 16087 15736 59512 56512
u/Lj lj?$ dlxnf
cleofg 22534 22250 13010 16845 60232 58144
zLk tyf Jofj;flostf
ljsf; tflnd 47024 45204 50681 48858 10077 9555 60499 57799

n+lus lx+;f lgjf/)f 20725 18973 22638 17072 75475 60869 20290 17880
laBfno ljd'v lszf]/L
ax'cfoflds ljsf; 20420 19732 32858 31067 18044 17380 38713 37454

d'Qm sdn/L ;zlQms/)f 3072 3062 3000 2012

afn clwsf/ ;Da${g 950 886 8143 7990 8610 7280

afbL ;d'bfosf
dlxnfsfnflu #/ ljsf;
of]hgf 16035 15332 1675 1675
d"n k|jfxLs/)f ;Dks{
lgsfo ;]jf 9271 8672 8543 7822 8215 7935 13385 12742

;fdflhs kl/rfng 63695 59136 59277 55011 66622 62839

dlxnf ;+:yfsf] ef}lts
;'ljwf ljsf; 15150 14245

dlxnf hfu[lt sfo{qmd 51574 44993

;"rgf lzIff / ;+rf/ 16856 16033 14250 13350 14774 14214

lszf]/L ljsf; tyf n+lus lx+;f lgjf/)f sfo{qmd
o'PgPkmlkPtkm{ 9882 5459

hDdf 317205 296943 389525 357116 304586 283761 515956 460507

vr{sf] pkof]u k|ltzt 93=6 91=6 93=1 89=2

>f]tM aflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bg, dlxnf ljsf; ljefu, @)&@

66
 dfly pNn]lvt tflnsf cg';f/ ljut cf=j= x?df ljlgof]lht ah]6 tyf vr{sf]] pkof]usf] l:ylt
x]bf{ ah]6sf] () k|ltzt eGbf dfly vr{ ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;af6 sfo{qmd ;+rfng k|efjsf/L ?kdf
ePsf] / ah]6 pkof]usf] l:ylt ;Gtf]ifhgs /x]sf] 5 .

#=#=# sfo{qmdsf] ah]6 tyf >f]tx?sf] pkof]udf x'g] sfo{bIftfsf] cfwf/df -ljut # jif{ 5'6\ofOPsf] /
pkof]u u/]sf] ah]6sf] sfo{bIftfsf] n]vfhf]vf_

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ah]6 s]lGb|o:t/ / lhNnf:t/df ljlgof]hg x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ;+rfng
ah]6df tna, eQf, cg'bfg e|d0f / k"FhLut vr{ /x]sf 5g\ eg] sfo{qmd tkm{ ljleGg sfo{qmd,
lqmofsnfkx?, tflnd, uf]li7, cg'udg cflb /x]sf 5g\ . ljut tLg jif{ ;+rfng / sfo{qmd tkm{
lglgof]hg ePsf] /sd tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf g+=!*M dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf nflu ah]6 Joj:yf -? )))df _

cf=j= 2070.71 2071.72 2072.73

sfo{qmd ;+rfng sfo{qmd ;+rfng sfo{qmd ;+rfng
sfo{qmdx?
ah]^ ah]^ ah]^ ah]^ ah]^ ah]^
dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd 13058 33608 18250 26681 25380 32309
dlxnf ;zlQms/)f sfo{qmd 1730 50000 23103 35910 37929 18944
n}+lus ;dfgtf tyf dlxnf
;zlQms/)f sfo{qmd 0 0 0 0 203963 11565
n+lus lx+;f lgj/)f Plss[t ljsf;
sfo{qmd 9329 4810 139593 19763 454689 835236
dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd -dlxnf
hfu[lt sfo{qmd ;d]t_ 359115 458129 492515 525109 203963 11585
hDdf 383232 546547 673461 607463 925924 909639
hDdf aflif{s ah]^ 929779 1280924 1835563
;+rfng ah]^ k|ltzt 58=8 47=5 49=6
sfo{qmd ah]^ k|ltzt 41=2 52=5 50=4
>f]tM ;/sf/L cfo Joo cg'dfg, cy{ dGqfno, @)&),@)&!, @)&#

dfly pNn]v eP cg';f/ cf=j= @)&).&! df sfo{qmd tkm s"n ahf6sf] $!=@ k|ltzt / ;+ rfng
tkm{ %*=@ k|ltzt ah]6 lalgof]hg ePsf] 5 . To;}u/L cf=j= @)&!.)&@ df sfo{qmd tkm{ %@=%
k|ltzt / ;+rfngdf $&=% k|ltzt ljlgof]hg ePsf] 5 . cf=j= )&@.)&# df sfo{qmd tkm{ %)=$
k|ltzt / ;+rfng tkm{ $(=^ k|ltzt ePsf] b]lvG5 .
sfof{qmd / ;+rfng vr{sf] t'ngfTds lx;fjdf ;fdfGotof ;+rfng vr{ eGbf sfo{qmd vr{
a9L ePdf sfo{qmdsf] k|efj a9g hfg] tyf ah]6sf] sfo{bIftf xfl;n ug{ ;lsg] 5 . xfnsf]
s/Lj %) k|ltzt lx:;fdf /x]sf] ;+rfng vr{sf] cj:yfnfO{ ah]6sf] sfo{bIftf xfl;n ug{
g;s]sf] dfGg ;lsG5 .

67
#=$ sfo{qmdsf]] k|efj
#=$=! dlxnfsf] pTkfbgzLn ;DklQ a[l4 / hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/df k/]sf] k|efj

dlxnfx?sf] zLk tyf Ifdtf clea[l4 ug{ ljleGg tflndx? ;+rfng ePsf 5g\ . o:tf cfwf/e"t
tflnd, zLkd"ns tflnd, Jojf;flos tflnd cflb kb{5g\ . pQm tflndx?n] JolQmTj Pj+ zLk
ljsf; u/L hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ ug{ ;3fp k'uL /x]sf] l:ylt 5 dlxnf ;d"xsf ;b:ox?n] k|fKt
ug]{ u/]sf tflndsf] k|s[lt / ;d"xdf ;d]l6Psf ;b:ox?sf] ;xeflutf ;DaGwL :ynut ;e]{If0fdf
lgDg cg';f/ b]lvg cfPsf] 5 .

tflnsf g+=!(M dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmaf6 ;+rflng tflnddf ;xeflutf

;xeflutf
tflndsf ljifox? k|ltzt
-;+Vof=1152_
;d"x ;b:ox?sf] cg'lzIf)f 934 81=1
cfwf/e't tflnd 956 83=0
g]t[Tj tyf ;+:yfut ljsf; 390 33=9
tflnd
Joj;fod"ns zLk ljsf; tflnd 324 28=1
sfg"gL ;r]tgf hfu/)f tflnd 222 19=3
;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/)f tflnd 175 15=2
;f;' a'xf/L lar cGt{lqmof 211 18=3
tflnd
>f]tM :ynut ;e]{If0f, @)&@

dfly tflnsfdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ ;d"xsf dlxnf ;b:ox? dWo] cg'lzIf0f tflnd k|fKt ug]{ *!=!
k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5g\ eg] cfwf/e"t tflnddf k|fKt ug]{ *#=) k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ . g]t[Tj tyf
;+:yfut ljsf; tflnddf ##=( k|ltztn] dfq ;xefuL ePsf 5g\ . Jofj;flos zLk ljsf;
tflnd lng] @*=! k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ eg] sfg"gL ;r]tgf hfu/0f tflnd lng]df !(=# k|ltzt /x]sf
5g\ .

ljleGg tflndaf6 dlxnfx?sf] pBdzLntf / Ifdtfdf clea[l4 ePsf] 5 . dlxnfx? ;d"xdf cfj4
e} art ug]{ u/]sf / artaf6 nufgL u/L pBd Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . ;d"xsf]
;lqmotfdf ljleGg lqmofsnfkx? ;+rfng ug]{ x'Fbf hLljsf]kfh{g ug{ ;xof]u k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . 3/
kl/jf/df ePsf] l;ldt >f]t tyf ;fwg / dlxnfsf] art kl/rfngaf6 s[lif, kz'kfng, ;fgf pBd
cflbaf6 cfDbfgL ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

68
 dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdaf6 k|bfg ul/Psf ljleGg k|sf/sf JolQmTj ljsf; tyf zLk ljsf;
tflndsf] pko'Qmtf ;DaGwL ul/Psf] cWoogaf6 tL tflndx? dlxnfx?nfO{ pko'Qmsf] cj:yf
lhNnfut ?kdf tn tflnsfdf b]vfOPsf] 5 .

Tflns g+=@)M lhNnfut ?kdf tflndsf] pko'Qmtfsf] cj:yf

tflndsf] pko'Qmttf
lhNnf ;+Vof
;+Vof k|ltzt
;+v'jf;ef 54 39 72=2

df]/Ë 335 141 42=1

/f}tx^ 167 53 31=7
DofUbL 43 31 72=1
?kGb]xL 257 140 54=5
bfË 183 119 65=0
sflnsf]^ 76 19 24=3
c%fd 37 9 25=0
14.5
hDdf 1152 551 47=8
>f]t M :ynut ;e]{If0f @)&@

pNn]lvt tflnsf cg';f/ ;+v'jf;ef lhNnfsf dlxnfx?n] tflnd pko'Qm /x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ eg]
;a}eGbf sd sflnsf]6 / c5fd lhNnfdf /x]sf] 5 . o; lhNnfdf sfo{qmdaf6 k|bfg ul/Psf
tflndx?sf] pkof]u gePsf] x'Fbf tflnd k|fKt dlxnfx?nfO{ pko'Qm gePsf] x'g ;Sg] 5 .

#=$=@ dlxnfsf] ;fdflhs Ifdtf clea[l4df kf/]sf] k|efj

sfo{qmdaf6 dlxnfx?sf] ;fdflhs Ifdtf clea[l4 ug{df kf/]sf] k|efj af/] :ynut ;e]{If0f ul/Psf]
lyof] . ;e]{If0faf6 b]lvPsf glthf cg';f/ pgLx?sf] JolQmut ;Ifdtf / ;r]tgfdf a[l4 e} n}lËs
ljsf;df k|efj k/]sf] b]lvG5 . cWoogsf qmddf ul/Psf] ;e]{If0f cg';f/ cfˆgf] egfO{ /fVg ;Sg]
Ifdtf lhNnfut ?kdf tn tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 .

69
 tflnsf g+=@!M sfo{qmdaf^ cfk\mgf] egfO{ /fVg] Ifdtf clea[l$
cfk\mgf] egfO{ /fVg] Ifdtf clea[l$
lhNnf ;+Vof
;+Vof k|ltzt
;+v'jf;ef 54 52 90=7
df]/Ë 335 213 63=6
/f}tx6 167 164 98=2
DofUbL 43 41 95=3
?kGb]xL 257 237 92=2
bfË 183 169 92=3
sflnsf]6 37 33 89=2
c5fd 76 75 98=7
hDdf 1152 984 85=4
>f]tM :ynut ;e]{If0f, @)&@

;e]{If0fsf cfwf/df dlxnfx?n] cfˆgf] s'/f ;d"x, ;dfh tyf ljleGg lgsfox?df /fVg ;Sg]
Ifdtfdf clea[l4 ePsf] kfO{G5 . dfly ;e]{If0f ul/Psf lhNnfsf] cf+s8f cg';f/ k|foh;f] ()
k|ltzt dlxnfx? cfˆgf] s'/f lgle{s ?kdf /fVg ;Sg] b]lvG5 . sfo{qmdsf] ;d"x u7g, ;d"x
kl/rfng, ;+:yfut ljsf;sf dfWodaf6 Ifdtf clea[l4 ePsf] / ljleGg ljleGg r]tgfd"ns
sfo{qmd, ;"rgf k|jfx, lzIffsf] ljsf; cflbaf6 ;d]t ;sf/fTds k|efj k/]af6 dlxnfx? ;fdflhs
?kdf klxnf eGbf Ifdtfjfg x'g ;s]sf] kfO{G5 . ;fy} dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdaf6 ;+rflnt
lqmofsnfkx? jfx]s cGo ;fdflhs ;r]tgf / /fhg}lts r]tgfn] ubf{ klg pgLx?sf] Ifdtf a[l4
ePsf] eGg] s'/f ;d"xut 5nkmndf JoQm ul/Psf] 5 .

#=$=@=! lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g

dlxnfx?n] #/of;L tyf kfl/jfl/s ljifox?df lg)f{o ug]{ Ifdtfsf af/]df :ynut ;e]{If)fsf]
cf+s*f tn tflnsfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] % .

tflnsf g+=22M dlxnfsf] lg)f{o ug]{ Ifdtfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g

sfo{qmdn] ;d]l^Psf] If]q
l;=g+= lg)f{o ug]{ If]qx? p-Value
klxnf k|ltzt clxn] k|ltzt
1 kfl/jfl/s ljifox?df :jo+ lg0f{o 693 60=2 902 78=3 <0=001
ug]{
2 5/ l5d]s, ;d"x / ;d'bfosf] 444 38=5 685 59=5 <0=001
lg0f{o ug]{
3 :yfgLo ;+3 ;+:yfdf lg0f{o ug]{ 228 19=8 512 44=4 <0=001

70
 4 k|hgg :jf:y af/]df 335 29=1 669 58=1 <0=001

5 ahf/df vl/b tyf ljlqm ug{df 465 40=4 732 63=5 <0=001

6 ;DkQL a]rlavg ug{df 160 13=9 404 35=1 <0=001

7 /fhlglts ;xeflutf af/] lg0f{o 70 6=1 309 26=8 <0=001

ug{
8 ;fdflhs /Llt l/jfhdf 221 19=2 568 49=3 <0=001
9 b}lgs 3/fo;L sfddf 689 59=8 835 72=5 <0=001
10 kz'kfng 665 57=7 747 64=8 <0=001
11 kfl/jfl/s :jf:y 480 41=7 785 68=1 <0=001
12 lzIffdf 359 31=2 731 63=5 <0=001
>f]tM :ynut ;e]{If0f , @)&@

dfly pNn]lvt tflnsfdf dlxnfsf] ljleGg ljifox?df lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf af/] klxn] / clxn]sf]
t'ngfTds cj:yf b]vfO{Psf] 5 . sfo{qmd nfu' x'g' eGbf cufl8 kfl/jfl/s ljifox?df :jo+ lg0f{o
lng] Ifdtfdf ^)=@Ü /x]sf]df sfo{qmd ;+rfng kZrft &*=#Ü /x]sf] 5 . ;f]xL ljifodf sfo{qmdn]
g;d]l6Psf If]qsf dlxnfsf] lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf eg] ^&=$Ü /x]sf] 5 eg] sfo{qmdn] ;d]l6Psf
dlxnfsf] lg0f{o Ifdtfdf &*=# k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd ;+rfng ePsf If]qsf
dlxnfsf] lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf a9L ePsf] x'Fbf sfo{qmdsf] lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtfdf k|efj k/]sf] b]lvG5 .

To;}u/L 3/kl/jf/sf] lzIffdf dlxnfsf] lg0f{o Ifdtf sfo{qmd ;+rfng x'g' eGbf klxnf #!=@Ü
/x]sf] lyof] eg] sfo{qmddf ;xeflu eP kZrft a[l4 e} ^#=%Ü x'g k'u]sf] 5 . o;af6 dlxnfx?n]
cfˆgf] 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] lzIff lbIffdf lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] ;Ifdtf sfo{qmd kZrft pNn]Vo ?kdf ;'wf/
ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;a}eGbf sd /fhg}lts ;xeflutfdf lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf sfo{qmdn] ;d]6]sf] If]qdf
klxnf ^=!Ü /x]sf]df sfo{qmd ;+rfng kZrft @^=*Ü ePsf] 5 / ;f] sf] t'ngfTds ?kdf
sfo{qmdn] g;d]l6Psf If]qdf dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutf !%=^Ü dfq /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
sfo{qmdn] ;d]l6Psf dlxnfx?sf] lg0f{o Ifdtf t'ngfTds ?kdf sfo{qmdn] g;d]l6Psf dlxnfx?
eGbf a9L /x]sf] :ynut ;e]{If0faf6 b]lvPsf] 5 . pNn]lvt dlxnfx?sf] lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtfdf
ePsf] a[l4sf] tYof+szf:qsf] ljZn]if0f cg';f/ p-Value pNn]Vo ?kdf km/s ePsf] b]lvb}g
kmn:j?k, dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd z'? x'g' eGbf klxn] / clxn] lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtfdf pNn]Vo
?kdf clea[l4 ePsf] :ki6 x'g hfG5 .

o;}u/L dlxnfsf] lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gsf ;DaGwdf sfo{qmdn] ;d]l6Psf If]q (Case)
/ sfo{qmdn] g;d]l6Psf If]q (Control) ljrsf] t'ngfTds cWoog ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm cWoogaf6
cfPsf cf+sf8fx? tn tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 .

71
 tflnsf g+=23M dlxnfsf] lg)f{o ug]{ Ifdtfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g (Case VS Control)
sfo{qmdn] ;d]l^Psf] sfo{qmdn]
l;=g+= lg)f{o ug]{ If]qx? If]q g;d]l^Psf] If]q p-Value
clxn] k|ltzt ;+Vof k|ltzt
1 kfl/jfl/s ljifox?df :jo+ lg0f{o ug]{ 902 78=3 194 67=4 <0=001

2 5/ l5d]s, ;d"x / ;d'bfosf] lg0f{o ug]{ 685 59=5 160 55=6 <0=217

3 :yfgLo ;+3 ;+:yfdf lg0f{o ug]{ 512 44=4 99 34=4 <0=002

4 k|hgg :jf:y af/]df 669 58=1 143 49=7 <0=001

5 ahf/df vl/b tyf ljlqm ug{df 732 63=5 169 58=7 <0=133

6 ;DktL a]rlavg ug{df 404 35=1 72 25=0 <0=001

7 /fhlglts ;xeflutf af/] lg0f{o ug{ 309 26=8 45 15=6 <0=001

8 ;fdflhs /Llt l/jfhdf 568 49=3 97 33=7 <0=001

9 b}lgs 3/fo;L sfddf 835 72=5 187 64=9 <0=011

10 kz'kfng 747 64=8 171 59=4 <0=088

11 kfl/jfl/s :jf:Yo 785 68=1 144 50=0 <0=001

12 lzIffdf 731 63=5 111 38=5 <0=001

>f]tM :ynut ;e]{If0f , @)&@
dfly pNn]lvt tflnsfdf dlxnfx?sf] lg)f{o ug]{ Ifdtfdf 12 j^f ljifox?df ul/Psf] cWoog
cg';f/ sfo{qmdn] g;d]l^Psf If]qsf dlxnfx?sf] lg)f{o ug]{ Ifdtfsf] t'ngfdf sfo{qmdn]
;d]l^Psf If]qsf dlxnfx?sf] cj:yf /fd|f] /x]sf] b]lvG% . h;dWo] :jo+ lg)f{o ug]{ Ifdtfdf
cfPsf] kl/jt{g sfo{qmdn] ;d]l^Psf] If]qsf dlxnfdf 78=3 k|ltzt /x]sf] / sfo{qmdn]
g;d]l^Psf If]qsf dlxnfdf 67=4 k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG% . ;DklQsf] a]r lavg ug]{ ljifodf
lg)f{o ug]{ ;DaGwL sfo{qmdn] ;d]l^Psf If]qsf dlxnfdf 35=1 k|ltzt /x]sf] / sfo{qmdn]
g;d]l^Psf If]qsf dlxnfdf 25=0 k|ltzt /x]sf] % .

dlxnfsf] lg0f{o Ifdtfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g ;DaGwL cWooaf6 sfo{qmdn] ;d]l6Psf] If]qsf
dlxnfdf sfo{qmdn] g;d]l6Psf] If]qsf dlxnf eGbf ;'wf/ ePsf] x'Fbf sfo{qmdaf6 k|efj
k/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fy}] tYof+szf:qsf] ljZn]if0f cg';f/ p-Value x]bf{ klg oL b'j} kIfx? aLr
kl/jt{g ePsf] s'/f :ki6 ?kdf b]lvg cfPsf] 5 .

dlxnfsf] lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtfdf ePsf] kl/jt{g af/] dlxnfx?sf] ;Gt'li6sf]:t/ ;DaGwL ul/Psf]
cWoog cg';f/ sfo{qmdn] ;d]l6Psf] If]q / g;d]l6Psf] If]q aLrsf] t'ngfTds cj:yf tn
tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 .

72
 tflnsf g+=@$M dlxnfsf] lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf af/] ;Gt'li6 (Case VS. Control)
l;=g+= ;Gt'li^sf] :t/ sfo{qmdn] ;d]l^Psf] If]q sfo{qmdn] g;d]l^Psf] If]q
1 clt ;Gtf]ifhgs 184 16=0 35 12=2

2 ;Gtf]ifhgs 480 41=7 104 36=1

3 l7sl7s} 226 19=6 69 24=0

4 sd ;Gt'i6 111 9=6 43 14=9

5 ;Gtf]ifhgs gePsf] 151 13=1 37 12=8

hDdf 1152 100=0 288 100=0

>f]tM :ynut ;e]{If0f , @)&@

dflysf] tflnsf cg';f/ sfo{qmd ;d]6]sf] If]qsf !^=) k|ltzt dlxnfx? cfˆgf] lg0f{odf clt
;Gtf]ifhgs /x]sf 5g\ eg] sfo{qmdn] g;d]l6Psf If]qdf !@=@ k|ltzt clt ;Gtf]ifhgs ?kdf
/x]]sf 5g\ . To;}u/L ;Gtf]ifhgs :t/df sfo{qmdn] ;d]l6Psf] If]qsf dlxnf $!=& k|ltzt /
sfo{qmdn] g;d]l6Psf If]qsf dlxnf #^=! k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ . o;/L :ynut cWoog cg';f/
sfo{qmdn] ;d]l6Psf If]q (Case) sf dlxnfx?sf] lg0f{odf ;Gt'li6sf]:t/ sfo{qmdn] g;d]l6Psf If]q
(Control) sf dlxnfx? eGbf a9L b]lvPsf] 5 .

#=$=@=@ ;fdflhs kl/jt{g

;fdflhs Pj+ ;f:s[lts ?kdf ;dfhdf rn]sf ljleGg k|yfx?df dlxnfx? k|ToIf ?kdf ;+nUg /xg]
x'Fbf o:tf k|yf dWo] ;fdflhs s'/LtL lj?4 hfu?stf jf/]sf] cWoogaf6 b]lvPsf] l:ylt tn
tflnsfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf g+=25M dlxnfx?sf] ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] cj:yf (Case VS. Control)

sfo{qmdn] ;d]l^Psf] If]q - sfo{qmdn] g;d]l^Psf]
l;=g+= ;fdflhs If]qx? k|ltzt_ If]q -k|ltzt_
klxnf k|ltzt clxn] k|ltzt ;+Vof k|ltzt
1 %fpkl* k|yf 60 53=1 40 35=4 12 44=4

dlxgfjf*/L x'+bf #/
268 23=3 97 8=4 38 13=2
2 jflx/ a:g]
3 v]tLkftL ubf{ xnf] hf]Tg] 100 8=7 178 15=5 48 16=7

4 sfh lqmof ug]{ 127 11=0 387 33=6 78 27=1

5 dnfdL hfg] 164 14=2 515 44=7 95 33=0

;fdflhs Pj+ wfld{s

138 12=0 383 33=2 109 37=8
6 sfo{df afhf ahfpg]
>f]tM :ynut ;e]{If0f, @)&@

73
pNn]lvt tflnsf cg';f/ 5fpk8L k|yf ;DaGwdf sfo{qmdn] ;d]l6Psf] If]qdf klxnf %#=! k|ltzt
/x]sf]df xfn #%=$ k|ltztdf sfod e} ;'wf/ ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] sfo{qmdn] g;d]l6Psf] If]qdf
$$=$ k|ltzt sfod /x]]sf] 5 . 5fpkl8 k|yf ePsf lhNnf dWo]] c5fd tyf sflnsf]6 lhNnfdf
;e]{If0f ul/Psf] lyof] . To;}u/L dlxgfjf/L x'Fbf 3/ jflx/ a:g] ;+:sf/df kl/jt{g eO{ klxnf @#=#Ü
/x]sf]df clxn] *=$Ü dfq /x]sf] 5 . v]tLkftL ubf{ dlxnfn] xnf] hf]Tg] ;+:sf/ klxnf *=& k|ltzt
ePsf]df xfn !%=%Ü ePaf6 k'?if ;/x dlxnfn] klg xnf] hf]Tg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L dlxnfn]
sfhlqmof ug]{ ;DaGwdf klxnf !!=) k|ltzt /x]sf]df xfn a[l4 e} ##=^ k|ltzt ePsf] x'Fbf
dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutf a9\b} uPsf] b]lvG5 . dnfdL hfg] ;+:sf/df klxnf !$=@ k|ltzt dlxnfsf]
;xeflutf /x]sf]df xfn $$=& k|ltzt dlxnf ;xeflu x'g] u/]sf] kfO{G5 .
;fdflhs tyf ;+:s[lt k|yf tyf s'/Lltx?sf ;DaGwdf dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd ;+rfng
x'g' eGbf klxnf / sfo{qmd ;+rfng ePkl5 ;fdflhs kl/jt{g ePsf] kfO{G5 . dlxnfx?sf]
;r]tgf, lzIff, cfTd lg0f{osf] Ifdtfn] ubf{ ;fdflhs k|yf tyf s''/Lltdf kl/jt{g x'g
;s]sf] xf] .

3/of;L ;+:sf/hGo kIfx?df ePsf kl/jt{gx?sf] ;DaGwdf :ynut cWoogaf6 k|fKt ljj/0f tn
tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf g+=26M #/of;L ;+:sf/hGo kIfx?df ePsf kl/jt{gx?

sfo{qmdn]
sfo{qmdn] ;d]l^Psf] If]q
l;=g+= g;d]l^Psf] If]q
;+:sf/x?
klxnf k|ltzt clxn] k|ltzt ;+Vof k|ltzt

3/ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox? vfglkg

245 21=3 200 17=4 77 26=7
1 ubf{ kl5 vfg]
2 3'D6f] /fVg] 145 12=6 100 8=7 35 12=2

3 a'vf{ /fVg] 58 5=0 50 4=3 18 6=3

4 5'jf5't ;DaGwdf 255 22=1 105 9=1 51 17=7

5 Afnljjfx 135 11=7 103 8=9 43 14=9

6 a}sNof ÷afn ljwjf 119 10=3 60 5=2 31 10=8

7 Psn dlxnf ljwjf ljjfx 186 16=1 387 33=6 98 34=0

>f]tM :ynut ;e]{If0f, @)&@

sfo{qmdn] ;d]l6Psf If]qsf dlxnfx?df 3/kl/jf/sf ;b:ox? vfglkg ubf{ dlxnfn] kl5 vfg]
k|rng klxnf @!=# k|ltzt /x]sf]df xfn sd x'Fb} !&=$ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . sfo{qmdn] g;d]l6Psf
If]qdf cem} o;k|sf/sf] ;+:sf/ @^=& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . 3'D6f] /fVg] rngsf ;DaGwdf sfo{qmdn]
;d]l6Psf If]qdf /x]sf dlxnfx?n] klxnf !@=^Ü /fVg] u/]sf]df xfn *=&Ü df l;ldt x'g k'u]sf]

74
 b]lvG5 eg] sfo{qmdn] g;d]l6Psf If]qsf dlxnfx?df o:tf] k|rng !@=@ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
5'jf5'tsf ;DaGwdf sfo{qmdn] ;d]l6Psf If]qsf dlxnfx?df klxnf @@=!Ü /x]sf] b]lvPsf]df 36]/
xfn (=!Ü dfq sfod /x]sf] 5 . tyflk sfo{qmdn] g;d]l6Psf If]qdf 5'jf5't k|yf !&=& k|ltzt
cem} /x]sf] kfO{G5 . afnljjfxsf ;DaGwdf sfo{qmdn] ;d]l6Psf If]qdf kxlnf !!=& k|ltzt /x]sf]df
clxn] klg cem} *=(Ü /x]sf] b]lvG5 . Psn dlxnf ljwjfn] ljjfx ug]{ ;+Vof klxnf !^=! k|ltzt
/x]sfdf pQm ;+Vof ;+Vof a[l4 e} ##=^ k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . To;}u/L sfo{qmdn] g;d]l6Psf] If]qdf
klg Psn dlxnf ljwjf ljjfx ug]{ #$=) k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
k|:t't cWoogaf6 3/of;L ;+:sf/hGo kIfx?df dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd nfu' ePsf
If]q / sfo{qmdn] g;d]l6Psf If]q aLr klxnfsf] cj:yfdf pNn]Vo ;'wf/ cfPsf]
b]lvG5 .

#=$=# sfo{qmdn] ;DalGwt lgod sfg"g kl/jt{g ug{ kf/]sf] k|efj

cWoog ul/Psf lhNNfx?df dlxnfx?n] ef]Ug' k/]sf] 3/]n' lx+;f ;DaGwL sfo{qmdn] ;d]l6Psf] (Case)
/ sfo{qmdn] g;d]l6Psf] If]q (Control) sf ljifodf tn tflnsfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

Tflnsf g+=@&M lhNnfut ?kdf #/]n' lx+;f ef]u]sf] cj:yf

sfo{qmdn] ;d]l^Psf] If]q sfo{qmdn] g;d]l^Psf] If]q

lhNnf
hDdf ;+Vof ;+Vof k|ltzt hDdf ;+Vof ;+Vof k|ltzt

;+v'jf;ef 54 12 22=2 14 4 28=6

df]/Ë 335 29 8=7 84 11 13=1
/f}tx6 167 35 21=0 42 14 33=3
DofUbL 43 12 27=9 11 4 36=4
?kGb]xL 257 38 14=8 64 12 18=8
bfË 183 28 15=3 46 13 28=3
sflnsf]6 76 21 27=0 8 3 37=5
c5fd 37 10 27=6 19 7 36=8
hDdf 1152 185 16=0 288 68 23=6
>f]tM :ynut ;e]{If0f, @)&@

dfly pNn]lvt tflnsf cg';f/ sfo{qmdn] ;d]l6Psf If]qx? dWo] c5fd, sflnsf]6, DoUbL, /f}tx6, /
;+v'jf;ef lhNnfdf 3/]n' lx+;f ef]Ug] dlxnfx?sf]] ;+Vof qmdzM @&=^Ü, @&=)Ü, @&=(Ü, @!=)Ü, /
@@=@Ü /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fy} cGo lhNnfx?df sd dfqfdf ePsf] b]lvG5 . sfo{qmdn] g;d]l6Psf
If]qdf dlxnf lx+;fsf] cj:yf x]bf{ c5fd, DofUbL, /f}tx6 / ;+v'jf;efdf a9L ePsf] b]lvG5 .

75
 sfo{qmdn] ;d]l6Psf If]qsf dlxnf / g;d]l6Psf If]qsf aLr dlxnfx?df x'g] dlxnf lx+;fdf vf;}
km/s ePsf] b]lvb}g .

3/]n' lx+;f lj?4 sfg"gL pkrf/sf nflu ;DalGwt lgsfodf ph'/L ug]{ dlxnfx?sf] cj:yf
;DaGwdf sfo{qmdn] ;d]l6Psf] If]qsf %) k|ltzt dlxnfx?n] ph'/L ug{ hfg] Ifdtf /fVb5g\ eg]
sfo{qmdn] g;d]l6Psf If]qsf dlxnfx? !( k|ltztn] dfq ph'/L ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o; ;DaGwL
ljj/0f tn tflnsfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

dfly pNn]lvt cfs8f cg';f/ sfo{qmd ;+rflnt ePsf If]qsf dlxnfx? a9L ;Ifd tyf 3/]n'
lx+;fsf] la?4 ph'/L ug]{, cfjfh p7fpg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

#=$=$ 3/ kl/jf/sf] u/LjL Go"lgs/0f

cWoog ul/Psf lhNnfx?sf] cfo–cfh{g / vr{ ;DaGwL k|fKt cf+s8f cg';f/ dlxnf ljsf;
sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug'{ eGbf klxnf k|lt kl/jf/ aflif{s cfDbfgL ?= ($,))).)) /x]sf]df clxn] a[l4
e} ?= !$#,))).)) /x]sf] b]lvG5 . k|:t't cfFs8f cg';f/ k|lt kl/jf/sf] aflif{s cfDbfgL a9]sf] x'Fbf
cfo cfh{gsf lqmofsnfkx?n] ubf{ x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . 3/kl/jf/sf] vr{df sfo{qmd z'? x'g' eGbf
klxnf aflif{s ?= &$,))).)) /x]sf] / clxn] aflif{s ?= ($,))).)) /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;af6
cfDbfgLaf6 vr{s6fO{ jf+sL x'g] alif{s art klxnf ? @),))).)) /x]sf]df xfn ?= $(,))).))
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;af6 3/kl/jf/sf] alif{s artdf klxnfsf] eGbf xfn a[l4sf sf/0fn] ubf{ cfly{s
;'wf/ x'g k'u]sf] 5 .

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdåf/f dlxnfx?sf] cfo tyf /f]huf/L, pBd Joj;fo ;+rfngaf6 x'g]
cfDbfgLaf6 3/kl/jf/sf] cfodf a[l4 x'g u} u/LjL Go"lgs/0f x'Fb} uPsf] b]lvG5 .

76
#=$=% dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdn] :yfgLo hgtfsf] ljsf;sf cfsf+Iffx? k'/f ug{ u/]sf] of]ubfg

:yfgLo:t/df x'g] ljsf; ;DaGwL sfddf dlxnfx?sf] ;lqmotf a9b} uPsf] b]lvG5 . j8f gful/s
dGrdf ## k|ltzt dlxnf ;b:o x'g] k|fjwfgn] ubf{ ;a}h;f] j8f gful/s dGrdf dlxnf ;xeflutf
x'g' kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . cWoog cg';f/ sfo{qmdn] ;d]l6Psf If]qsf dlxnfx?sf] j8f gful/s dGrdf
;+nUg] !@=# k|ltzt e} /x]sf] b]lvG5 eg] sfo{qmdn] g;d]l6Psf] If]qsf dlxnfx? ^=# k|ltzt dfq
a8f gful/s dGrdf ;xefuL ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; ;DaGwL ljj/0f tn rf6{df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

To;}u/L pkef]Qmf ;ldltdf dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutfsf af/]df sfo{qmdn] ;d]l6Psf If]qaf6 #&=$
k|ltztsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] 5 eg] sfo{qmdn] g;d]l6Psf If]qdf #)=& k|ltztsf] dfq ;xeflutf
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;af6 dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd ;+rfng ePsf If]qsf dlxnfx? a9L ;lqmo / ljsf;
sfo{df ;xefuL x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o; ;DaGwL ljj/0f tn rf6{df b]lvOPsf] 5 .

77
#=$=^ vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{df k/]sf] k|efj

cWoog ul/Psf If]qdf vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{sf] cj:yf ;DaGwL vfg]kfgLsf] >f]tsf] k|of]usf]
cj:yf tyf o;df art x'g] ;dosf] pkof]u cflb af/] tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf g+= @*M vfg]kfgLsf] >f]t / pkof]usf] cj:yf

sfo{qmdn]
sfo{qmdn] ;d]l^Psf] If]q
g;d]l^Psf] If]q
l;=g= vfg]kfgLsf] >f]t
klxnf clxn]
k|ltzt k|ltzt ;+Vof k|ltzt
;+Vof ;+Vof
1 kfOk k|)ffnLsf] lghL wf/f 132 11=5 218 18=9 38 13=2
lghL #/ sDkfp* leq
ePsf] Ogf/, s'jf -Ogf/, 557 48=4 661 57=4 107 37=2
2 ^\o'ja]n, h]^ kDk tyf kDk+
3 ;fj{hlgs wf/f 359 31=2 169 14=7 102 35=4
4 l%d]sLsf] wf/f 23 2=0 51 4=4 22 7=6
l%d]sLsf] Ogf/, sjf -Ogf/,
55 4=8 39 3=4 10 3=5
5 ^\o'ja]n, h]^ kDk tyf kDk+
6 jiff{tsf] kfgL ;+sng 0 0-0 0 0=0 0 0=0
7 vf]nf, kf]v/L 26 2=3 14 1=2 9 3=1
hDdf 1152 100=0 1152 100=0 288 100=0
>f]tM :ynut ;e]{If]0f, @)&@

78
dfly pNn]lvt tflnsfdf b]vfP cg';f/ sfo{qmdn] ;d]l6Psf If]qdf kfO{k k|0ffnLsf] lghL wf/fdf
vfg]kfgL ;]jf kfpg]sf] ;+Vof sfo{qmd z'? x'g' eGbf klxnf !!=% k|ltzt /x]sf]df a[l4 e} clxn]
!*=( k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . To;}u/L sfo{qmdn] g;d]l6Psf] If]qdf kfOk k|0ffnLsf] lghL wf/f ePsf]
!#=@ k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . lghL 3/ sDkfp08 leq ePsf] Ogf/, s'jf, ^\oj' a]n cflbaf^ vfg]kfgL
pknJw x'g]df sfo{qmdn] ;d]l^Psf] If]qdf klxnf 48=4 k|ltzt /x]sf]dfdf a[l$ e} 57=4
k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG% . sfo{qmdn] ;d]l^Psf] If]qdf ;fj{hlgs wf/faf^ kfgL vfg]kfgL k|fKt ug]{
31=2 k|ltzt /x]sf]df ;f] #^]/ 14=7 k|ltzt sfod x'g cfPsf] % eg] sfo{qmdn] g;d]l^Psf
If]qdf 35=4 k|ltzt sfod} /x]sf] % . vf]nf kf]v/L cflbaf^ vfg]kfgL vfg]sf] ;+Vof klxnf
2=3 k|ltzt ePsf]df xfn #^]/ 1=2 k|ltzt sfod ePsf] 5 t/ sfo{qmdn] g;d]l^Psf If]qdf
cem} 3=1 k|ltzt /x]sf] % .

dlxnf lasf; sfo{qmdn] vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{sf] If]qdf s]xL k|efj kf/]sf
b]lvg cfPtfklg vfg]kfgL ;DaGwL cGo sfo{qmdx?n] ubf{ yk ;'ljwf kfPsf] eGg]
;d"xut %nkmnaf^ ;d]t b]lvg cfPsf] % .

sfo{qmdn] ;d]l6Psf] / g;d]l6Psf] If]qdf vfg]kfgL Nofpbf nfUg] ;dosf] art ePsf] ;donfO{
dlxnfx?n] ljleGg sfo{df pkof]u ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;e]{If0faf6 k|fKt ljj/0f tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

Tflnsf g+=@(MM vfg]kfgL Nofpbf nfUg] ;do artsf] pkof]u (Case VS. Control)
sfo{qmdn] ;d]l^Psf] sfo{qmdn] g;d]l^Psf]
l;=g+= sfdsf] If]qx? If]q -k|ltzt_ If]q -k|ltzt_
;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof k|ltzt

1 s/];fjf/L 310 26=9 60 20=8

2 pBd Jofj;fo 249 21=6 91 31=6
;/;kmfO #/fo;L
435 37=8 106 36=8
3 sfddf
4 afn aRrfsf] x]/rfx 158 13=7 31 10=8
hDdf 1152 100=0 288 100.0
>f]tM :ynut ;e]{If0f , @)&@

vfg]kfgL Nofpg nfUg] ;dosf] artdf sfo{qmdn] ;d]l6Psf If]qdf dlxnfx?n] s/];fjf/Lsf] sfddf
@^=( k|ltzt pkof]u ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ eg] sfo{qmdn] g;d]l6Psf If]qsf dlxnfn] @)=* k|ltzt
;do pkof]u x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L pBd Joj;fodf ;do lbg] dlxnfx? sfo{qmdn]
;d]l6Psf If]qdf @!=^ k|ltzt / sfo{qmdn] g;d]l6Psf If]qdf #!=^ k|ltzt ;dosf] pkof]u x'g]
u/]sf] kfO{G5 . ;/;kmfO{ tyf 3/fo;L sfddf ;do pkof]u ug]{df sfo{qmdn] ;d]l6Psf] If]qdf
#&=* k|ltzt / sfo{qmdn] g;d]l6Psf] If]qdf #^=* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . o;af6 vfg]kfgL Nofpg

79
nfUg] ;dosf] art ePsf] ;dosf] ;b'kof]u a9L dfqfdf ;/;kmfO{ tyf 3/fo;L sfddf x'g] u/]sf]
:ki6 b]lvG5 . h;af6 dlxnfx? cem} 3/fo;L sfd wGbfdf ;+nUg /xg] u/]sf 5g\ .

zf}rfnosf] k|of]usf] cj:yf af/] sfo{qmdn] ;d]l6Psf] If]q / sfo{qmdn] g;d]l6Psf] If]qsf]
t'ngfTds ?kn] x]bf{, sfo{qmdn] ;d]l6Psf] If]qdf cfw'lgs kSsL zf}rfno kfgL / lgsf; ePsf]
klxnf #$=# k|ltzt ePsf]df xfn #%=% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . sfo{qmdn] g;d]l6Psf]df eg] !#=@
k|ltzt dfq /x]sf] 5 . zf}rfnosf] k|of]usf] cj:yf ;DaGwL ljj/0f tn tflnsfdf pNn]v ul/Psf]
5.
Tflnsf g++ #)MM zf}rfno k|of]usf] cj:yf
zf}rfnosf] k|of]usf] sfo{qmdn]
sfo{qmdn] ;d]l^Psf] If]q
cj:yf g;d]l^Psf] If]q
l;=g= zf}rfnosf] k|sf/ Klxnf k|ltzt clxn] k|ltzt clxn] k|ltzt
cflw'lgs kSsL zf}rfno
395 34=3 409 35=50 38 13=2
1 kfgL / lgsf; ePsf]
cflw'lgs kSsL zf}rfno
kfgL ePsf] t/ lgsf; 141 12=2 245 21=27 107 37=2
2 gePsf]
#/ jflx/ agfPsf] kfgL
194 16=8 298 25=87 102 35=4
3 ljgfsf] zf}rfno
vf*n vgL agfPsf]
237 20=6 48 4=17 22 7=6
4 zf}rfno
5 ;fj{hlgs zf}rfno 12 1=0 21 1=82 10 3=5
6 l%d]sLsf] zf}rfnodf 9 0=8 74 6=42 0 0=0
7 v'nf If]qdf 164 14=2 57 4=95 9 3=1
hDdf 1152 100=0 1152 100=00 288 100=0
>f]tM :ynut ;e]{If0f , @)&@

dfly pNn]lvt tflnsf cg';f/ zf}rfnosf] k|of]usf] cj:yfdf sfo{qmdn] ;d]l6Psf] / g;d]l6Psf]
l:ylt x]bf{ 3/jflx/ agfPsf] kfgL ljgfsf] zf}rfno k|of]u ug]{ klxnf !^=* k|ltzt /x]sf]df clxn]
a[l4 e} @%=*& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .

;/;kmfO{ tyf :jf:Yosf ;DaGwdf cWoog ul/Psf lhNnfx?sf] vfgf vfg' eGbf cufl8,
v]tjf/Ldf sfd ul/;s] kl5, lbzf u/]kl5 ;fa'g kfgLn] xft w'g] l:ylt af/] tn tflnsfdf lbOPsf]
5.

80
 tflnsf g+= #!M ;fa'g kfgLn] xft x'g] cj:yf
l;=g+= lhNnf sfo{qmdn] ;d]l^Psf] If]q sfo{qmdn] g;d]l^Psf] If]q
;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof k|ltzt
1 ;+v'jf;ef 53 98=1 10 71=4
2 df]/Ë 304 90=7 54 64=3
3 /f}tx^ 162 97=0 38 90=5
4 DofUbL 42 97=0 10 90=0
5 ?kGb]xL 254 98=8 60 93=0
6 bfË 163 89= 41 89=1
7 sflnsf^ 26 70=2 4 50=0
8 c%fd 75 98=7 16 84=2
1079 93=6 233 80=9
>f]tM :ynut ;e]{If0f, @)&@

dfly tflnsfdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ ;fj'g kfgLn] xft w'g] ;DaGwL cWoogsf] glthf x]bf{ k|foh;f]
;a} lhNnfx?df () k|ltzt eGbf a9Ln] xft w'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . sflnsf]6 lhNnfdf sfo{qmdn]
;d]l6Psf] If]qdf &) k|ltztn] xft w'g] u/]sf 5g\ eg] sfo{qmdn] g;d]l6Psf If]qsf dlxnf dWo]
%) k|ltztn] dfq xft w'g] cj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . sfo{qmd ;+rfng ePsf If]qsf dlxnfx?df
:jf:y lzIff tyf hgfsf/L x'g] ePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ a9L dfqfdf r]tgf clea[l4 e} ;/;kmfO{df Wofg
k'u]sf] b]lvG5 .

#=% sfo{qmdsf] bLuf]kgf

#=%=! dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] dGqfnoåf/f cfGtl/sLs/0fdf bLuf]kgf

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] k|f/De lj=;+= @)#( ;fn b]lv ePsf] / ;f] ;dodf :yfgLo ljsf;
dGqfno cGtu{t zfvfsf] ?kdf sfof{/De ePsf] lyof] . dlxnf ljsf; dxfzfvfsf] ?kdf lj=;+=
@)$& ;fndf v8f u/L :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno cGtu{t ljleGg lhNnfdf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf]
dftfxtdf ;+rflnt ePsf] sfo{qmd a9L dfqfdf dlxnfsf] cfo cfh{g tkm{ nlIft ePsf] lyof] .
kl5 lj=;+= @)%@ ;fndf dlxnf tyf ;dfh sNof0fo dGqfnosf] :yfkgf kZrft dlxnf ljsf;
;DaGwL gLlt, /0fgLlt tyf sfo{gLlt to u/L dGqfno:t/df dlxnf ljsf;sf sfo{x? ePsf] /
ljefuåf/f cl3 ;fl/Psf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ /fli6«o k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{qmdsf] ?kdf lnOPsf] b]lvG5 .
;fy} lj=;+= @)%& ;fndf dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno u7g e} dlxnf tyf
afnaflnsf ;DaGwL gLlt, of]hgf / sfo{qmd ;+rfng x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . ;f]xL cg'?k lj=;+= @)^&
;fndf dlxnf tyf afnsflnsf ljefu agfO{ b]ze/sf &% lhNnfsf uf=lj=;= tyf gu/kflnsfsf
j8fx?df sfo{ If]q lj:tf/ u/L ;+rfng ul/Psf] 5 .

81
 dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ dGqfnosf] /0fgLlts sfo{qmdsf] ?kdf ljsf; ub{} cGtl/sLs/0f ul/g'
kg]{df dlxnf ljsf; ljefu nfdf] ;dob]lv ;+rflnt /xFb} cfPsf] kl/k|]Ifdf kl5 u7g ePsf]
dGqfnoaf6 o; ;DaGwL sfo{ x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . dGqfnosf] gLltut, of]hgf tyf d"n sfo{qmddf
k|efjsf/L x'g g;sL ljefusf] a[xt sfo{If]q / sfo{qmdnfO{ g} lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] 5 . tyflk /fli6«o
k|fyldstf k|fKt o; sfo{qmdnfO{ dGqfnon] cfjZos >f]t h'6fO{ nlIft ;d'bfo;Dd k'Ug kg]{
b]lvG5 .

#=%=@ sfo{qmdsf] cfly{s ?kdf bLuf]kgf

ah]6sf] Joj:yf ;fna;fnL ?kdf s]lGb|o tyf lhNnf:t/df ljleGg sfo{sf nflu ah]6 ljlgof]hg
ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . ;/sf/L tyf afXo >f]taf6 ljleGg lqmofsnfkx?sf nflu rflxg] cfly{s >f]t
pknJw u/fOPsf] 5 . cfly{s ?kdf ah]6sf] cfsf/ / k|ofKttfnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;a}h;f]
sfo{qmdx? lg/Gt/ ?kdf ;+rfng ug{] ul/Psf] x'Fbf ah]6df vf;} km/s tyf clws a[l4 ePsf]
kfOb}g . dlxnf ljsf; ;DaGwL sfo{qmdx?sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ / a}b]lzs ;xof]uaf6 x'g] cfly{s
>f]tsf] ?kdf kl/rfng u/L aflif{s sfo{qmd tyf lqmofsnfkx? ;+rfng u/L cfPsf] 5 . dlxnf
ljsf; sfo{qmdsf nflu lgwf{/0f ul/Psf sfo{qmdx?sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ / a}b]lzs ;xof]uaf6
k|fKt /sd k|ofKt ePsf] x'Fbf sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] 5 -dlxnf ljsf; ljefu, 5nkmn_ .
;fy} /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u tyf dGqfnoaf6 sfo{qmdnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{Psf] x'Fbf cfly{s ?kn]
;d:of gePsf] cj:yf 5 -;/f]sf/jfnf;+u 5nkmn_ . a}b]lzs ;xof]u lg/Gt/ ?kdf k|fKt x'g
g;Sg] x'Fbf sfo{qmd ;+rfngsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ ah]6 g]kfn ;/sf/af6 dfq e/kg'{ kg]{ l:ylt
cfPsf] v08df cfly{s ?kdf bLuf] x'g g;Sg] b]lvG5 .

#=%=# sfo{qmdsf] ;jn ;+rfngsf] nflu k|fljlws 1fg zLkdf bLuf]kgf

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd cGt/ut ljleGg tflnd, pBd tyf zLk ljsf; ;DaGwL Ifdtf clea[l4sf
nflu dlxnf ljsf; sfof{nodf ePsf df}h'bf k|fljlwsaf6 ;+rfng ug]{ ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . o:tf
hgzlQmsf] bIftf clea[l4 ug{ tyf gofF k|ljlwsf ljifodf yk 1fg lbg] vfnsf lqmofsnfkx?
l;ldt dfqfdf dfq ;+rflnt ePsf 5g\ . ;fy} dlxnf ;d"xdf cfj4 Joj;flos ;d"x Pj+ lszf]/L
;d"xåf/f ;+rfng ul/g] laleGg Joj;fox? h:t}M df}/Lkfng, df5fkfng, s'v'/fkfng, a+u'/kfng
cflbsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ k|fljlws ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ tkm{ dlxnf ljsf; sfof{noaf6 ljifout
sfof{nox?;+u ;dGjo u/L ;]jf pknJw u/fpg] sfo{ k|fo ePsf] b]lvb}g . k|fljlws 1fg /
zLksfnflu bIf hgzlQm dlxnf ljsf; ljefu tyf sfof{nox?df pknJw gePsf] x'Fbf pQm
Joj;flos zLk ljsf;sf lqmofnfkx? ;+rfng ug{ ;lsg] l:ylt gePaf6 bLuf]kgfdf c;/ kg{
;Sg] b]lvG5 .

#=%=$ nlIft hgtfdf cfly{s nfesf] ljt/0fdf bLuf]kgf

82
 dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdn] nlIft u/]sf ;d"xsf ;b:ox?nfO{ Joj;flos ;d"xdf cfj4 u/fpg /
cfo cfh{g u/fpg] sfo{df ;a} dlxnfx?nfO{ ;d]6g] sfd Tolt k|efjsf/L /x]sf] b]lvb}g . pgLx?sf]
art tyf nufgLsf] ;Gbe{df l;dfGts[t, u/Lj ;d"xsf dlxnfsf] art /sd sd x'g] u/]sf]n]
nfesf] dfqf klg :jt sd x'g] u/]sf] kfO{G5 . artdf x'g] nfesf] ljt/0f nufgLsf] cg'kftdf
;fd'kflts ?kdf ljt/0f ul/Psf] 5 . -dlxnf ;xsf/Lsf] cWoog, @)&@_ . sd art ug]{ tyf
art clgoldt x'g] ;b:ox?nfO{ klg lgu/fgL ;d"xåf/f x'g] lgoldt cg'udgaf6 nufgLsf] cj;/
k|bfg u/L nufgLsf] cg'kftdf cfly{s nfesf] ;dfg ljt/0f ul/g] 5 . h;af6 nfesf] ljt/0fdf
lg/Gt/tf sfod e} lbuf]kgf x'g] b]lvG5 .

#=%=% dlxnfåf/f g]t[Tj ul/Psf] ;+:yf tyf ;xsf/Lx?sf] bLuf]kgf

dlxnfx?åf/f g]t[Tj ul/Psf ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?sf] cWoogaf6 k|fKt lgrf]8df tL ;+:yfx?sf] ;+rfng,
Joj:yfkg, ;+:yfut ljsf; tyf ;dfj]zLs/0f k|efjsf/L ePsf]n] lbuf]kgf b]lvG5 . d"VotofM
:yfgLo dlxnfx?sf] ;lqmotf / ;xeflutfdf ;+rflnt ;xsf/L ;+:yf k|lt ;a} ;b:ox?sf]
lhDd]jf/L, ckgTj tyf st{Jolgi7tfsf sf/0f ;+:yfdf a]OdfgL, clgoldttf, ljjfb cflb cGo
;xsf/L ;+:yf eGbf lgs} sd x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . dlxnfx?sf] ;fd"lxs lxtsf/L ;+:yf ePsf] / C0f
nufgLdf hdfgL a:g] dlxnf tyf C0f k|jfxsf] lgl/If0f x'g] u/]sf]n] C0fsf] ;xL pkof]u x'g] /
;dodf g} nufgL c;'nL x'g] u/]sf] x'Fbf k'g nufgL ug{ tyf art tyf C0f kl/rfng lgoldt x'g]
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . dlxnf ;+:yfx?sf] ;+rfng, Joj:yfkg, art kl/rfng, nufgL, cfly{s cj:yf,
dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd ;+rfng cflbsf af/]df dlxnf ;+:yfsf] ljifo cWoog (Case Study) ul/Psf]
lyof] .

e[s[6L dlxnf art tyf C0f ;xsf/L

;+:yfdf ul/Psf] cWoogaf6 dlxnf
g]t[Tjaf6 @)%@ ;fndf s]xL dlxnfx?n]
;d"xdf cfj4 eO{ z'?df ? @% k|lt dlxgf
art u/L @)%^ ;fndf dlxnf g]t[Tjaf6
@#^ hgf ;b:o / !%),))). k'hLaf6
@)%* ;fn df3 #) ut] ;+:yf btf{ ePsf]
lyof] . h;df cWoIf pkfWoIf, sf]iffWoIf
nufot ;b:ox? ;lDdlnt ;b:o lyP .
dlxnfx?sf] g]t[Tj / ;lqmotfdf @)^%
;fndf ;b:o ;+Vof %)) k'u]sf] lyof] .
@)&@ cfiff9 ;Dd *&& hgf ;b:o ;+Vof k'u]sf] / s'n k"FhL @,&%,)),))).)) k'u]sf] 5 . o;
;+:yfaf6 ;b:ox?nfO{ C0f nufgL ? @ s/f]8 %$ nfv ^$ xhf/ ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L k|ultzLn
dlxnf ax'p2]zLo ;xsf/L ;+:yf ln=df s"n ;b:o ;+Vof !()@ /x]sf] / ;+:yfsf] cf=j= )&!.)&@

83
 ;Dd ;DklQ tyf hfobfb ^ s/f]8 @# nfv ^@ xhf/ /x]sf] 5 . ;+:yfsf] z]o/ kF"hL %* nfv #&
xhf/ *)) /x]sf] 5 . nufgL tkm{ % s/f]8 $% nfv (# xhf/ /x]sf] 5 .

dlxnf ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?sf] Joj:yfkgdf ;xsf/L P]g cg';f/ aflif{s ;fwf/0f ;ef u/L g]t[Tj rog
ug]{ / ;f]xL sfo{ ;ldltn] dlxnf ;+:yf ;+rfng ug]{ u/]sf] kfO{G5 . dlxnfåf/f ;+rflnt ;+:yfdf
g]t[Tj txdf ;b:ox?åf/f r'lgPsf cWoIf, pkfWoIf, sf]iffWoIo, ;lrj nufot ;b:ox?sf]
sfo{sf/L ;ldltaf6 cGo ;ldltx? -C0f ;ldlt, art kl/rfng ;ldlt, Joj;flos ;ldlt_ u7g
u/L ljleGg sfo{x? ug]{ u/]sf] kfO{G5 . ;+:yfsf] nufgL ;fd"lxs hdfgLdf ;b:ox?nfO{ ul/g] x'Fbf
nufgL ;xL x'g] / o;sf] lgu/fgL ;d"xaf6 ul/g] ePsf]n] c;'nL x'g] u/]af6 ;+:yfsf] nufgL 8'Ag]
;+efjg Hofb} Go"g x'g] ub{5 . ;+:yfsf] nufgLaf6 cfPsf] cfDbfgL ;a} z]o/ ;b:ox?n]
;dfg'kflts ?kdf k|fKt x'g] ePsf]n] ;a}sf] ;+nUgtf / ;+:yf k|ltsf] lhDd]jf/L axg ug]{ kl/kfl6
/x]sf] 5 . o;af6 ;+:yfsf] ;+rfng lg/Gt/ ?kdf e}/xg] / ;b:o ;+Vof a[l4 x'Fb} hfg] ePaf6
;xsf/L ;+:yfx?sf] bLuf]kgf /x]sf] 5 .

#=%=^ sfo{qmddf s]lGb|o:t/ b]lv :yfgLo:t/ lgsfodf /fhg}lts ;xof]usf] bLuf]kgf

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ;DaGwdf s]lGb|o:t/df /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u / ;DalGwt dGqfno, cGo
ljifout lgsfosf sfo{qmdx?df ;dGjo / ;xof]u ug'{ kg]{df Tolt k|efjsf/L ePsf] b]lvb}g .
:yfgLo lgsfosf /fhg}lts bnx?n] klg o; sfo{qmdnfO{ lbuf] agfpg ug'{ kg]{ k|of; s]xL dfqfdf
dlxnf ;+hfnx? dfkm{t ug]{ u/]sf] kfO{G5 . tfklg sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L / bLuf] agfpg /fhg}lts
;xof]usf] vf+rf] /x]sf] 5 . s]Gb| tyf :yflgo:t/df /fhg}lts k|lta4tfsf ;fy} sfo{qmd ;+rfngdf
;xof]u k'u] tfklg dlxnf lx+;f ;DaGwL, afn aflnsf ;DaGwL sfo{qmddf /fhg}lts ?kdf ;xof]u
sd ePsf] kfO{G5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] lgjf{rg ;dodf e} :yfgLo lgsfosf] u7g ePkl5 /fhg}lts
?kdf ;xof]usf] jftfj/0f aGg hfg] ePsf]n] sfo{qmddf bLuf]kgf cfpg ;Sb5 .

#=%=& sfo{qmdåf/f ljsf;sf] glthf xfl;n ug{ k'u]sf] of]ubfg

/fli6«o ?kdf dlxnfsf] xfnsf] cj:yfsf ljljw tYof+sx?nfO{ x]bf{ lzIff, :jf:Yo, s[lif tyf cGo
lgsfox?n] u/]sf If]qut nufgL / sfo{qmdaf6 ljsf; ;DaGwL glthf s]xL dfqfdf xfl;n ug{
;lsPsf] b]lvG5 . dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdn] ck]Iff ul/Psf /fli6«o:t/sf glthf ;DaGwL nuk|m]ddf
ePsf u/LjL Go"lgs/0f, ;d"xdf art kl/rfngdf sfo{qmdaf6 of]ubfg k'Ug uPsf] b]lvG5 . dlxnf
ljsf; sfo{qmdn] ;zlQms/0fdf s]lGb|t /xL ljleGg lqmofsnfkx? ;+rfng u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
dlxnfx? z;Qm ePsf] v08df pgLx? ljsf; lgdf{0fdf ljleGg pkef]Qmf ;ldltx?df ;+nUg x'g],
ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{df efu lng ;Sb5g\ . dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf ljsf; sfo{df a9\b} uPsf]
v08df o;af6 x'g] k|ltkmn klg dlxnfn] xfl;n ug{ ;Sg] ePsf]n] dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdaf6
of]ubfg k'u]sf] 5 .

84
#=^ sfo{qmdsf] clwsf/ k|fKt ;d"xsf] ;Gt'li6

dlxnfx?sf] ;Gt'li6sf]:t/ ;DaGwdf art, nufgL / pBd Joj;fodf ;Gt'li6sf]:t/ af/] :ynut
;e]{If0faf6 cfPsf] glthf tn tflnsfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf g+= #@M dlxnfx?sf] jrt tyf nufgLsf] ;Gt'li6 :t/

l;=g+= ;Gt'li^sf] :t/ ;+Vof k|ltzt
1 clt ;Gtf]ifhgs 117 10=2
2 ;Gtf]ifhgs 538 46=7
3 l7sl7s} 314 27=
4 sd ;Gt'i6 98 8=5
5 ;Gtf]ifhgs gePsf] 85 7=4
hDdf 1152 100=0
>f]tM :ynut ;e]{If0f, @)&@

dfly pNn]lvt tflnsfdf dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdaf6 ;+rflnt ;+:yfx?åf/f ul/Psf] nufgLdf
dlxnfx?sf] ;Gt'li6sf]:t/ x]bf{, clt ;Gtf]ifhgs !)=@ k|ltzt ;Gtf]ifhgs $^=& k|ltzt ePaf6
o; k|sf/sf] nufgLdf ;Gt'li6sf] :t/ /fd|f] ePsf] b]lvg cfPsf] 5 .

pBd tyf Joj;fosf nflu k|bfg u/fPsf] zLk ljsf; tflnd, k'hL kl/rfngdf dlxnfx?sf]
;Gt'li6sf:t/ ;DaGwdf cWoogaf6 kfOPsf] glthf tn tflnsfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf g+=##M pBd Joj;fodf dlxnfsf] ;Gt'li6:t/

l;=g+= ;Gt'li^sf] :t/ ;+Vof k|ltzt
1 clt ;Gtf]ifhgs 99 8=6
2 ;Gtf]ifhgs 302 26=2
3 l7sl7s} 388 33=7
4 sd ;Gt'i6 229 19=9
5 ;Gtf]ifhgs gePsf] 134 11=6
hDdf 1152 100=0
>f]tM :ynut ;e]{If0f, @)&@

85
 dfly pNn]lvt tflnsf cg';f/ pBd Joj;fodf dlxnfsf] ;Gt'li6sf]:t/df ;Gtf]ifhgs /x]sf] eGg]
@^=@ k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ eg] l7sl7s} /x]sf] eGg] ##=& k|ltzt / sd ;Gt'i6 !(=( k|ltzt /x]sf]
b]lvG5 .
clt ;Gtf]ifhgs / ;Gtf]ifhgs u/L sl/j #% k|ltzt dfq b]lvPsf]n] pBd Joj;fo k|lt
dlxnfx?sf] ;Gt'li6sf] dfqf sd gb]lvPsf]n] u/]sf pBd Joj;fosf] ahf/ ;df:of, k"FhL
tyf ;+rfngdf ;d:of b]lvg cfPsf] 5 .

#=& sfo{qmddf ;dfj]zLs/0f

#=&=! dlxnf lasf; sfo{qmdn] clt u/Lj, u/Lj, l;dfGts[t dlxnfx?nfO{ ;dfj]zLs/0f af/]

sfo{qmdn] b]zsf ;a} ef}uf]lns If]qsf dlxnfx?nfO{ ;d]6g ;s]sf] b]lvG5 . ;a} lhNnfsf k|foh;f]
uf=lj=;= / gu/kflnsfsf j8fx?df ;+rflnt sfo{qmd nlIft ljkGg ju{ / u/Lj dlxnfx?nfO{
;d]6g ;s]sf] b]lvG5 . dlxnfåf/f u7g ul/Psf ;d"xdf blnt, hghftL, cGosf] ljj/0f tn
lbOPsf] 5 .

tflnsf g+= ##M dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmddf ;dfj]zL dlxnf

l;=g+= hfthftLsf] ;dfj]zL ;+Vof k|ltzt

! blnt !$@($& !^=!
@ hfghftL #)@!@% ##=*
# cGo $$&$)@ %)=!
hDdf *(@$&$ !))=)
>f]tM dlxnf ljsf; ljefu, aflif{s k|ltj]bg @)&).&!

dfly pNn]lvt tflnsf cg';f/, dlxnf ;d"xdf cfj4 ePsf dlxnfx? dWo] blnt !^=! k|ltzt
/x]sf 5g\ eg] hghftL ##=* k|ltzt ePsf] b]lvG5 . cGo hftLdf -a|fXd0f, If]qL_ %)=! k|ltzt
/x]sf] b]lvG5 .

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd &% lhNnfsf gu/kflnsf / uf=lj=;x?df ;+rflnt ePsf] x'Fbf ef}uf]lns
?kn] lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO{ tyf b'u{d If]qdf ;d]t ;+rfng ePaf6 To; If]qsf dlxnfx? sfo{qmddf
;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L ;d"xdf cfj4 x'g] dlxnfsf] klxrfg / 5gf}6 ubf{ clt ljkGg
dlxnfx?nfO{ lnOPsf] x'Fbf u/Lj, l;dfGts[t dlxnfx?nfO{ klg sfo{qmddf ;dfj]zLs/0f ul/Psf]
5.

#=&=@ sfo{qmdsf] nfesf] ;dfg ljt/0f

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd ;+rfng ePsf If]qx?df ljleGg lqmofsnfkx? ;+rfng ul/Psf 5g\ .
h;df ;d"xLs/0f u/L ;d"xdf art kl/rfng ul/Psf] 5 . ;d"xdf cfj4 ePsf dlxnfx?nfO{

86
 ;d"x ;b:ox?sf] cg'lzIf0f, cfwf/e"t tflnd ;a} dlxnf ;b:ox?nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . ;d"xdf
;lqmo e} pBd ;d"xsf ;b:ox?sf] nflu l;k ljsf; tflnd, pBd ljsf;df ;dfg cj;/
lbOPsf] 5 . ;fy} ;d"x, ;ldlt / ;+:yfsf ;b:o dlxnfx?nfO{ ;+:yfsf] jflif{s nfef+;sf] ljt/0f
;dfg ?kdf x'g] u/]sf] 5 . dlxnfx? ;d"xdf cfj4 e} hDdf u/]sf] z]o/ /sdsf] lx;fjn] nfef+;sf]
;dfg'kflts ljt/0f ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . h;af6 dlxnfx?n] cfˆgf] hDdf ePsf] /sdsf] nfe ;dfg
?kn] lng ;s]sf] cj:yf 5 -;d"xut 5nkmn_.

#=&=# ;d"x / ;+:yf leqsf] ultzLntf -Group Dynamics)

dlxnf ;d"x u7g ubf{ Pp6f lglZrt ef}uf]lns If]q, ;d'bfo / :yfgLo:t/df ;d'bfosf ljkGg
dlxnfx? ;dfj]z u/L ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;d'bfosf dlxnfx? aLr cfk;L 5nkmn u/L ;dfg ljrf/ /
;d"xdf a;L sfd ug{ OR5's ;lqmotf ;xeflutf hgfP kl5 ;d"x u7g ug]{ sfo{ ul/Psf] kfO{G5 .
;xhstf{ tyf cu'jf dlxnfn] dlxnf ljsf; ;d"xsf ljljw kIf af/] hfgsf/L u/fpg] dlxnfx?
aLr cfk;L ;/f]sf/sf ljifox?sf] p7fg ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{, ;d"xdf k/]sf ;d:ofx? ;fd"lxs ?kdf
lnOg] / ;a} ;b:ox?sf] ;dfg cj;/ k|fKt ug{ kfpg] af/]df ;';"lrt u/fpg] u/]sf 5g\ . ;d"xdf
dlxnfx? lgoldt dfl;s a}7sx? a:g], art ug]{, ;d"xsf ;b:ox? aLr cfkmgf ljrf/x? /fVg],
5nkmn u/L lg0f{odf k'Ug] u/]sf 5g\ . To:t} tflnddf ;xefuLsf] rog ug{, pkef]Qmf ;ldlt tyf
:yfgLo:t/df ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfddf ;dfj]z x'g] af/] klg ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L lg0f{o ul/g]
kl/kfl6 /x]sf] 5 . dlxnf ;d"xdf $ b]lv ^ hgfsf] ;fgf] ;d"x u7g u/L kl/rfng ul/Psf] 5 .
;fgf ;d"xx? 7"nf ;d"xx? eGbf a9L lqmoflzn x'g] / ;fgf ;d"xsf ;b:ox? JolQmut ?kdf Ps
cfk;df kl/rt x'g] cfˆgf] kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfosf ;femf ;jfnx?df s]lGb|t e} cfk;L lxtsf
ljifodf ;xefuL x'g ub{5g\ (Federating for Force, DoWD, page 16) o:tf ;d"x Pp6f cgf}krfl/s
ePtf klg ;d"x leqsf] ;+rfng k4tL ;+u7gfTds / ;d"xd'vL ePsf] x'Fbf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf
sfof{no, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf, kl/of]hgfx?n] :yfgLo :t/sf sfo{qmddf dlxnf ;d"xnfO{ g} ;dfj]z
ug]{ cle?lr a9\b} uPsf] kfOPsf] 5 .

dlxnf ;+:yfx? ;xsf/L P]g, @)$*, cg';f/ lglZrt ;xsf/Lsf] cjwf/0ff / pb]Zo tyf ax'pb]lZo
?kdf btf{ eP kl5 ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] ?kdf lglZrt ef}uf]lns If]qsf dlxnfx?nfO{ ;d]l6P/ ;+rfng
ul/Psf] x'G5 . o:tf ;+:yfdf dlxnf ;d"xdf ;dfj]z uPsf ;b:ox? tyf ;ldltdf /x]sf dlxnfx?
z]o/ ;b:o x'G5g\ . z]o/ /sd ;+:yfdf nufgLsf] ?kdf ;+slnt u/L k"FhL lgdf{0f ul/g] 5 .
;+:yfsf ;b:ox? ;xsf/Lsf ljlgod cg';f/ art tyf C0fsf] ;]jfx? lng] u/]sf 5g\ . :yfgLo
dlxnfx?åf/f ;+slnt kF'hLnfO{ ;fd"lxs k"FhLsf] ?kdf hDdf u/L dlxnfx?sf] cfo–cfh{g, pBd
ljsf; tyf cfjZos sfo{x?sfnflu C0f pknJw u/fpg] u/]sf 5g\ . o; k|sf/ hDdf ePsf]
/sdn] dlxnf ;b:ox?nfO{ cfly{s ?kdf k/]sf] ;d:of tyf cfly{s ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug uPsf]
5 . ;+:yfsf] ;+rfns ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] rog aflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efaf6 x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
ljlgod cg';f/ aflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efdf ;+:yfdf cfj4 ;b:ox?n] kbflwsf/L pDd]bjf/sf] nflu
b/vf:t lbg ;Sg] 5g\ . b/vf:t lbOPsf kbx?df r'gfj u/L rog ul/G5 . ;a}sf] ;dfg

87
 dtflwsf/ / ;+:yfsf] kbflwsf/L aGg kfpg] cj;/ /xG5 . s'g}klg ljifodf lg0f{o ubf{ ;+rfns
;ldltdf k|:tfj k]z u/L ;a} kbflwsf/L tyf ;b:ox?n] cfk\mgf s'/fx? /fVg], ;'emfj lbg] /
lg0f{odf k'Ug] u/]sf 5g\ . ;+:yf leqsf] ;+rfng k|lqmof Jojl:yt, k|efjsf/L / kf/bzL{ x'g] x'Fbf
;d"x / ;ldltsf ;a} ;b:ox?n] aflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efdf 5nkmn kZrft lg0f{odf k'Ug] k|lqmofaf6
;d"x, ;ldlt / ;+:yfsf] ultzLntf k|efjsf/L /x]sf] 5 .
;d"xdf cfj4 dlxnfx? cfˆgf] ;d"xdf dfl;s ?kdf a}7s a;L art ug]{, cfk;L ;d:ofx?
/fVg] / To;sf] ;dfwfgsf ljifodf uxg 5nkmn ug]{ u/]sf] kfO{G5 . lgoldt a}7sdf ;a}
dlxnfx? !)) k|ltzt g} pkl:ylt x'g] / ;d"xsf ljljw kIfx?df ;lqmo /xg] x'Fbf ;d"x
leq dlxnfx? ultzLn /x]sf 5g\ . ;fy} ;ldlt / ;+:yfsf] leq klg dlxnfx?sf] ;lqmo
;xeflutf / lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;l/s x'g] x'gfn] ultzLntf /x]sf] 5 .

#=* sfo{qmdsf] cGt/ ;DaGw ljZn]if0f

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd /fli6«o k|fyldstf k|fKt / b]zsf] cfwf eGbf a9L lx:;f cf]u6]sf dlxnfsf]
ljsf; / ljkGg au{nfO{ nlIft u/L ;+rflnt sfo{qmd ePsf]n] b]z ljsf;sf] d'n wf/df dlxnf
;xeflutf, ;zlQms/0f / ;d"xLs/0fsf] dfWodaf6 ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhg}lts, ljsf; lgdf{0f
If]qx?df ;+nUgtf u/fpg] ljlzi6 nIo /fvL ;+rfng ul/Psf] 5 . o; sfo{qmdsf] cGt/ ;DaGw
ljleGg If]qut tyf sfo{qmdut ?kdf sfod x'g uPsf] 5 .

s[lif If]qsf] ljsf; ug{sf nflu s[lif ;d"x u7g tyf kl/rfngdf dlxnf ;d"xnfO{ cfj4 u/fOPsf]
b]lvG5 . s[lifsf] cfw'lgs v]tL k|0ffnLdf dlxnfnfO{ tflnd tyf k|ljlw 1fg lbO{ lg/Gt/ ?kdf
s[lifsf] pTkfbg tyf pkfbsTjdf k|ult xfl;n ug{ ;lsPsf] 5 . To;}u/L :jf:Yo If]qdf dlxnf
:oj+;]lssf k|To]s j8fx?df u7g u/L cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jfsf sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ul/Psf] 5 .
ljz]if u/L k|hgg :jf:Yo, vf]k sfo{qmd, afnaflnsfsf] kf]if0f sfo{qmd, le6fldg P h:tf d"Vo
sfo{qmddf dlxnfnfO{ ;+nUg u/fO{ ;+rfng u/L ;kmn ePsf b[i7fGtx? /x]sf 5g\ .

ljsf; lgdf{0f, l;+rfO{ tyf hn>f]t If]qdf eg] dlxnfx?nfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg] kl/kfl6 ePtfklg
;lqmo / pNn]Vo ;xeflutf ePsf] kfOb}g . o; tkm{ klg dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf, lqmofzLntf tyf
lhDd]jf/LnfO{ a9fpg ;s]sf] v08df dlxnfnfO{ ljsf;sf] d"nwf/df Nofpg ;lsg] 5 .

88
 kl/R5]b #
lgisif{, ;'emfj / sfo{of]hgf
$=! ;du| d"Nof+sg lgisif{

dfly pNn]lvt ljleGg k|s/0fdf b]vfOPsf ljj/0f / laZn]if0fsf cffwf/df o; cWoogsf d"Vo
d"Vo lgisif{x? (Findings) lgDg adf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ .

$=!=! dlxnf s]lGb|t ljsf;sf] nflu lj=;+= @)!# ;fndf :yfkgf ePsf] dlxnf k|lzIf0f s]Gb|sf] dfWodaf6
sfo{ k|f/De ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L ljleGg sfn v08df z'? x'Fb} cfPsf] k|of;nfO{ 5}6f} k~raifL{o
of]hgf -@)#&—$@_ n] ljsf; sfo{df dlxnf ;xeflutf k|jw{g ug]{ u/L 5'§} gLlt ;dfj]z u/L
tTsflng k~rfot tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno cGtu{t lj=;+= @)#* ;fndf dlxnf ljsf; zfvf
v8f u/L dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd z'? x'gsf ;fy} ;fgf ls;fg ljsf; sfo{qmd cGtu{t klg dlxnf
ljsf; sfo{qmdsf ljljw lqmofsnfkx? ;+rfng ul/of] . cf7f} of]hgf -@)$(—%$_ n] n}lËs
d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf] gLlt cjnDag ub}{ ;f] gLltnfO{ ;dGjo ug{ /fli6«o of]hfgf cfof]udf dlxnf tyf
afnaflnsf x]g]{ 5'§} OsfO{sf] Joj:yf u/L lj=;+= @)%@ ;fndf dlxnf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno
:yfkgf u/L :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnodf /x]sf] dlxnf ljsf dxfzfvfnfO{ lj=;+= @)%^ ;fndf dlxnf
tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnodf /fVg] Joj:yf u/Lof] . ldlt @)%&.#.@^ sf] lg0f{oaf6 dlxnf ljsf;
dxfzfvfnfO{ dlxnf ljsf; ljefudf / lhNnf l:yt dlxnf ljsf; zfvfnfO{ dlxnf ljsf;
sfo{fnodf / @)&.^.!@ df dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf sfof{no sfod ul/of] . dlxnf lasf; sfo{qmd
;+rfngsf] tLg cfodx? d"nk|jfxLs/0f, ;zlQms/0f / ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ffdf ljleGg
lqmofsnfkx? ;+rfng ul/Psf 5g\ . ;fy} g]kfn ;/sf/n] cGt/f{li6«o :t/df ljleGg ;Demf}tf, ;lGw
/ k|ltj4tf u/]sf] / ;f] cg';f/ d"Vo–d"Vo a'Fbfx?sf] sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .

sfo{qmdsf] nlIft ljkGg dlxnf ;+Vof s/Lj %@ nfv ePtfklg nfdf] ;do ;Ddsf] sfof{Gjog
k|of; kZrft klg cf=j= @)&).&! ;Dd s/Lj ( nfvdf dfq sfo{qmdsf] kx'Fr k'u]sf] 5 .
sfo{qmdsf] kx'Fr k'u]sf ( nfv dlxnfx?sf] cfly{s cj:yf ;'wf/ ug]{ tkm{ klg pNn]vgLo pknAwL
x'g g;s]klg ;dfj]zLs/0f tyf ;zlQms/0f ug]{ sfo{ lg/Gt/ ?kdf rfln /x]sf] 5 .

$=!=@ nlIft dlxnfx?sf] klxrfg Pj+ ;d"xLs/0f ub}{ JolQmTj ljsf;, zLk ljsf; / ;d"xsf ;b:ox?nfO{
cfˆgf] clwsf/sf nflu ;r]tgf u/fpg] sfo{df s]xL ;sf/fTds k|efj b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . cf=j=
@)&).&! ;Dddf #$(* uf=lj=;=sf @)!%% j8f / !!& gu/kflnsfsf !)(* j8f ;d]t u/L
@!@%# j8fdf sfo{qmd lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . cf=j @)&).&! ;Dd s/Lj ( nfv dlxnf ;b:odf kx'Fr
k'u]sf] ! nfv %! xhf/ ;d"x u7g ePsf] / ;f] ;d"xdf !^=)@ k|ltzt blnt, ##=*% k|ltzt
hghftL / cGo hftLx? %)=!# k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L s/Lj !& xhf/ ;ldlt, !& ;o dlxnf

89
 ;+:yf ;xsf/L P]g cGt/ut u7g eO{ ;+:yfut ?kdf art ;+sng, kl/rfng, cfo–cfh{g tyf
;fd'bflos ljsf;sf ljleGg lqmofsnfkx? ;+rfng ul//x]sf] b]lvG5 . s/Lj % xhf/ dlxnf ;d"x
-#=$% k|ltzt_ cg'udg tyf lgl/If0ffsf] sdL tyf cGo ljleGg sf/0fn] lgis[o ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
u7g ePsf ;d"xdf klg blnt, hghftLsf] k|ltzt 36\bf] qmddf /x]sf] 5 .

pNn]lvt ;d"x, ;b:o / ;+:yfx?af6 s/Lj @ c/j ^! s/f]8 @% nfv art ;+sng eO{ @ c/j
%! s/f]8 %( nfv nfugL e} /x]sf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . pNn]lvt art ePsf] /sd ;d"xdf &=%*
k|ltzt, ;ldltdf !=*( k|ltzt / ;+:yfdf *)=%# k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] art /
nufgLsf] cg'kft !M)=*^ /x]sf] 5 . h; cg';f/ nufgL /sd k|ofKt ePsf] / k'hL kl/rfngaf6
dlxnf ;d"xsf ;b:ox?sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;sf/fTds k|efj k/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L art
/sdaf6 ljleGg sfo{x?sf nflu ;d"xsf ;b:ox?df nfugL ul/Psf] 5 . nufgL ePsf] C0fx?
dWo] () k|ltzt eGbf a9L ;dodfg} ltg]{ u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . rfn' sf]ifdf klg s/Lj !# s/f]8 ^@
nfv /x]sf] 5 . pNn]lvt art tyf C0f kl/rfngsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;sf/fTds ePtfklg, ;d"x,
;b:o / ;+:yfx?sf] a9\g] qmdsf] dfqf sd ePsf]n] ck]lIft nlIft ;d"xnfO{ kxF'r k'Ug] cem} a9L
;do nfUg] b]lvG5 .

$=!=# JolQmTj ljsf;sf k|f/lDes k|lzIf0f tkm{ sfo{qmdn] nlIft dlxnfx?nfO{ ;d"x ;b:o cg'lzIf0f,
cfwf/e"t tflnd tyf ;dflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f tflnd k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . cf=a= @)&).&! ;Dd ;d"x
;b:o cg'lzIf0f @&*@%^ hgfnO{, cfwf/e"t tflnd lng] dlxnf !%*(!# / ;fdflhs
;dfj]zLs/0f tflnd ##&# hgfnfO{, ;f;' a'xf/L cGt/lqmof !*^$( hgfnfO{, k|hgg :jf:Yo
;r]tgf tflndf !@!#!# hgfnO{ lbOPsf] 5 . oL tflndx?af6 dlxnfsf] JolQmTj ljsf; tyf
pgLx?sf] l;sfO{df clea[l4 e} ;dIf x'g ;s]sf 5g\ . o; k|sf/sf tflnd ;d"xdf ;lDdlnt
*(@$&$ dlxnf dWo] tflnd k|fKt ug]{sf] k|ltzt pNn]vgLo gePsf]n] tflndaf6 nfeflGjt x'g]
dlxnf sd ePsf] b]lvG5 . cWoogsf l;nl;nfdf tflndsf] pko'Qmtf ;DaGwL ul/Psf] glthf
cg';f/ s/Lj ^^=$ k|ltzt dlxnfx?n] tflnd pko'Qm ePsf] atfPsf 5g\ . o:tf tflnd dWo]
Joj;flos ;d"xn] k|fKt u/]sf] tflndsf] ;Gt'li6sf] :t/ #% k|ltzt dfq b]lvPaf6 tflnd cem}
k|efjsf/L x'g' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

$=!=$ dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] lhNnf:t/df ;+rfng ePsf sfo{qmdx?df nlIft dlxnf klxrfg /
;d"xLs/)f, JolQmTj ljsf;sf k|f/lDes k|lzIf)f, ;+:yfut ljsf; / ;xeflutf, u/Lj lj?$
dlxnf cleofg, zLk tyf Jofj;flostf ljsf; tflnd n+lus lx+;f lgjf/)f, laBfno ljsf;
lszf]/L ax'cfoflds ljsf;, d'Qm sdn/L ;zlQms/)f, afn clwsf/ ;Da${g, afbL ;d'bfosf
dlxnfsf nflu #/ ljsf; of]hgf, d"n k|jfxLs/)f ;Dks{ lgsfo ;]jf, ;fdflhs kl/rfng,
dlxnf ;+:yfsf] ef}lts ;'ljwf ljsf;, ;"rgf lzIff / ;+rf/ cflb sfo{qmdx?sf 100 eGbf
a(L lqmofsnfkx? x'g] u/]sf] kfOG% . pQm lqmofsnfkx? dWo] s]xL lqmofsnkfx? Pp^}

90
 k|s[ltsf] ePsf] t/ sfo{qmd eg] km/s km/s ePsf]n] Plss[t ?kdf ;+rfng ug{ cfjZos
b]lvPsf] % .

4=1=5 dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd cGtu{tsf lqmofsnfkx?sf] ;+Vof clws ePsf]n] ubf{ df}h'bf lhNnf:t/sf
hgzlQmn] ;dodf cg'udg, lgl/If)f tyf lj:tf/ ug]{ sfo{ k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf] / ;d"xsf]
la:tf/, ;+:yfsf] lj:tf/, sfo{qmdsf] la:tf/ cg'?k cg'udg Joj:yfkg x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g .
o; ;DalGwt sfof{no sd{rf/Lx? / ;d"x;+u ePsf] cGt/lqmof cg';f/ cg'udg tyf
lg/LIf)fsf] sfo{ ljut s]xL aif{otf lgb]{lzsf agfO{ ul/sf] % .

4=1=6 gLltut:t/df cf=j= 2070.71 b]lvg} dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ tLgj^f k|fyldstfdf ;+rfng
ug]{ eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf] % . h; cg';f/ k|fKt pknAwLsf] ;Da${g ug{sf nflu gof uf=lj=;
/ j*f lj:tf/ ug]{ sfo{ eGbf j*f ;ldltx?nfO{ ;lqmo agfpb} n}hfg] / Joj;flos ljsf;
;d"x u&g sfo{df ltj|tf lbg} cfjZos ;xosf]u pknJw u/fpg] eGg] /x]sf] % . o;
;DaGwL cj:yfaf^ :ynut ?kdf ;d"xdf %nkmn ubf{ / jflif{s sfo{qmdsf] agfj^ x]bf{
tf]lsPsf] k|fyldstf adf]lhd lqmofsnfkx? ;+rfng x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g .

4=1=7 dlxnfx?sf] cfly{s pGgtL tyf cfo cfh{gsf nflu Joj;flos ;d"xx? u&g ul/Psf / tL
;d"xsf ;b:ox?nfO{ Joj;flos zLk ljsf;, Joj:yfksLo zLk ljsf; tflndx? k|bfg ul/Psf]
/ ;xeflutfTds ljlwaf^ Joj;fos %gf}^ tyf k|j${g sfo{of]hgf agfO{ Joj;fo ;+rfngsf
nflu a:t'ut ^]jf tyf kx'r lalxg dlxnfsf nflu rfn'sf]if kl/rfng ul/Psf] b]lvG% .
2070.71 ;Dd Jofj;flos zLk ljsf; ;DaGwL tflnd 68260 hgfnfO{ / Joj;fod"ns zLk
ljsf; tflndf 122055 hgfnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] b]lvG% . pNn]lvt tflnd k|fKt dlxnf
;b:ox? dWo] sfo{qmdn] Joj;flos sfo{ z'? gu/]sf jf z'? u/]tfklg ljleGg ;d:ofn] ubf{
lg/Gt/tf lbg g;s]sf] kfOPsf] % -;d"xut %nkmn_ .

4=1=8 :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ?kdf /x]sf] :yfgLo lgsfox? uf=lj=;=, gu/kflnsf, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldldt
nufot lhNnf:t/sf cGo ljifout lgosfx?n] dlxnf ljsf;df d"n k|jfxLs/)f ug]{ plrt
sfo{qmd dfkm{t dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd;+u ;xsfo{ ug'{ kg]{df sld b]lvg cfPsf] % . clxn]sf]
cj:yf / l:yltdf dlxnf ;+:yfx? lgs} ;+ul&t, lqmofzLn / nugzLn ;d]t b]lvPsf]n] o:tf
;+:yfx?nfO{ :yfgLo cfjZostfsf] klxrfg ug{ pkof]u ug'{ kg]{df ;f] gePsf] cj:yf ljBdfg
/x]sf] % . o;af/] lhNnfl:yt :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L nufot ljsf; ;DaGwL lgosfsf
k|d"vx?;+u %nkmn ubf{ s]lGb|o:t/af^ o; ;DaGwL dfu{bz{g gx'+bf ;xsfo{ ug{ sl&gfO{ ePsf]
eGg] wf/)ff /x]sf] % .

4=1=9 dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdn] dlxnfx?nfO{ ;+ul&t u/]sf dlxnf ;+:yfx?af^ art tyf C)f
kl/rfng u/L ;xsf/L P]g cGtu{t ul&t e} ;f]xL cg';f/ ;+rflnt /x]sf %g\ . ;xsf/L P]g
tyf lgodfjnLx? adf]lhd z]o/jfnf ;b:ox?sf] lxt tyf k|ltlglwTjdf ;+:yfsf] Joj:yfkg /

91
 ;+rng ug]{ ul/Psf] % . dlxnf ;+:yfx? gfkmfd'vL eGbf ;]jfd'vL ?kdf ;b:ox? aLr ckgTj
/ ;+:yfsf] lg/Gt/tfdf cufl* al( /x]sf %g\ eg] ;b:ox?sf] lj:tf/ u/L a(L dfqfdf nufgL
h'^fpg] tkm{ sfo{x? u/L ;b:ox?nfO{ Joj;flos sfo{sf C)f k|jfx ug{ ;Sg] ePsf %g\ .
;+:yfx?sf] C)f k|jfx s/Lj 90 k|ltzt /x]sf x'+bf pQm Jofhaf^ ;+:yf ;+rfng x'g ;Sg] /
C)f nufgLsf] dfWodaf^ dlxnfx?sf] cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf a[l$ x'g uPsf] % . s]xL ;+:yfx?n]
a}sx?af^ ;x'lnot C)f lnP/ ;d]t nufgL u/]sf] kfO{G% . o;/L ;xsf/L ;+:yf / a}lsé If]q
aLr ;xsfo{ x'g' /fd|f] xf] . dlxnf ;xsf/L ;+:yfx? cGo ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] bf+hf]df bLuf] ?kdf
;+rfng ePsf] b]lvG% . o;df ldlxnf ;+:yfx?n] ;xsf/L P]g cGtu{t u&g eP kZrft dlxnf
ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] tkm{af^ ug'k
{ g]{ ;xlhs/)fsf] sfo{df k|efsf/L x'g g;s]sf] eGg] ;d"xut
%nkmn ;d"xut %nkmnaf^ b]lvg cfPsf] % .

4=1=10 n}lés lx+;f lgjf/)fsf] nflu dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdn] dlxnf ;d"x, ;+:yfx? dfkm{t PsLs[t
ljsf; sfo{qmd tyf ;]jf s]Gb| ;+rfng ub}{ cfPsf] / lhNnfdf ;DalGwt lgosfx?;+u ;dGjo
/ ;xsfo{ ug's
{ f ;fy} u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf dfkmt{ k'g{:yfkgf s]Gb|sf] ;]jf k|jfx ub}{ cfPsf] % .
;]jf s]Gb|x?sf] ;+rfngdf /fhg}lts x:tIf]k, ;+rfns ;+:yfnfO{ cgf}krfl/s ?kdf bjfj lbg] /
sltko lx+;fsf #^gfx?df ;DalGwt lgsfox?af^ c;xof]u tyf a(L ;do Joltt ug]{ h:tf
r'gf}ltsf] ;fdgf ug'{ k/]sf] b]lvG% .

cWoogsf l;nl;nfdf kfOPsf ;"rgf cg';f/ zf/Ll/s lx+;f 13=7 k|ltzt / zf/Ll/s tyf
of}ghGo lx+;f s/Lj 26 k|ltzt / #/]n' lx+;f ef]Ug] s/Lj 14 k|ltzt dlxnf /x]sf] kfOPsf]
% . o; kl/k]|Ifdf sfo{qmdn] ;d]l^Psf If]qdf sfo{qmdn] g;d]l^Psf] eGbf sd lx+;f x'g]
u/]sf] kfOPsf] % . To;}u/L lx+;f lj?$ ph'/L ug]{ klg sfo{qmdn] ;d]l^Psf] If]qdf s/Lj 50
k|ltzt /x]sf / sfo{qmdn] g;d]l^Psf If]qdf 19 k|ltzt /x]sf] % . o;/L #/]n' lx+;f lj?$
ph'/L ug]s
{ f] ;+Vof pT;fxj${s gx'gd
' f /fhg}lts :t/sf] bjfj ;d:ofsf] ?kdf /x]sf]n] ;dfwfg
ug{ c;xh ePsf] cj:yfsf] hfgsf/L ;fd"xut %nkmnaf^ b]lvg cfPsf] % .

4=1=11 ljBfno lad'v lszf]/Lx?sf] ax'cfoflds ljsf; ug]{ clek|fon] dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdn]
hLjgf]kof]uL l;k ljsf; tflnd, lszf]/f ljsf; tflnd, Joj;flos tflnd, :jf:Yo pkrf/
;xof]u, g]t[Tj Pj+ JolQmTj ljsf; ;DaGwL tflndf ;fdflhs r]tgf hfu/)f nufotsf
lqmofsnfkx? ;+rfng ub} cfPsf] % . o; sfo{df ;xeflutf u/fpg a:tL, j*f tyf uf=lj=;=
:t/df lszf]/L ;d"x ;+ul&t u/L sfo{qmdn] ;d]^\g vf]lhP tfklg ljs^ If]qsf a:tLx?sf
ljBfno ljd"v lszf]/Lx?nfO{ ;d]^g ;lsPsf] %|}g . o; sfo{qmdsf] r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf sfo{qmdn]
dlxnf ;+:yfdf lszf]/L k/fdz{stf{ gx'g' ;DalGwt lgsfoaf^ pknJw x'g] ;]jf, ;'ljwf / >f]t
;fwgdf lszf]/L ;d"xsf] kx'+r gx'g' /x]sf %g\ . sfo{qmd ;DaGwLdf lszf]/Lx?sf] ;Gt'li^ :t/
af/] x]bf{ clt ;Gtf]ifhgs 13=4 k|ltzt / ;Gtf]ifhgfs 20=5 k|ltzt /x]af^ a(L dfqfdf
lszf]l/x? c;Gt'li^ /x]sf] kfOof] .

92
4=1=12 dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ljut 30 jif{ b]lvPsf] lg/Gt/tf / ;a} lhNnfsf uf=lj=;= tyf
gu/kflnsfsf j*fx?df ;+rfng ePaf^ dlxnfx?nfO{ ;+ul&t ug]{ / ;';"lrt x'g] sfo{df
k|efjsf/L /x]sf] % . dlxnfx?n] cfk\mgf] s'/f #/, ;dfh, ;+:yf tyf ;DalGwt lgsfodf /fVg
;Sg] Ifdtfdf s/Lj 85 k|ltzt /x]sf] cWoogaf^ b]lvPsf] % . dlxnfx?n] ljleGg #/fo;L
tyf cGo ljifodf lg)f{o ug]{ Ifdtfdf pNn]Vo a[l$ ePsf] kfOG% . ;e]{If)f cg';f/
kfl/jfl/ssf ljifodf lg)f{o ug]{ Ifdtfdf 78=3 k|ltzt, kfl/jfl/s :jf:Yodf 98=5 k|ltzt,
lzIffdf 63=5 k|ltzt, kz'kfngdf 94 -8 k|ltzt / b}lgs #/fo;L sfddf 72=5 k|ltzt
/x]sf] % . cWoogaf^ dlxnfx?;+u ;DalGwt ;fdflhs l/tLl/jfh, k/Dk/f cflbdf klg pNn]Vo
?kdf kl/jt{g ePsf] kfOG% . %fpkl* ;DaGwL sfo{qmd rn]sf lhNnfx? dWo] c%fd tyf
sflnsf]^df ul/Psf] cWogaf^ o; k|yf klxnf eGbf lgs} sd ePsf] / dlxnfx?df r]tgf
clea[l$ ePsf] b]vfpb% . To;}u/L dlxgfjf/L x'Fbf #/ jflx/ a:g] k|rngdf ;'wf/ cfPsf]
% . dlxnfx? klg sfhlqmof ug]{ / dnfdL hfg] h:tf k'?ifd"vL k|yfnfO{ lj:yflkt u/L pQm
sfo{df dlxnf ;xeflutf 33=6 jf^ 44=7 k|ltzt k'u]sf] % .

dlxnfx?n] ef]lu/x]sf s]xL ;+:sf/hGo s'/Lltx?sf ;DaGwdf ul/Psf] cWoogn] To:tf s'/Llt
tyf ;+:sf/x?nfO{ kl/jt{g ug]{ sfo{df ;+nUg /x]sf / ;+:sf/hGo s'/fx? h:t}M #'D^f] /fVg],
a'vf{ /fVg], %'jf%t, afnljjfx cflbdf ;d]t pNn]vlgo ?kdf kl/jt{g ePsf] cWoogaf^ b]lvg
cfPsf] % .

4=1=13 n}lés ;dtfsf] lx;fjn] dlxnf / k'?if aLr #/ leq / jflx/ x'g] ;a} vfn] lqmofsnfkx?df
;dfg cj;/ / ;xof]u x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG% . dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdaf^ dlxnf ;b:oxnfO{
;r]tgf, pTk|]/)ff / Ifdtf clea[l$ e} #/fo;L sfddf klg k'?ifsf] ;eflutf x'g],
%f]/f%f]/Lx?sf] lzIff, :jf:yo cflbdf e]befj Go"lgs/)f ;dfg cj;/ lbb} /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs,
cfly{s, ljsf;sf sfo{df ;d]t ;xeflutf a(\b} uPsf] cWoogn] b]vfPsf] % .

4=1=14 dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdaf^ ;d"x, ;ldlt tyf ;+:yfdf lapm k"+hL kl/rfng u/L nlIft ;d"xsf]
art kl/rfng, Joj;flos If]qdf nufgL, pTkfbgzLn lqmofsnfkx?af^ dlxnfx?sf] cfo
cfh{gdf a[l$ e} u/LjL Go"lgs/)fdf ;#fp k'u]sf] % . ljpm k"+hLsf] /sd ;d"x / ;+:yfn]
cfk\mgf] l:ylt ;'b[( ePkl% lkmtf{ ug]{ / ;f] /sd dlxnf ljsf; sfof{non] cGo ;+:yfx?nfO{
pknJw u/fpg] u/]sf] b]lvG% . o;n] u|fld)f If]qsf ljkGg dlxnfx?sf] cfodf a[l$ u/L
bLuf]kgf u/fpg ;d]t ;xof]u k'u]sf] % .

93
$=!=!% ;du| d"Nof+sg lgisif{

tflnsf g+= #$ M d"Nof+Ísgsf dfks ;"rsx?

d"NofÍg
qm=;+= dfks ;"rf+s d"NofÍgsf cfwf/x?
dfks
! cf}lrTo s  nlIft dlxnfx?df k'u]sf] sfo{qmdn] dlxnfsf] JolQmTj ljsf;
/ ;d"xLs/0f, ;dfj]zLs/0f / ;zlQms/0f x'g ;s]sf]
 cGt/f{li6«o k|ltj4tfx?nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{
 cem} s/Lj *) k|ltzt nlIft ;d"xdf sfo{qmd lj:tf/ ul/g'
kg]{ ePsf]
 () k|ltzt eGbf a9L dlxnfn] sfo{qmdsf] cf}lrTo /x]sf]
@ k|efjsfl/tf v  ;d"x u7g, ;ldlt tyf ;+:yfut ?kdf art / nufgL
kl/rfngsf] a[l4 b/ !#=$ k|ltzt ePsf]
 ;xsf/Laf6 art /sd dWo] s/Lj (^ k|ltzt nufgL ePsf]
 Joj;flos ;d"xdf C0f k|jfx u/L cfo cfh{g / u/LjL
Go"lgs/0f ePsf]
 d"nk|jflxs/0f -!& k|ltzt ;d]l6Psf]_, ;dfj]lzs/0f -blnt
!^=! k|ltzt / hghftL ##=* k|ltzt, ;zlQms/0f -kfl/jfl/s
ljifodf &*=# k|ltzt / ahf/ vl/b tyf ljlqmdf ^#=%
k|ltzt dlxnfsf] lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf j[l4_
# sfo{bIftf u  ah]6sf] Joj:yf sfo{qmdd"vL / k|ultd"vL geO{ ;fna;fnL
ePsf]
 ;+rfng / sfo{qmd ah]6 s/Lj %) k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/L ePsf]
 sfo{qmd ah]6sf] () k|ltzt vr{ ePsf]
$ k|efj s  dlxnfsf] cfˆgf] ;d:of /fVg ;Sg] Ifdtfdf *% k|ltztn]
a[l4 ePsf]
 kl/jf/sf] lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf a[l4 ePsf] lzIff, :jf:y cflbdf
lg0f{o Ifdtfdf a[l4 ePsf]
 dlxnfsf] ;fdflhs kIfx?df kl/jt{g ePsf]
 dlxnfsf] s'/Llt, ;+:sf/df pNn]vgLo ePsf] kl/jt{g
 3/]n' tyf of}ghGo lx+;fdf 36\bf]qmd /x]sf]
 cfDbfgL / vr{ b'j}df a[l4 e} art a9b} uPsf]
% lbuf]kgf v  dlxnf ;+:yfx?df ckgTj / g]t[Tj k|efjsf/L ePsf]n] ;+:yfx?
lbuf]x'g] nufgL ePsf] /sd dWo] s/Lj () k|ltzt c;"nL x'g]
u/]sf]
 dlxnf ;+:yfx?sf] ;+Vof !^#^ / tby{ !%& ePsf] / jflif{s
?kdf ;+:yfsf] j[l4 ePsf]

94
 ^ clwsf/jfnf S dlxnf lasf; sfo{qmdn] ;+rfng u/]sf] art, C0f nufgL, pBd
;d'bfosf] Joj;fo, lszf]/L sfo{qmdx?df dlxnfx?sf] ;Gt'li6:t/ %) k|ltzt
;Gt'li6 eGbf a9L ePsf]

& ;dfj]zLs/0f S sfo{qmdn] ;d"xdf ;lDdlnt dlxnf dWo blnt, hghftL, / cGodf
qmdz !^=)@ Ü, ##=*% Ü, %)=!# Ü ;dfj]z u/]sf]
* ;du| lgisz{ V cfwf eGbf a9L hg;+Vof ePsf dlxnfsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;+rflng
dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdaf6 dlxnfx?sf] JolQmut Ifdtf clea[l4 e}
;fdflhs kl/jt{g / cfly{s pGgtLdf cu|;/ /xFb} uPsf] x'Fbf
sfo{qmd sf] cf}lrTo / dxTj :ki6 /x]sf] 5 .
cf}lrTo -s_ pRr cf}lrTok"0f{, -v_ k"0f cf}lrTo -u_ ;fdfGo cf}lrTok"0f{ -3_ cf}lrTo gePsf]
k|efjsfl/tf -s_ clt k|efjsf/L -v_ k|efjsf/L -u_ ;fdfGo k|efjsf/L -3_ k|efjsf/L gePsf]
sfo{bIftf -s_ clt sfo{bIftfk"0f{ -v_ sfo{bIftf -u_ ;fdfGo sfo{bIftf -3_ sfo{bIftf xfl;n gePsf]
k|efj -s_ clt k|efljt -v_ k|efljt -u_ ;fdfGo k|efljt -3_ s'g}klg k|efj gk/]sf]
bLuf]kgf -s_ clt bLuf]kg -v_ bLuf]kg -u_ ;fdfGo bLuf]kg -3_ bLuf]kg gePsf]
clwsf/jfnf ;d'bfosf] s= pRr ;Gt'li6, v= ;Gt'li6 u= ;fdfGo ;Gt'li6 3= c;Gt'li6
;Gt'li6
;dfj]zLs/0f s= pRr ;dfj]zL, v= ;dfj]zL u= ;fdfGo ;dfj]zL 3= ;dfj]zL gePsf]
;du| lgisz{ -s_ clt ;Gtf]ifhgs -v_ ;Gtf]ifhgs -u_ ;fdfGo ;Gtf]ifhgs -3_ ;Gtf]if gePsf]

%= ;'emfj / sfo{ of]hgf

%=! gLltut :t/df

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] d"Nof+Íg cWoogsf] lgisif{ cg';f/ dlxnfx?nfO{ ;dli6ut ljsf; /
/fli6«o ljsf;sf] d'nwf/df ;dfj]z u/L ;dtfd"ns ;'zf;g Joj:yf sfod ug{ gLltut ?kdf
lgDg ;'emfj ul/Psf] 5 .

%=!=! dlxnfx?sf] ;dli6ut ?kdf ljsf; ug{sf nflu ;+rflnt dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdaf6 %@ nfv
nlIft ;d"x ;d]6g sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{g' cfjZos b]lvG5 . sfo{qmdsf] ;f]r tflnsf (Log
Frame) k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ;f]xL cg';f/sf sfo{qmd ;lxtsf] dlxnf ljsf;sf] u'? of]hgf th'{df
u/L sfo{ of]hgf ;d]t agfO{ cfufdL !) jif{ leq nlIft dlxnf;Dd k'Ug] u/L sfo{qmd nfu' ul/g'
kb{5 .

%=!=@ dlxnf ljsf; tyf afnaflnsf ;DaGwL sfo{qmdx? dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf dGqfno, ljefu tyf
cGt/f{li6«o bft[ lgsfo, cGt/f{li6«o tyf /fli6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf cflb af6 ;+rflnt ePsf /
sltko sfo{qmdx?df bf]xf]/f]kgf x'g uPsf]n] o; ;DalGw Plss[t ug{ sfo{qmd ;+rfngdf Ps4f/
gLlt nfu' ug{ cfjZos 5 .

95
%=!=# nlIft ;d"x ;Dd sfo{qmdsf] kx'Fr clea[l4 ug{ sfo{qmdsf] lglZrt ;dofjlw, ;"rs, cfjZos
>f]tsf] Joj:yfkg / pko'Qmt hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 . dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmddf to
ePsf sfo{qmdsf] nflu (Programme Budget) agfO{ ;f]xL cg';f/sf lqmofsnkfx? ;+rfng ul/g'
kb{5 .

%=!=$ dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdaf6 u7g ePsf ;d"x tyf ;+:yfx?nfO{ cGo ljifout lgsfo tyf
sfo{qmdx?n] klg pkof]u ug]{ gLlt cjnDjg ul/g' kb{5 . h;af6 Pp6} j8fdf ljleGg sfo{qmdn]
5'§f5'§} ;d"x u7g ug]{ / kl/rfng ug]{ sfo{df Go"lgs/0f eO{ df}h'bf ;d"xx? g} a9L lqmofzLn /
ultzLn / k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sg] b]lvPsf] 5 .

%=!=% dlxnf ljsf; jf/]df g]kfn ;/sf/n] cGt/f{li6«o :t/df u/]sf ;DwL, ;Demf}tf / k|ltj4tfx?
PsLs[t ?kdf dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf ljefunfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ OsfO{ / dGqfnonfO{ ;xlhs/0f
ug]{ lgsfosf ?kdf tf]ls To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog txdf n}hfg' kb{5 . ;fy} cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf
k|ltj4tfx?sf] sfo{Gjog ug]{ ;do cjlw ;d]t :ki6 ul/g' kb{5 .

%=@ dWod :t/df

%=@=! dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ s[lif, pBf]u, pBd ljsf;, kz' ljsf; cflbsf
lqmofsnkfx? ;DalGw ljifout ljefux? h:t}M s[lif ljefu, kz' ;]jf ljefu, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf
pBf]u ljefu cflb aLr sfo{ut Pstf / ;dGo u/L nlIft ;d"xx?nfO{ k|fljlws ;xof]u, If]qut
;xof]u pknJw u/fpg' kb{5 .

%=@=@ k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;+rflnt dlxnf ;+:yfx?nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ a}lsË ;]jf tyf ;'ljwf / nufgLsf]
If]qnfO{ km/flsnf] kfg{ /fli6«o:t/sf ;xsf/L tyf a}lsË ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ a}s tyf ljQLo
;+:yfx?;+u ;xsfo{ ug{ dlxnf ljsf; ljefun] ;xhLs/0f u/L lbg] sfo{gLlt agfO{ nfu' ug'{
kb{5 .

%=@=# dlxnfx?åf/f ;+rflnt Joj;flos ;d"xx?sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ k|fljlws ;]jf ;xh ?kdf k|fKt
ug{sf nflu ;DalGwt ljifout laefu, MEDEP, CTEVT tyf gLlh If]qsf ;+:yfx?;+u ;dGjo ul/g'
kb{5 .

%=@=$ Joj;flos ;d"xåf/f pTkflbt ;fdfu|Lx?sf] ahfl/s/0f ug{ s[lif ahf/, pBf]u afl0fHo ;+3
;+:yfx?;+u ;xsfo{sf] nflu ;xhLs/0f ul/g' kb{5 .

%=@=% ;d"x / ;ldltdf ;+slnt jrt /sdsf] ;'/Iffsf nflu ;+:yfdf oyf;So cfj4 u/L ;+:yfut ul/g'
kb{5 .

96
%=# ;+rfng :t/df

%=#=! sfo{qmdnfO{ a9L k|efjsf/L agfpg s]Gb|Lo:t/ b]lv lhNnf tyf :yfgLo:t/df bf]xf]/f] ;"rgf k|0ffnL
ljsf; u/L s'g} klg dlxnfnfO{ k/]sf] ;d:of / pgLx?sf] dfunfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/g] k|0ffnL ljsf;
u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g' kb{5 .

%=#=@ dlxnf ;d"x tyf ;+:yfx?n] klxrfg u/]sf ljleGg If]qut sfo{qmdx?nfO{ dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf
sfo{non] aflif{s sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z ug]{ / dlxnf ljsf; ;DalGwt cGo lgsfox? / ljifout
sfof{nosf] sfo{qmddf ;d]t ;dfj]z ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 .

%=#=# lg:s[o /x]sf ;d"x tyf ;ldlt / ;+:yfx?nfO{ ;lqmo u/fpg / ultlzn agfpg] tkm{ laz]if
sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g' kb{5 . cg'udg sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ To:tf lg:s[o ;d"xnfO{ lgu/fgL
;d"xnfO{ ;lqmo u/fO{ ;xhLs/0f ug'{ kb{5 .

%=#=$ Joj;flos ;d"xsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ k|fljlws ;xof]u t'?Gt pknJw u/fpg dlxnf ljsf;
sfof{non] k|fljlws ;]jfsf] /f]i6/ agfO{ ;DalGwt k|fljlwsx?nfO{ ;]jf k|jfx ;DaGwL ;Demf}tf u/L
cfjZos ;]jf pknJw u/fpg] kl/kfl6 canDag ul/g' kb{5 .

%=#=% dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd cGtu{t w]/}h;f] lqmofsnfkx? Ps} k|s[ltsf / lhNnf:t/df Pp6}
tf}ntl/sfaf6 ;+rfng ug]{ ul/Psf] x'Fbf sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog ljlwdf kl/jt{g u/L :yfgLo
cfjZostfnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf k|fyldsLs/0f u/L ;Daf]wg ul/g' kb{5 . ;fy} sfo{qmdx? :yfgLo
lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo u/L ;+rfng ul/g' kb{5 .

%=#=^ lhNnfdf dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf ;DaGwL sfo{qmdx? ljleGg bft[ lgsfo, cGt//fli6«o tyf /fli6«o
u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?åf/f ;+rflnt u/Lb} cfPsf] / dlxnf ljsf; sfof{no;+u ;dGjo ;d]t x'g]
gu/]sf]n] o; ;DaGwL sfo{qmdsf] th{'df / sfof{Gjodf Psåf/ k|0ffnL sfod u/L dlxnf tyf
afnaflnsf sfof{nosf] ;dGjodf ;+rfng ul/g' kb{5 .

%=#=& dlxnf ;+:yfaf6 ul/g] nfugLnfO{ Joj;flos / cfo–cfh{gd"ns sfddf s]lGb|t u/L cGo
nfugLnfO{ lg?T;fxL ug]{ lsl;dsf Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 .

%=#=* ;kmn ?kdf ;+rfngdf /x]sf dlxnf ;+:yfx?;+u ;xsfo{ ug]{ gLlt ckgfO{ ;f] ;+:yf dfkm{t dlxnf
ljsf; sfo{qmdsf yk lqmofsnkfx? lj:tf/ ul/g' kb{5 .

%=#=( dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdn] 3/]n' lx+;f, of}ghGo lx+;f h:tf ;dflhs, ljs[tLx?sf] Go"lgs/0f ug{
;3fO{ /x]sf] cj:yfdf o; sfo{qmdsf l;kmfl/;df s/jfxL clu a9fpg] kg]{ af/] lgoddfg} Joj:yf
ul/g' kb{5 .

97
%=#=!) dlxnf ljsf; sfof{nonfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ef}lts tyf cTofjZos ;/ ;'ljwf pknJw u/fpg] of]hgf
tTsfn z'? ul/g' kb{5 .

%=#=!! dlxnf ;d"x, ;ldlt / ;+:yfx?n] aflif{s ?kdf k|fKt u/]sf] pknAwLnfO{ dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf
ljefun] PsLs[t u/L ;fj{hlgs/0f ug]{ / /fli6«o pknAwLdf ;dfj]z ug]{ Joj:yf ug'{ kb{5 .

98
 tflnsf g+= #%M Joj:yfkg sfo{ of]hgf

l;=g+= ;'emfj ul/Psf a'Fbfx? lqmofsnfkx? lhDd]jf/ lgsfo ;dofjlw

! ;dli6ut ?kdf dlxnf ljsf; gLlt, gLltut, ;f]rtflns k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ / u'? /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u ! jif{
;f]rtflns cBfjlws / u'? of]hgf tof/L of]hgf tof/ ug'{ kg]{ dlxnf afnaflnsf ! jif{
dGqfno
;+;b ;lrjfno
@ /fli6«o:t/sf] ;+oGq agfO{ sfo{qmddf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u / ;DalGwt dGqfnon] /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u ! jif{
Ps?ktf sfod ug]{ sfo{ gLlt dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd /fli6«o sfo{ gLlt agfO{ dlxnf afnaflnsf
nfu' ug]{ dGqfno tyf cGo
dGqfno
# dlxnf ;d"xnfO{ g} cGo lgsfo, sfo{qmdn] sfo{qmd tyf ljifotu lgsfoaf6 u7g ul/g] dlxnf afnaflnsf ! jif{
kl/rfng / pkof]u ug]{ gLlt 5'§} ;d"x eGbf dlxnf ;d"xnfO{ pkof]u ug]{ dGqfno tyf cGo
gLlt agfO{ nfu' ug]{ dGqfno
$ afnaflnsf ljefu / cGo ljifout s[lif ljefu, kz' ;]jf ljefu, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf dlxnf afnaflnsf @ aif{
ljefux? ljr sfo{ut Pstf / ;dGo u/L pBf]u ljefu cflbdf /x]sf k|fljlw ;]jf nlIft dGqfno tyf cGo
nlIft ;d"xx?nfO{ k|fljlws ;xof]u, If]qut ;d"xx?nfO{ lbOg] k|s[of cufl8 a9fpg] dGqfno tyf ljefux?
;xof]u lbg]
% /fli6«o:t/sf ;xsf/L tyf a}lsË ;]jf /fli6«o:t/sf ;xsf/L tyf a}lsË ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ dlxnf afnaflnsf @ aif{
k|bfg ug]{ a}s tyf lalQo ;+:yfx?;+u a}s tyf lalQo ;+:yfx?;+u sf/f]jf/ ug{] dGqfno tyf cGo
sf/f]jf/ ug{ dlxnf ljsf; ljefun] sfo{gLlt agfO{ nfu' ug]{ dGqfno tyf ljefux?
;xhLs/0f u/L lbg] sfo{gLlt agfpg]
^ k|fljlws ;]jf ;xh ?kdf k|fKt ug{sfnflu Joj;flos ;d"xx?sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ dlxnf afnaflnsf ! aif{
;DalGwt ljifout laefu, CTEVT tyf k|fljlws ;]jf ;xh ?kdf k|fKt ug{sf nflu dGqfno tyf cGo
gLlh If]qsf ;+:yfx?;+u ;dGjo ug]{ ;DaGwLt ljifout laefu, CTEVT tyf gLlh dGqfno tyf ljefux?
If]qsf ;+:yfx?;+u ;dGjo ug]{
& dlxnf ;d"x tyf ;+:yfx?n] klxrfg u/]sf dlxnf ;d"x tyf ;+:yfx?n] klxrfg u/]sf dlxnf afnaflnsf @ aif{
ljleGg If]qut sfo{qmdx?nfO{ dlxnf tyf ljleGg If]qut sfo{qmdx?nfO{ ;ldIff uf]li7df dGqfno tyf jefu
afnaflnsf sfo{non] aflif{s sfo{qmdsf] 5nkmn u/L ;dfj]z ug]{
?kdf lng]

99
l;=g+= ;'emfj ul/Psf a'Fbfx? lqmofsnfkx? lhDd]jf/ lgsfo ;dofjlw
*= l:s[o /x]sf ;d"x tyf ;ldlt / ;+:yfx? Xfn ;Dd l:s[o /x]sf ;d"x tyf ;ldlt / dlxnf afnaflnsf @ aif{
nfO{ ;lqmo / ultlzn agfpg] tkm{ laz]if ;+:yfx?nfO{ ;lqmo u/fpg / ultlzn agfpg] dGqfno tyf jefu
vfnsf] sfo{ th'{df ug]{ vfnsf sfo{ ;+rfng tof/ u/L nfu' ug]{
( Joj;flos ;d"xsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ k|fljlws ;]jf lbg] ljifout lgsfosf k|fljlws dlxnf afnaflnsf ! aif{
k|fljlws ;xof]u t'?Gt pknJw u/fpg tyf gLhL If]qsf k|fljlwssf] /f]i6/ agfpg] dGqfno tyf jefu
dlxnf ljsf; sfof{non] k|fljlws ;]jfsf]
/f]i6/ agfO{ ;]jf lbg]
!) lglZrt sfo{qmdsf] 9fFrfdf kl/jt{g u/L sfo{qmdsf] 9fFrfdf kl/jt{g k|utLd"vL tyf dlxnf afnaflnsf ! aif{
k|efjsf/L ?kdf k|utLd"vL tyf kl/0ffdd"vL sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{ dGqfno tyf jefu
kl/0ffdd"vL sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{
!! sfo{qmdsf] th{'df / sfof{Gjodf Psåf/ dlxnf ljsf; sfof{no;+u ;dGjo u/L Psåf/ dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf ! jif{
k|0ffnL sfod u/L dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf k|0ffnL sfod u/L dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf sfof{no
sfof{nosf] ;dGjodf lhNnf:t/sf sfof{nosf] ;dGjodf sfo{qmd th{'df /
sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{ sfof{Gjodf ;+rfng ug]{

100
 tflnsf dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] nuk|m|]d -gd"gf_

sYo ;f/f+z (Narrative Summary)

kl/If0f of]Uo ;"rsx? (Objectively
kl/If0fsf dWodx? (Means of Verification)
d"Vo cg'dfgx?
Verifiable Indicators) (Asumptions)
nIo (Goals) dlxnfx? /lfi6|\o ljsf;sf] d"n k|jxdf /fli6«o:t/sf ;"rgf k|0ffnLx? tyf tYof+sx? :ki6 ;/sf/L gLlt tyf
dlxnf ;zlQms/0f u/L d"n ;dfj]zL x'g] z}lIfs :t/ / cfodf a[l4 sfo{qmd
k|jfxLs/0faf6 dlxnfsf] ;dtfd"ns
?kn] hLjg:t/ clea[l4 u/L xs,
lxtsf] ;+/If0f Pj+ k|awg{ ug]{
k|efj (Impact) /fli6«o u/LjLsf] /]vf d'gLsf dlxnfx?sf] /fli6«o tYof+ssf cfwf/df ePsf] ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] lg/Gt/tf /
sfo{If]qdf u/LjL Go"gLs/0f e} hLjg k|ltzt . k|ofKt >f]t ;fwg
:t/df ;'wf/ x'g] kl/rfng
k|ltkmn c;/ (Effects) ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t sfo{qmdaf6 ;d"xdf ;d"xdf cfa4 dlxnf ;b:of
n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f cfj4 e} dlxnf ;xeflutf ;+:yfdf ;b:o ;+Vof
dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f dlxnf art kl/rfng e} k|lt JolQm dlxnf ;d"xsf] art / To;sf] a[l4
artaf6 cfod"ns If]qdf nufgL ;+:yfddf ePsf] art tyf nufgLsf] b/
;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f dlxnf ;d'x / ;+:yfdf pk]lIft ju{,
blnt, lk5l8Psf dlxnfsf] ;dfj]zL
;+Vof
lqmofsnfksf] k|ltkmn (Outputs) ;+hfn ;b:ox?sf] ;fd"xLs/0f ;+hfnsf ;b:ox? ;dfj]zL ;+VofTds a[l4
n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f ;d'x tyf ;d'bfodf n}lËs ;dtf b/
dlxnf ljsf; ljefusf] k|ltj]bg
dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f
k|hgg :jf:yotf k"j{ k|;'lt ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ dlxnf ;+Vof /fli6«o:t/sf] tYof+s
k|hgg :jf:yo ;DaGwL tflnd k|fKt ;d"xsf ;b:on] k|hgg :jf:y tflnd k|fKt
dlxnf ;+bof
dft[ d[To' b/df sdL /fli6«o ;"rgf

101
sYo ;f/f+z (Narrative Summary)
kl/If0f of]Uo ;"rsx? (Objectively
kl/If0fsf dWodx? (Means of Verification)
d"Vo cg'dfgx?
Verifiable Indicators) (Asumptions)
n}lËs ;r]tgf kl/jf/ lgof]hgfsf ;fwgsf] k|of]udf /fli6«o tYof+s
k'?if ;xeflutf
dlxnfsf] xs clwsf/df ;dfgtf ;dfg xs clwsf/sf] sfg"gL tyf hgr]tgf
hLjg pkof]uL lzIff dlxnfn] cfˆgf] s'/f /fVg ;Sg] af]Ng ljkGg dlxnfnfO{ tflnd, lzIff
;Sg] / xs lxtsf nflu kxn ug{ ;Sg] dlxnf lx+;fdf cfPsf] sdL
;+:yfut ljsf; dlxnf4f/f ;+rflnt ;+:yfsf] ;+Vof dlxnf ljsf; aflif{s k|ltj]bg
;+:yfsf ;b:ox?sf] ;+Vof
;+:yfsf] ;fwf/0f ;efdf pkl:ylt
k[hL / nfugLsf] cj:yf
Jofj;flos cfh{gsf cj;/ dlxnf ;+:yfsf ;b:ox?sf] zLk ljsf; zLk ljsf; tflnd nPsf dlxnfsf] ;+Vof
u/L pBd Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{ b/ dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] k|ltj]bg
;b:ox? dWo] b'O{ ltxfO{n] k|ToIf tyf
k/f]If ?kdf pBd Joj;fo u/L cfo
cfh{g ePsf]
;fd;bflos ljsf;df ;lqmotf dlxnf ;+:yfsf] ;lqmotfdf ;fd'bflos ;d"x tyf ;+:yfsf ;b:ox? :yfgLo lgsfo pkef]Qmf ;ldlt u7g
ljsf; lgdf{0f jf ;fd’bflos tyf cGo ;fd'bflos ljsf;sf pkef]Qmf ubf{ kf/blz{tf sfod
lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUgtf ;ldltdf ;+dfj]zL gePsf] v08df ;xefuL
## k|ltzt dlxnf ;xeflutf x'g g;Sg] .
;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f

dlxnf ;+:yfdfem ;dfj]zL ljkGg ju{ tyf lk5l8Psf, blnt, ljkGg ju{, lk5l8Psf ju{, blnt, hghftLsf]
;+j]bgzLntf hghftL dlxnfx?sf] ;d"x tyf ;+:yfdf ;b:o ;+Vof
;dfj]zL tL ju{x?sf] ;+:yfsf] g]t[Tj txdf /x]sf] ;+Vof
dlxnf ;+:yfdfem ltgLx?sf] lg0f{o
k|lqmof tyf g]t[Tj jf/] 5nkmn

102
sYo ;f/f+z (Narrative Summary)
kl/If0f of]Uo ;"rsx? (Objectively
kl/If0fsf dWodx? (Means of Verification)
d"Vo cg'dfgx?
Verifiable Indicators) (Asumptions)
kx'Frdf k|fyldstf nlIft dlxnf ljkGg tyf kx'Fr gk'u]sf /fli6«o:t/sf tYof+sx?
nfO{ tx cg';f/ kx'Fr clea[l4 ePsf]
lqmofsnfkx? (Activities)

nlIft dlxnfsf] klxrfg / blnt, hghftL tyf ljkGg tyf u/LjLsf] ;d"xdf ;b:o ;+Vof -jflif{s k|ltj]bg_
;d"xLs/0f /]vfd'lg /x]sf dlxnfx?nfO{ ;d"xdf
cfj4
;d"x u7g / kl/rfng ;d"x u7g ;+Vof / ;b:o ;+Vof ;d"x / ;b:o ;+Vof alfif{s k|ltj]bg
dlxnf ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf / ;+rfng :yfkgf ePsf ;+:yf ;+Vof / tby{ ;+:yf ;+:yf btf{ ;+Vof, tby{ ;+:yf ;+Vof alfif{s
;+Vof k|ltj]bg
JolQmTj ljsf;sf k|lzIf0f tflnd k|fKt ;b:o ;+Vof lhNNff k|ltj]bg / cg'lzIf0f k|ltj]bg
-;d"x ;b:osf] cg'lzIf0f
cfwf/e"t tflnd
dlxnf k'?if ;dljsf; tflnd
;f;' a'xf/L cGt/lqmof
k|hgg :j:Yo ;r]tgf tflnd_ cflb
;+:yfut ljsf; / ;xeflutf ;lqmo / lg:s[t ;+:yf dlxnf ljsf; ljefusf] alif{s k|ltj]bg
;+:yfut ljsf; tflnd k|fKt ug]{ ;+Vof
Joj;flos dlxnf ;d"x ljsf; Jofj;flos dlxnf ;d'X ;+Vof Joj;foLs lhNnf l:ylt sfof{nosf] k|ult k|ltj]bg
tflnd k|fKt dlxnf ;+Vof
u/LjLlj?4 dlxnf cleofg u/LjLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf dlxnfsf] /fli6«o:t/sf] tYof+s, lhNnf k|ltj]bg
;dfj]zL ;+Vof
ljBfno ljd'v lszf]/Lx?sf] laBfno ljd'v lszf]/Lx?sf] ;d"x / lhNnf sfof{nox?sf] k|ltj]bg
ax'cfoflds ljsf; ;b:o ;+Vof tflnd k|fKt lszf]/Lsf] ;+Vof
tflnd k|fKt lszf]/Lx?

103
sYo ;f/f+z (Narrative Summary)
kl/If0f of]Uo ;"rsx? (Objectively
kl/If0fsf dWodx? (Means of Verification)
d"Vo cg'dfgx?
Verifiable Indicators) (Asumptions)
Afn clwsf/sf] ;Daw{g afn clwsf/ ;DaGwL cled"lvs/0f, lhNnf afn ;dGjo ;ldltsf] cfs8f
sfo{qmd
n}lËs lx+;f lgjf/0f PsLs[t PsLs[t sfo{qmd / nfeflGjt dlxnf lhNnf sfof{nox?sf] k|ltj]bg, nfeflGjt
sfo{qmd dlxnfsf] ;+Vof
d"n k|jfxLs/0fdf ;Dks{ lgsfo ;]jf ;Dks{ lgsfoaf6 ul/Psf] dlxnf ;xefuL dlxnf;+usf] ul/Psf] ;Dks{ / ;xefuL
;+Vof
;fdflhs kl/rfng ;fdflhs kl/rfngdf dlxnf ;xefuL dlxnfsf] ljlelGg pkef]Qmf ;ldlt tyf
;dflhs ;Ghfnndf ;xeflutf
;"rgf lzIff / ;+rf/ ;"rgf d"ns kl/kq, klqsf, kfDkn]6 ;"rgf k|jfx tyf hfu/0fsf] cj:yf
lzIff d'ns sfo{qmd / k'l:tsf
lg/If0f tyf cg'udg rf}dfl;s lgl/If0f tyf cg'udg lgl/If0f tyf cg'udg k|ltj]bg
aflif{s ;ldIff / k|ult

104
cg";"lr !
3/w'/L ;e]{If0f gd"gf kmf/fd
 Questionnaire Code No:

/fli6«oof]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfno

dlxnf lasf; sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsf/Ltf d"NofË+sg cWoog
;d"xsf dlxnf ;b:o;+u ul/g] cGt/jftf{ k|ZgfjnL
! ;fdfGo ljj/0f
!=! lhNnf ============================ !=@ gu/kflnsf÷ uf=lj=;=======================================
!=# j8f g+================== !=$ a:tL 6f]nsf] gfd===========================================
!=% u0fssf] gfd ========================================================
!=^ lgl/Ifssf] gfd ===================================================

@= kfl/jf/Ls ljj/0f
@=! kl/jf/d"nLsf] gfd=================================================
@=@ cGt/jftf{ lbg] dlxnfsf] gfd, y/ =======================================================hft÷hftL======================
@=# dlxnf ;d"xsf] gfd ===================================================================cfj4 ePsf] aif{===================
@=$ kfl/jf/Ls ljj/0f
qm=;+= gfd gftf lnËM pd]/ a}jflxs z}lIfs d'Vo k]zf /f]huf/Ldf
l:ytL ;+:yfdf 3/aflx/ uPsf] eP
ljtfPsf] jif{
! cGt{jftf{ lbg] dlxnfsf]
gfd

@
#
$
%
^
&
*
(
!)
sf]8 =
dlxnfsf] gftf lnËM a}jflxs l:ytL lzIff k]zf /f]uuf/Lsf] nflu uPsf]
:yfg
!=>LdtL÷>Ldfg @= 5f]/f #= != k'?if != ljjflxt != lg/If/ !=s[lif @=Jofkf/ #=hflu/ != lhNnf leq
5f]/L $=efO{ %= jlxgL ^= @= dlxnf @= cljjflxt @= ;fIf/ $=dhb'/ %=a}b]lzs @= lhNnf jflx/
gftL & gfltgL *= a'xf/L #= t]>f]lnËML #=ljwjf÷ljb'// # cf}krfl/s lzIff /f]huf/L ^=u[lx0fL # ef/t
(= ebf÷eb} !)= elthf $=kf/kfr's] u/]sf] lnPsf] eP z}lIfs &=lzIf0f *=cGo $= vfl8 d'n's
!!= cGo %= ljjfx ug]{ pd]/ ;+:yfdf ljtfPsf] %= blIf0f k'la{ Pl;of
k'u]sf] jif{ ^= cGo b]z

2
@=% tkfO{ a;fO{ ;/fO{ u/]/] cfpg' ePsf] xf] sL

xf] xf]Og

olb xf] eg] slxn] b]lv oxf a:b} cfpg' ePsf] 5 < ;fn ============================

@=^ tkfOsf] 3/sf] s:tf] lsl;dsf] 5 atfpg'xf]; .

l;=g+= 3/sf] lsl;d dlxnf ;d"xdf dlxnf ;d"xdf
cfj4 x'g' eGbf cfj4 ePkl5
cufl8
!= cf/ l;=l;= -9nfg u/]sf]_ lkn/ ePsf] kSsL 3/
@= 9'Ëf tyf O6fsf] ufx|f] l;d]G6 hf]8fO ePsf] / h:tf jf 9'Ëf jf 6fon 5fgf
ePsf] kSsL 3/
#= 9'Ëf tyf O6fsf] ufx|f] df6f] hf]8fO ePsf] / 9'Ëf jf v/sf] 5fgf ePsf] sRrL
3/
$= 5jfnL jf v/ 5fgf dfq ePsf] sRrL 3/ 6x/f

@=& tkfO{sf] 3/ kl/jf/sf] hUuf hldg af/] atfpg'xf];\ .

l;=g+= hUuf dlxnf ;d"xdf cfj4 x'g' eGbf cufl8 dlxnf ;d"xdf cfj4 ePkl5
hldg PsfO{ l;+lrt cl;+lrt hDd hUufsf] PsfO{ l;+lrt cl;+lr hDd hUufsf]
hldg hldg hUuf :jfldTj hldg t hUuf :jfldTj
hldg Df k' hldg hldg d k'
!= v]t
@= jf/L
hDdf
gf]6M PsfO{ kxf8df /f]kfgL t/fOdf ljufxf, s7\7f

@=* tkfO{sf] 3/ kl/jf/sf] hUuf hldgsf] pTkfbg af/] atfpg' xf];

dlxnf ;d"xdf cfj4 x'g' eGbf cufl8 –pTkfbg s]=hL= df_ dlxnf ;d"xdf cfj4 ePkl5 -pTkfbg s]=hL= df_
Wfg ds} ux' sf]bf] hf} hDdf wfg ds} ux' sf]bf] hf} hDdf

@=( 3/kl/jf/sf] cfk\mgf] s[lif pTkfbgaf6 vfg k'Ug] ;DaGwL ljj/0f -lrGx nufpg]_
l;=g+= vfg k'Ug] cjlw dlxgf dlxnf ;d"xdf cfj4 x'g' eGbf cufl8 dlxnf ;d"xdf cfj4 ePkl5
!= # dlxgf eGbf sd
@= #-^ dlxgf
#= ^-( dlxgf
$= (-!@ dlxgf
%= vfP/ art x'g]

3
@=!) tkfOsf] pTkfbgaf6 vfg gk'u]sf] cj:yfdf s'g >f]taf6 k'¥ofpg' x'G5 ?
l;=g+= cfo>f]tx? lrGx nufpg]
!= Hofnfbf/L sfdaf6
@= a}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] /sdaf6
#= gf]s/Laf6
$ Jofkf/, Joj;foaf6
%= cGo ===========================
@=!! tkfO{sf] kl/jf/sf] cfDbfgLsf d"Vo >f]tx? s] s] x'g / tL >f]taf6 jflif{s slt cfDbfgL x'G5 atfpg'xf];.
l;=g+= cfDbfgLsf >f]tx? dlxnf ;d"xdf cfj4 x'g' eGbf cufl8 dlxnf ;d"xdf cfj4 ePkl5
>f]tdf lrGx nufpg] aflif{s cfDbfgL ? >f]tdf lrGx nufpg] aflif{s cfDbfgL ? df
df
!= s[lif
@= kz'kfng
#= ;/sf/L tyf lghL hflu/
$= Jofkf/
% a}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] lak|]if0f
^ Hofnf dhb'/L
&= cGo
* hDdf

@=!@ tkfO{sf] kl/jf/sf] vr{ s] s] df x'g] ub{5 / tL vr{ jflif{s ?kdf slt x'g] ub{5 atfpg'xf];._
l;=g+= vr{ ug]{ If]qx? dlxnf ;d"xdf cfj4 x'g' eGbf cufl8 dlxnf ;d"xdf cfj4 ePkl5
vr{df lrGx nufpg] aflif{s vr{ ? df vr{df lrGx nufpg] aflif{s vr{ ? df
!= lzIffdf
@= :jf:yodf
#= nQf sk8fdf
$= vfB ;fdfgx?df
% rf8kj{x?df
^ 3/ agfpg] tyf dd{tdf
&= cGo
* hDdf

#=! tkfO{sf] uf=lj=;=df dlxnf ljsf;sf s'g s'g sfo{qmd ;+rfng ePsf 5g / tkfO{sf] ;xeflutf jf/] atfpg'xf]; .
l;= ;+rflnt sfo{qmd ;+rflnt ePsfdf -lrGx ;xeflutf ePsf]df -lrGx nufpg'xf];_
g+= nufpg'xf];_ ePsf] gePsf]
! nlIft dlxnfsf] klxrfg / ;d"xLs/0f
@ JolQmTj ljsf;sf nflu k|f/lEds k|lzIf0f
# ;+:yfut ljsf; / ;xeflutf
$ u/LjL la?4 dlxnf cleofg
% lszf]/Lsf] ax'cfoflds ljsf;
^ afn clwsf/sf] ;Da4g
& n}lËs lx+;f lgjf/0f
* cGo========================================

4
#=@ tkfO{sf] ljrf/df dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdaf6 ;+rflnt lqmofsnfkx? tkfO{sf]nflu slQsf] ;fGble{s
5g\ ?
;fGble{s 5g ;fGble{s 5}gg\

#=# dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdn] tkfO{nfO{ ;d"xdf cfj4 x'g / ;+ul7t ?kdf cufl8 a9\g ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 <
5 5}g yfxf 5}g

;xof]u k'u]sf eP tkfO{nfO{ s:tf] k|sf/n] ;xof]u ePsf] 5 <

s_
v_
u_

#=$ tkfO{ dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf ;d"x afx]s s'g} cGo ;d"xdf cfa4 x'g' ePsf] 5<
5 5}g
olb 5 eg]
s_ ;d"xsf] ;+Vof===================
v_ ;d"xsf] lsl;d====================
u_ art eP dfl;s art /sd ?==================
=
#=% tkfO{ cfj4 x'g' ePsf] ;d"xx? dWo] s'g ;d"xsf] lqmofsnfkdf a9L ;Gt'i6 x'g'x'G5 <
s_ ;d"xsf] gfd====================
v_ ;+rfng ug]{ ;+:yf=============================
u_ ;Gt'li6sf] sf/0f=====================================

#=^ xfn cfj4 /xg' ePsf] dlxnf ;d"xdf tkfOsf] ;+nUgtf ;DaGwL hfgsf/L lbg'xf]; .
s_ dlxnf ;d'x u7g ePsf] aif{===============================================
v_ dlxnf ;d"xdf a;]sf] ;fn=======================
u_ ;d"xsf] ;b:o ;+:of================================
3_ ;d"xdf tkfO{sf] kb ================================

#=& tkfO{n] dlxnf ljsf; sfof{qmdsf] ;d"xdf /xL u/]sf lqmofsnfkx? jf/] hfgsf/L lbg' xf]; .
s_ dfl;s art /sd ? ======================
v_ tflnddf ;xefuL ePsf ljifox?
l;=g+= tflndsf] ljifo lnP lrGx nufpg] tflndsf] cjlw -lbgdf_
! ;d"x ;b:ox?sf] cg'lzIf0f
@ cfwf/e't tflnd
# g]t[Tj tyf ;+:yfut ljsf; tflnd
$ Joj;fod'ns zLk ljsf; tflnd
% sfg"gL ;r]tgf hfu/0f tflnd
^ ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f tflnd
& ;f;' a'xf/L lar cGt{lqmof tflnd
& cGo===============================================

5
 u_ dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmddf ;+rflnt tflnd sfo{qmdsf] tflnd cjlw k|ofKt 5 ls 5}g atfpg'xf]; .

5 5}g

3_ dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd cGt/ut ;+rflnt tflndsf] ljifoa:t' pko'Qm 5 ls 5}g atfpg'xf]; .
5 5}g

pQm tflndsf ljifo afx]s cGo yKg' kg]{ ljifo s'g} eP atfpg'xf];

! =============================================
@= ============================================

ª_ ;d"xsf] cfj4tfaf6 cfk\mgf] egfO{ /fVg ;Sg] Ifdtf clea[l4 ePsf] 5

5 5}g

#=* tkfOn] lng' ePsf] tflndaf6 lhjg lgjf{x ug{ tyf Ifdtf clea[l4df sltsf] pkof]uL /x]sf] 5 <
Hofb} pkof]uL]≠%, pkof]uL≠$, l7s l7s} ≠#, s]xL dfqfdf pkof]uL ≠@ pkof]uL 5}g≠!, [....]

#=( ;d"xsf] ;b:otf tyf u7g ePsf] a]nfdf tkfO{sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .
s_ lyof] v_ lyPg

#=!) dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd / dlxnf ;d"xsf] pb]Zo af/] ;d"x u7g ubf{ tkfO{nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] lyof]<
s_ lyof] v_ lyPg

#=!! olb lyof] eg] s:n] hfgsf/L u/fPsf] xf]<

s_ ;+:yfdf /x]sf dlxnfx?n]
v+_ ;fdflhs kl/rfnsn]
u_ dlxnf :jo+;]jLsfn]
3_ cGo===================

#=!@ tkfO ;d"xsf] a}7sdf s;/L ;xefuL x'g] ug'{ ePsf]] 5 <
s_ dfl;s lgoldt ?kdf
v_ ;d"xn] af]nfPsf] a]nfdf dfq
u_ aflif{s a}7sdf dfq
3_ a}7s a:g] gj:g] yfxf gePsf]
ª_ cGo=========================================================

#=!# tkfO{sf] ;d"xdf ;fdflhs kl/rfnssf] e"ldsf slt pkof]uL / k|efjsf/L /x]sf] 5 .
clt k|efjsf/L]≠%, k|efjsf/L≠$, l7sl7s} ≠#, sd k|efasf/L ≠@ k|efjsf/L gePsf] ≠!, [....]

#=!$ tkfO{sf] ;d"xn] ;b:ox?sf] enfO{ tyf pGgtLsf nflu sltsf] k|efjsf/L e"ldsf v]Ng ;s]sf]] 5 .
clt k|efjsf/L]≠%, k|efjsf/L≠$, l7sl7s} ≠#, sd k|efasf/L ≠@ k|efjsf/L gePsf] ≠!, [....]

6
#=!% tkfOnfO{ k/]sf ;d:ofx? dlxnf ;d"xdf /fVbf s;/L lng] ul/Psf] 5 .
uxg tl/sfn]≠%, /fd|/L≠$, l7sl7s} ≠#, s]xL dfqfdf ≠@ ;d:ofdf g} ;'lgb}g ≠!, [....]

#=!^ tkfO{ dlxnf ;ldltdf x'g' x'G5 <

5 5}g

#=!& tkfO{ dlxnf ;d"xåf/f ;+rflnt s'g} ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] ;b:o jf kbflwsf/L x'g'x'G5<
5' 5}g
olb x'g' x'G5 eg],
s_ ;b:o ePsf] jif{ ====================
v_ kbflwsf/L eP kb====================
u_ jflif{s ?kdf a}7sdf efu lnPsf] k6s===================

#=!* pQm ;xsf/L] ;+:yfaf6 C0f lng' ePsf] 5<

5 5}g

obL 5 eg],
s_ slxn] lng' ePsf] ldlt =========================
v_ slt /sd lng' ePsf] xf] ?sd ? ======================
#=!( pQm C0f /sd s'g s'g sfo{df vr{ ug]{ u/]sf 5 < -ax'pQ/ x'g ;Sg]_
s_ 5f]/f 5f]/Lsf] lzIffdf
v_ cfk\mgf] / kl/jf/sf] :jf:y pkrf/df
u_ kz' k+lIfx? vl/b ug{
3_ ;fdflhs sfo{x? ug{
ª_ a}b]lzs /f]huf/df k7fpg
r_ 3/ agfpg jf hUuf lsGg
5_ pBd Joj;fo ug{
h_ cGo =====================================

#=@) cfkm'n] lng' ePsf] C0f ltg'{ ePsf] eP ;f] sf] ljj/0f lbg' xf]; .
s_ ;fjf jfkt ?==================
v_ Jofh jfkt ?==================
u_ s'g >f]taf6 C0f ltg'{ ePsf] xf] ====================================
3_ ltg{ jf+sL ;fjf Jofh /sd ? =============================

olb ltg{ jf+sL 5 eg] ltg{ g;s]sf] d"Vof sf/0f ================================================================

#=@! dlxnf ;xsf/L ;+:yfaf6 tkfO{nfO{ slt kmfObf ePsf] 5 <

Hofb} kmfObf ePsf]≠%, kmfObf k'u]sf≠$, l7sl7s} ≠#, s]xL dfqfdf ≠@ kmfObf 5}g≠!, [....]
#=@@ tkfOn] s'g} pBd tyf Joj;fo ;+rfng ug'{ ePsf] 5 <
5 5}g

olb 5 eg],
7
 s_ pBd Joj;fosf] k|sf/ ================================
v_ nufgL ePsf] k'hL ?===================================
u_ pQm k'hL dWo] ;d"xsf] C0f ?========================= cfk\mgf] lghL /sd ?=================
3_ pBd Joj;fosf] ahf/ If]q :yfgLo afx\o
ª_ pQm pBd Jojj;fo ;+rfng ug{ zLk ljsf; tflnd lng' ePsf] xf]
xf] xf]Og

#=@# dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] dfWodaf6 afx]s cGo >f]taf6 pBd tyf Joj;fo ;+rfng ug'{ ePsf] eP
ljj/0f lbg'xf]; .
s_ pBd Joj;fosf] k|sf/ ================================
v_ nfugL ePsf] k'hL ?===================================
#=@$ pBd Joj;foaf6 cfly{s ljsf; tyf hLljsf]kfh{gdf k'u]sf]] ;xof]u < -ax'pQ/ x'g ;Sg]_
s_ 3/sf] vr{ 6fg{
v_ k'g nufgL ug{
u_ cfodf a[l4 ug{
3_ an aflnsfsf] kf]if0fdf
ª_ kl/jf/sf] lzIff tyf :jfYyodf
r_ cGo=======================================
#=@% tkfO{n] ;+rfng ug'{ ePsf] pBd Joj;fodf tkfO slQsf] ;Gt'i6 x'g'x'G5 <
w]/} ;Gtf]ifhgs≠%, ;Gtf]ifhgs≠$, l7sl7s} ≠#, sd ;Gt'i6 ≠@, ;Gt'i6 gePsf≠! [.......]
$=! dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmddf ;xefuL e} tkfOsf] lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtfdf NofPsf] kl/jtg{ af/] atfpg'xf];
-ax'pQ/sf] ;+efjgf_
l;=g+= kl/jt{gsf If]qx? ;d"xdf cfa4 x'g cufl8 ;d"xdf cfa4 ePkl5
! kfl/jf/Ls ljifox?df :jo+ lg0f{o ug]{
@ 5/ l5d]s, ;d"x / ;d'bfosf] lg0f{o ug]{
# :yfgLo ;+3 ;+:yfdf lg0f{o ug]{
$ k|hgg :jf:y jf/]df
% ahf/df vl/b tyf ljlqm ug{df
^ ;DktL a]rlavg ug{df
& /fhlglts ;xeflutf jf/] lg0f{o ug{
* ;fdflhs l/lt l/jfhdf
( b}lgs 3/of;L sfddf
!) kz'kfng
!! kfl/jf/Ls :jf:yo
!@ lzIffdf

$=@ tkfO{sf] pk/f]Qm ljifodf lg0f{o ug]{ jf/] slQsf] ;Gt'i6 x'g'x'G5 <
w]/} ;Gtf]ifhgs≠%, ;Gtf]ifhgs≠$, l7sl7s} ≠#, sd ;Gt'i6 ≠@, ;Gt'i6 gePsf≠! [.......]

8
$=# dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdn] tkfO{sf] ;fdflhs Pj+ ;+:s[lts kIfdf kl/jt{g NofPsf] 5 ls 5}g
atfpg'xf]; -ax'pQ/sf] ;+efjgf_
l;=g+= kl/jt{gsf If]qx? ;d"xdf cfa4 x'g cufl8 ;d"xdf cfa4 ePkl5
5 5}g 5 5}g
! 5fpkl8 k|yf
@ dlxgfjf/L x'+bf 3/ jflx/ a:g]
# v]tLkftL ubf{ xnf] hf]Tg]
$ sfh lqmof ug]{
% dnfdL hfg]
^ ;fdflhs Pj+ wfld{s sfo{df afhf ahfpg]
& cGo

$=$ dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdn] 3/of;L ;+:sf/hGo kIfdf kl/at{g NofPsf] 5 ls 5}g atfpg'xf]; -ax'pQ/sf] ;+efjgf_
l;=g+= kl/jt{gsf If]qx? ;d"xdf cfa4 x'g cufl8 ;d"xdf cfa4 ePkl5
5 5}g 5 5}g
! 3/ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox? vfglkg ubf{
@ 3'D6f] /fVg]
# a'vf{ /fVg]
$ 5'jf5't ;DaGwdf
% Afnljjfx
^ a}sNof ÷afn ljwjf
& Psn dlxnf ljwjf ljjfx
* cGo
%=! pTkfbgsf] ljlqm ljt/0fdf ahf/ kx'rsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 atfpg'xf]; <
l;=g+= ahf/ If]q dlxnf ;d"xdf cfj4 x'g' cufl8 dlxnf ;d"xdf cfj4 ePkl5
nfUg] ;do -306f ÷ldg]6_ :yfgsf] nfUg] ;do -306f ÷ldg]6_ :yfgsf] gfd
gfd
k}bnaf6 ufl8jf6 k}bnaf6 ufl8jf6
! :yfgLo ahf/
@ d"Vo ahf/

^=! k|hgg :jf:yo

^=!=! ljjfx ePsf] jif{ -;fn_======================================
^=!=@ klxnf] aRrf hGd]sf] ldlt -;fn_==================
^=!=# kl5Nnf] aRrf hGd]sf] ldlt -;fn_==================
^=!=$ hDdf hGd]sf ;Gtfg 5f]/f =========================== 5f]/L==================
^=!=% xfn hLljt ;Gtfg 5f]/f=============================== 5f]/L=================
^=!=^ kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] ;fwg k|of]u u/] gu/]sf]
u/]sf]5 u/]sf]5}g
olb u/Lsf] 5 eg] .
s_ :yfoL
v_ c:yfoL
9
^=!=& :tgkfg
s_ tkfO{n] aRrfnfO{ :tgkfg u/fpg' x'G5

u/fPls 5' u/fPls 5}g

olb u/fPsf] 5 eg] slxn];Dd :tgkfg u/fpg' ePsf] lyof]

s_ aif{======================dlxgf====================
v_ b}lgs k6s ============================

^=!=* :tgkfg u/fpg] cfdf tyf aRrfnfO{ kf]lifnf] vfg]s'/f vfg' ePsf] 5
vfPsf] 5 vfPsf] 5}g

^=@ k|hgg :jf:Yo ;DaGwL1fg tyf r]tgf sxfaf6 yfxf kfpg' ePsf] lyof]< -ax'pQ/ x'g]_
l;=g+= r]tgfsf dfWox? ;d"xdf cfa4 x'g cufl8 ;d"xdf cfa4 ePkl5
! dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd
@ 5/ l5d]s
# dlxnf :jo+;]ljsf
$ ;fyLefO{
% /f]l8of] l6=le=
^ :jf:yo sfo{qmd

^=# tkfO{n] s'g} 3/]n' lx+;f ef]Ug' ePsf] 5 ls 5}g <

5 5}g v'nfpg grfxg]

^=$ olb lx+;f ef]Ug' ePsf] eP s'g k|sf/sf] lx+;f ef]Ug' ePsf] 5
s_ zfl/l/s lx+;f v_ dfgl;s lx+;f u_ ;DktLsf] lx+;f 3_ of}lgs lx+;f
^=% dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd nfu' eP kl5 tkfO{sf] 3/kl/jf/df 3/]n' lx+;fsf] s:tf] b]Vg' x'G5 <
s_ klxnf eGb sd
v_ klxnf h:t}
u_ a9b} uPsf]
3_ vf;} sdL gePsf]

^=^ dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd nfu' eP kl5 tkfO{sf] ;d'bfodf dlxnf lx+;fsf] s:tf] b]Vg' x'G5 <
s_ klxnf eGb sdL x'Fb} uPsf] 5
v_ klxnf h:t} 5
u_ a9b} uPsf] 5
3_ vf;} sdL ePsf] 5}g

^=& dlxnf k|lt x'g] u/]sf] lx+;f tyf lae]bsf jf/]df sfg"gL ljifosf] hfgsf/L 5 <
5 5}g

olb 5 eg] sxfaf6 lng' ePsf] xf]

10
 s_ /]l8of] l6=le= tyf kqklqsfaf6
v_ dlxnf ljsf; sfo{noaf6 lbOPsf] tflndaf6
u_ cGo tflndaf6
3_ ;fyLefO{af6
ª_ cGo

^=* tkfO{sf] ;d"xn] 3/]n' lx+;fdf sfg"gL pkrf/sf] nflu ph'/ ug'{ ePsf] 5 <
5 5}g
olb 5 eg]
s_ :yfgLo lgsfo
v_ dlxnf tyf jfnaflnsf sfo{nodf
u_ k|x/L sfof{no
3_ lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf
ª_ cbfnt
r+ cGo

^=( dlxnf lasf; sfo{s|dn] dlxnfsf kIfdf s'g} sfg'g kl/at{g ug{ d2t u/]sf] 5 ls 5}g atfpg'xf]; <
s_ 5 v_ 5}g u_ yfxf5}g
olb yfxf 5 eg] dlxnf ;DaGwLs'g s'g sfg'g kl/at{g ug{{ d2t u/]sf] 5 atfpg'xf];<
s_=========================================================================================================
v_=========================================================================================================
u_==========================================================================================================
3_===========================================================================================================

^=!) tkfO{sf] 3/df s'g vfg]kfgLsf] >f]t pkof]u ug'{ ePsf] 5 <
qm=;+= vfg]kfgLsf] >f]t ;d"xdf cfa4 x'g cufl8 ;d"xdf cfa4 ePkl5
>f]t b}lgs kfgL eg{ / >f]t b}lgs kfgL eg{ /
cf];f/ k;f/ ug{ nfUg] cf];f/ k;f/ ug{
;do -ldg]6_ nfUg] ;do -ldg]6_
! kfOk k|0ffnLsf] lghL wf/f
@ lghL 3/ sDkfp8 leq ePsf] Ogf/,
s'jf -Ogf/, 6\o'ja]n, h]6 kDk tyf
kDk+
# ;fj{hlgs wf/f
$ l5d]sLsf] wf/f
% l5d]sLsf] Ogf/, sjf -Ogf/, 6\o'ja]n,
h]6 kDk tyf kDk+
^ jiff{tsf] kfgL ;+sng
& vf]nf, kf]v/L
* cGo ==============================

^=!! kfgL cf];f/ k;f/ / eg{ nfUg] ;do art eP ;f] ;dosf] s;/L pkof]u ug'{ ePsf] 5 <
s_ s/];f jf/L

11
 v_ pBd Jofj;fo
u_ ;/;kmfO ÷3/ofl; sfddf 3_ afn aRrfsf] x]/rfx
ª_ cGo=====================

^=!@ tkfO{n] s'g k|sf/sf] zf}rfno k|of]u ug'{ x'G5 -:jf:yo tyf ;/;kmfO{_ lrGx nufpg' xf]; .
l;=g+= zf}rfnosf k|sf/ dlxnf ;d"xdf dlxnf ;d"xdf
cfj4 x'g cufl8 cfj4 ePkl5
! cflw'lgs kSsL zf}rfno kfgL / lgsf; ePsf]
@ cflw'lgs kSsL zf}rfno kfgL ePsf] t/ lgsf;
gePsf]
# 3/ jflx/ agfPsf] kfgL ljgfsf] zf}rfno
$ vf8n vgL agfPsf] zf}rfno
% ;fj{hlgs zf}rfno
^ l5d]sLsf] zf}rfnodf
& v'nf If]qdf

^=!# zf}rfno k|of]u ul/;s] kl5 ;fj'g kfgLn] xft 3'g] ug'{ ePsf] 5 ls 5}g <
!= 5 @= 5}g
^=!$ tkfO{sf] ;d"x jf tkfO{ nufot slt hgf j8f gful/s dGrdf /xg' ePsf] 5 <
!= 5 @= 5}g
olb 5 eg]
j8f gful/s dGr================
;xefuL ;b:of ;+Vof===============

^=!% s] tkfO{ tkfO{sf] If]qdf x'g] ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfdsf] nflu ul7t pkef]Qmf ;ldltdf ;xefuL x'g' x'G5<
!= x'G5 @= x'Fb}g #= yfxf 5}g

olb x'g'x'G5 eg] ;ldltsf] gfd lbg'xf];==================================================================================

^=!^ olb ;xefuL x'g' ePsf] eP, s'g kbdf j;L sfd ;DkGg ug'{ ePsf] 5 <
!= kb ========================================== @= a}7sdf pkl:ylt k6s============================

^=!& ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{df pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] kl/rfngdf sltsf] ;Gt'i6 x'g' x'G5 <
clt ;Gtf]ifhgs = ;Gtf]ifhgs l7s} c;Gt'i6 clt c;Gt'i6

^=!* tkfO{sf] g]t[Tjdf s'g} pkef]Qmf ;ldlt jf ;d"x ;lqmo ?kn] sfo{ ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5 <
!= 5 @= 5}g
olb 5 eg] s'g ;ldlt jf ;d"x gfd lbg'xf];\ ====================================================================

^=!( tkfO{ s'g} ;xsfl/ ;+:Yffdf cfa4 x'g'x'G5 <

olb x'g'x'G5 eg]

12
^=@) tkfO{sf] ;d"x cfj4 /x]sf] ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] ;+rfngdf tkfO{sf] e"ldsf s] /x]sf] 5
s_ ;+:yfsf] kbflwsf/L
v_ ;fwf/0f ;b:o
u_ artstf{
&=! pQm ;+:yfsf] art / nufgLaf6 ;+:yfsf] lg/Gt/tf x'g]df sltsf] laZj:t x'g'x'G5 .
w]/} laZj:t≠%, laZj:t≠$, l7sl7s} ≠#, eGg ;lsGg ≠@, lg/Gt/ gx'g]≠! [.......]
&=@ dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmddf nlIft ;d"xsf] 5gf}6, j8f / uf=lj=;= :t/df dlxnfx?sf] ;+u7flgs u7g
k|lqmodf tkfO{ sltsf] ;Gt'i6 x'g' x'G5 .
w]/} ;Gtf]ifhgs≠%, ;Gtf]ifhgs≠$, l7sl7s} ≠#, sd ;Gt'i6 ≠@, c;Gt'i6≠! [.......]
&=# n3' pBd :yfkgf / ;+rfngdf ePsf] k|fljlws ;xof]u cflbdf sfo{qmdaf6 ePsf] ;xof]udf slt
;Gt'i6 x'g' x'G5 .
w]/} ;Gtf]ifhgs≠%, ;Gtf]ifhgs≠$, l7sl7s} ≠#, sd ;Gt'i6 ≠@, c;Gt'i6≠! [.......]
&=$ lszf]/Lx?sf] lasf;df o; sfo{qmdaf6 u/]sf lqmofsnfkx?df slt ;Gt'i6 x'g'x'G5 .
w]/} ;Gtf]ifhgs≠%, ;Gtf]ifhgs≠$, l7sl7s} ≠#, sd ;Gt'i6 ≠@, c;Gt'i6≠! [.......]
&=% art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfaf6 tkfO{sf] ;d"xsf ;b:ox?nfO{ u/]sf] ;]jfdf slt ;Gt'i6 x'g'x'G5 .
w]/} ;Gtf]ifhgs≠%, ;Gtf]ifhgs≠$, l7sl7s} ≠#, sd ;Gt'i6 ≠@, c;Gt'i6≠! [.......]

&=^ tkfO{sf] ;+:yfaf6 x'g] nfe tyf kmfObfsf] ljt/0f ;dfg ?kdf ePsf] 5, 5}g
!= 5 @= 5}g
olb 5}g eg] lsg x'g g;s]sf] xf]nf ====================================================================

&=& tkfO{sf] ljrf/df dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdn] s:tf s:tf kmfObfx? / ;sf/fTds sfo{ ePsf 5g\ <
s_
v_
u_
3_
&=* tkfO{sf] ljrf/df dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmddf s:tf ;d:of / ;jfnx? /x]sf 5g\\ <
s_
v_
u_
3_

&=( dlxnf lasf; sfo{s|dn] ;fa{hflgs ;'g'jfO{ u/]sf] tkfOnfO{ yfxf 5 ls 5}g atfpg'xf]; <

s_ 5 v_ 5}g u_ yfxf 5}g

&=( tkfO{sf] ljrf/df dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg s] s:tf sfo{x? ug'{ knf{ <
s_
v_
u_
3_
13
 wGojfb .
;e]{o/sf] gfd =================================== ;xL ldlt========================================

;'k/efOh/sf] gfd================================== ;xL ldlt=======================================

3/w'/L ;e]{If0f ul/Psf] 3/sf] gS;f

pQ/ lbzf

14
 Questionnaire Code No:

/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfno

dlxnf lasf; sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsf/Ltf d"NofË+sg cWoog
dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd gePsf If]qdf dlxnf;+u ul/g] cGt/jftf{ k|ZgfjnL
! ;fdfGoljj/0f
!=! lhNnf ============================ !=@ gu/kflnsf÷ uf=lj=;=======================================
!=# j8f g+================== !=$ a:tL 6f]nsf] gfd===========================================
!=% ;e]{stf{sf] gfd ========================================================
!=^ ;'k/efOh/sf] gfd ===================================================

@= kfl/jf/Ls ljj/0f
@=! kl/jf/d"nLsf] gfd=================================================
@=@ cGt{jftf{ lbg] dlxnfsf] gfd, y/ =======================================================hft÷hftL======================
@=# dlxnf ;d"xsf] gfd ===================================================================cfj4 ePsf] aif{===================
@=$ kfl/jf/Ls ljj/0f
qm=;+= Gfd gftf lnËM pd]/ a}jflxs z}lIfs d'Vo k]zf /f]huf/Ldf 3/
l:ytL ;+:uyfdf aflx/ uPsf]
ljtfPsf] eP
jif{
! cGt{jftf{ lbg] dlxnfsf]
gfd

@
#
$
%
^
&
*
(
!)
sf]8 =
dlxnfsf] gftf lnËM a}jflxs l:ytL lzIff k]zf /f]uuf/Lsf] nflu uPsf]
:yfg
!=>LdtL÷>Ldfg @= 5f]/f #= != k'?if != ljjflxt != lg/If/ !=s[lif @=Jofkf/ #=hflu/ != lhNnf leq
5f]/L $=efO{ %= jlxgL ^= @= dlxnf @= cljjflxt @= ;fIf/ $=dhb'/ %=a}b]lzs @= lhNnf jflx/
gftL & gfltgL *= a'xf/L #= t]>f]lnËML #=ljwjf÷ljb'// # cf}krfl/s lzIff /f]huf/L ^=u[lx0fL # ef/t
(= ebf÷eb} !)= elthf $=kf/kfr's] u/]sf] lnPsf] eP z}lIffs &=lzIf0f *=cGo $= vfl8 d'n's
!!= cGo %= ljjfx ug]{ pd]/ ;+:yfdf ljtfPsf] %= blIf0fk'la{ Pl;of
k'u]sf] jif{ ^= cGo b]z

15
@=% tkfO{ a;fO{ ;/fO{ u/]/ cfpg' ePsf] xf] sL
xf] xf]Og

olb xf] eg] slxn] b]lv oxf a:b} cfpg' ePsf] 5 < ;fn ============================

@=^ tkfOsf] 3/sf] s:tf] lsl;dsf] 5 atfpg'xf]; .

l;=g+= 3/sf] lsl;d lrGx nufpg'xf];
!= cf/ l;=l;= -9nfg u/]sf]_ lkn/ ePsf] kSsL 3/
@= 9'Ëf tyf O6fsf] ufx|f] l;d]G6 hf]8fO ePsf] / h:tf
jf 9'Ëf jf 6fon 5fgf ePsf] kSsL 3/
#= 9'Ëf tyf O6fsf] ufx|f] df6f] hf]8fO ePsf] / 9'Ëf jf
v/sf] 5fgf ePsf] sRrL 3/
$= 5jfnL jf v/ 5fgf dfq ePsf] sRrL 3/ 6x/f

@=& tkfO{sf] 3/ kl/jf/sf] hUuf hldg af/] atfpg' xf];

PsfO{ l;+lrt hldg cl;+lrt hDd hUuf hUufsf] :jfldTj
hldg hldg d k'
!= v]t
@= jf/L
hDdf
gf]6M PsfO{ kxf8df /f]kfgL t/fOdf ljufxf, s7\7f

@=* tkfO{sf] 3/ kl/jf/sf] hUuf hldg x'g] pTkfbgaf/] ] atfpg' xf];

Wfg ds} ux' sf]bf] hf} hDdf

@=( 3/kl/jf/sf] cfk\mgf] s[lif pTkfbgaf6 vfg k'Ug] ;DaGwLljj/0f

l;=g+= vfg k'Ug] cjlw dlxgf -lrGx nufpg]_
!= # dlxgf eGbf sd
@= #-^ dlxgf
#= ^-( dlxgf
$= (-!@ dlxgf
%= vfP/ art x'g]

@=!) tkfOsf] pTkfbgaf6 vfg gk'u]sf] cj:yfdf s'g >f]taf6 k'¥ofpg' x'G5 ?
l;=g+= cfo>f]tx? lrGx nufpg]
!= Hofnfbf/L sfdaf6
@= a}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] /sdaf6
#= gf]s/Laf6
$ Jofkf/, Joj;foaf6
%= cGo ===========================
16
@=!! tkfO{sf] kl/jf/sf] cfDbfgLsf d"Vo >f]tx? s] s] x'g / tL >f]taf6 jflif{s slt cfDbfgL x'G5
atfpg'xf];._
l;=g+= cfDbfgLsf] >f]t >f]tdf lrGx nufpg] aflif{s cfDbfgL ? df
!= s[lif
@= kz'kfng
#= ;/sf/L tyf lghL hflu/
$= Jofkf/
% a}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] lak|]if0f
^ Hofnf dhb'/L
&= cGo
* hDdf

@=!@ tkfO{sf] kl/jf/sf] vr{ s] s] df x'g] ub{5 / tL vr{] jflif{s ?kdf slt x'g] ub{5 atfpg'xf];._
l;=g+= vr{sf lzif{s vr{df lrGx nufpg] aflif{s vr{ ? df
!= lzIffdf
@= :jf:yodf
#= nQf sk8fdf
$= vfB ;fdfgx?df
% rf8kj{x?df
^ 3/ agfpg] tyf dd{tdf
&= cGo
* hDdf

#=! tkfO{nfO{ dlxnf lasf; sfo{s|daf/] yfxf 5 ls 5}g atfpg'xf]; <

s_ 5 v_ 5}g
 

olb yfxf 5 eg] o;n] s] s] sfd u5{<

s_=================================
Vf_=======================================
u_ ========================================

#=@ tkfO{ dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf ;d"x afx]s cGo s'g} dlxnf ;d"xdf cfa4 x'g' ePsf] 5<
5 5}g

olb 5 eg]
s_ ;d"xsf] gfd===================
v_ ;d"xsf] lsl;d====================
u_ art eP dfl;s art /sd ?==================
3_ ;d'xn] ug]{ sfd ==============================================================================================================
=
#=# tkfO{ cfj4 x'g' ePsf] ;d"xx? dWo] s'g ;d"xsf] lqmofsnfkdf a9L ;Gt'i6 x'g'x'G5 <
s_ ;d"xsf] gfd====================

17
 v_ ;+rfng ug]{ ;+:yf=============================
u_ ;Gt'li6sf] sf/0f=====================================
#=$ xfn cfj4 /xg' ePsf] dlxnf ;d"xdf tkfOsf] ;+nUgtf ;DaGwL hfgsf/L lbg'xf]; .
s_ dlxnf ;d"xdf a;]sf] ;fn=======================
v_ ;d"xsf] ;b:o ;+:of================================
u_ ;d"xdf tkfO{sf] kb ================================
#=$ tkfO{n] dlxnf ;d"xdf /xL u/]sf lqmofsnfkx? af/] hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ .
s_ dfl;s art /sd ? ======================
v_ tflnddf ;xefuL ePsf ljifox?
u_ tkfO{n] ;d'xaf6 C[0f lnPsf] eP /sd ? =========================
3_ ;d"xsf] cfj4tfaf6 cfk\mgf] egfO{ /fVg ;Sg] Ifdtf clea[l4 ePsf] 5
5 5}g
#=^ ;d"xsf] ;b:otf tyf u7g ePsf] a]nfdf tkfO{sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .
s_ lyof] v_ lyPg

#=& tkfO ;d"xsf] a}7sdf s;/L ;xefuL x'g] ug'{ ePsf]] 5 <
s_ dfl;s lgoldt ?kdf
v_ ;d"xn] af]nfPsf] a]nfdf dfq
u_aflif{s a}7sdf dfq
3_ a}7s a:g] gj:g] yfxf gePsf]
ª_ cGo=========================================================
#=* tkfOnfO{ k/]sf ;d:ofx? dlxnf ;d"xdf /fVbf s;/L lng] ul/Psf] 5 .
uxg tl/sfn]≠%, /fd|/L≠$, l7sl7s} ≠#, s]xL dfqfdf ≠@ ;d:ofdf g} ;'lgb}g ≠!, [....]
#=( tkfO{s'g} ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] ;b:o jf kbflwsf/L s] x'g' x'G5 <
5 5}g
olb x'g' x'G5 eg],
s_ ;b:o ePsf] jif{ ====================
v_ kbflwsf/L eP kb====================
u_ jflif{s ?kdf a}7sdf efu lnPsf] k6s===================

olb 5}g eg] k|:g+ g+ #=!# df hfg]

#=!) pQm ;xsf/L] ;+:yfaf6 C0f lng' ePsf] 5 <
5 5}g

obL 5 eg],
s_ slxn] lng' ePsf] ldlt =========================
v_ slt /sd lng' ePsf] xf] ?sd ? ======================
#=!! pQm C0f /sd s'g s'g sfo{df vr{ ug]{ u/]sf 5 < -ax'pQ/ x'g ;Sg]_
s_ 5f]/f 5f]/Lsf] lzIffdf

18
 v_ cfk\mgf] / kl/jf/sf] :jf:y pkrf/df
u_ kz' k+lIfx? vl/b ug{
3_ ;fdflhs sfo{x? ug{
ª_ a}b]lzs /f]huf/df k7fpg
r_ 3/ agfpg jf hUuf lsGg
5_ pBd Joj;fo ug{
h_ cGo =====================================

#=!@ cfkm'n] lng' ePsf] C0f ltg'{ ePsf] eP ;f] sf] ljj/0f lbg'xf];\ .
s_ ;fjf jfkt ?==================
v_ Jofh jfkt ?==================
u_ s'g >f]taf6 C0f ltg'{ ePsf] xf] ====================================
3_ ltg{ jf+sL ;fjf Jofh /sd ? =============================

olb ltg{ jf+sL 5 eg] ltg{ g;s]sf] d"Vof sf/0f ================================================================

#=!# ;xsf/L ;+:yfaf6 tkfO{nfO{ slt kmfObf ePsf] 5 <

Hofb} kmfObf ePsf]≠%, kmfObf k'u]sf≠$, l7sl7s} ≠#, s]xL dfqfdf ≠@ kmfObf 5}g≠!, [....]

#=!$ tkfOn] lng' ePsf] Joj;flos tyf zLk ljsf; tflndaf6 s'g] pBd tyf Joj;fo ;+rfng ug'{ ePsf]
5<
5 5}g

olb 5 eg],
s_ pBd Joj;fosf] k|sf/ ================================
v_ nfugL ePsf] k'hL ?===================================
u_ pQm k'hL dWo] ;d"xsf] C0f ?========================= cfˆgf] lghL /sd ?=================
3_ pBd Joj;fosf] ahf/ If]q :yfgLo afx\o

$=!% tkf+O{n] s'g} Aofa;flos l;k jf tflnd lng' ePsf] 5 <

s_ 5 v_ 5}g

olb 5 eg] Aofa;flos zLk jf tflnd s'g ;+:yfaf6 kfpg'eof] atfpg'xf]; <

;+:yfsf] gfdM ====================================================tflndsf] ljifo====================================

#=!^ pBd Joj;foaf6 cfly{s ljsf; tyf hLjLsf]kfh{gdf k'u]sf]] ;xof]u < -ax'pQ/ x'g ;Sg]_
s_ 3/sf] vr{ 6fg{
v_ k'g nufgL ug{
u_ cfodf a[l4 ug{
3_ an aflnsfsf] kf]if0fdf
ª_ kl/jf/sf] lzIff tyf :jf:Yodf
r_ cGo=======================================
19
#=!& tkfO{n] ;+rfng ug'{ ePsf] pBd Joj;fodf tkfO slQsf] ;Gt'i6 x'g'x'G5 <
w]/} ;Gtf]ifhgs≠%, ;Gtf]ifhgs≠$, l7sl7s} ≠#, sd ;Gt'i6 ≠@, ;Gt'i6 gePsf≠! [.......]
#= !* tkfO{n] ;+rfng u/]sf] pBd Aofa;fodf slt hgfn] /f]hufl/ kfPsf 5g atfpg'xf];\<
===================hgf

#=!( lt dWo slt hgf cf+kmg} 3/sf x'g'x'G5 atfpg'xf];<

============================hgf
$=! tkfO{ ;xefuL ePsf] ;d"xsf] ;xof]un] lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtfdf] kl/jtg{ NofPsf] 5 ls 5}g < -ax'pQ/sf]
;+efjgf_
lrGx nufpg]
l;=g+= kl/jt{gsf If]qx? 5 5}g
! kfl/jfl/s ljifox?df :jo+ lg0f{o ug]{
@ 5/ l5d]s, ;d"x / ;d'bfosf] lg0f{o ug]{
# :yfgLo ;+3 ;+:yfdf lg0f{o ug]{
$ k|hgg :jf:y jf/]df
% ahf/df vl/b tyf ljlqm ug{df
^ ;DktL a]rlavg ug{df
& /fhlglts ;xeflutf af/] lg0f{o ug{
* ;fdflhs l/lt l/jfhdf
( b}lgs 3/of;L sfddf
!) kz'kfng
!! kfl/jfl/s :jf:Yo
!@ lzIffdf

$=@ tkfO{sf] pk/f]Qm ljifodf lg0f{o ug]{ jf/] slQsf] ;Gt'i6 x'g'x'G5 <
w]/} ;Gtf]ifhgs≠%, ;Gtf]ifhgs≠$, l7sl7s} ≠#, sd ;Gt'i6 ≠@, ;Gt'i6 gePsf≠! [.......]
$=# tkfOsf] ;dfhdf ;fdflhs Pj+ ;+:s[lts kIfdf ePsf] kl/jt{g ;DaGwdf atfpg'xf]; -ax'pQ/sf]
;+efjgf_

l;=g+= kl/jt{gsf If]qx? lrGx nufpg]

5 5}g
! 5fpkl8 k|yf
@ dlxgfjf/L x'+bf 3/ jflx/ a:g]
# v]tLkftL ubf{ xnf] hf]Tg]
$ sfh lqmof ug]{
% dnfdL hfg]
^ ;fdflhs Pj+ wfld{s sfo{df afhf ahfpg]
& cGo

$=$ 3/of;L ;+:sf/hGo kIfdf kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 ls 5}g <-ax'pQ/sf] ;+efjgf_

20
l;=g+= kl/jt{gsf If]qx? lrGx nufpg]
5 5}g
! 3/ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox? vfglkg ubf{
@ 3'D6f] /fVg]
# a'vf{ /fVg]
$ 5'jf5't ;DaGwdf
% Afnljjfx
^ a}sNof ÷afn ljwjf
& Psn dlxnf ljwjf ljjfx
* cGo

%=! pTkfbgsf] ljlqm ljt/0fdf ahf/ kxF'rsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 .

l;g+= ahf/ nfUg] ;do -306f ÷ldg]6_ :yfgsf] gfd
k}bnaf6 ufl8jf6
! :yfgLo ahf/
@ d"Vo ahf/

^=! k|hgg :jf:yosf] l:ylt

^=!=! ljjfx ePsf] jif{======================================
^=!=@ klxnf] aRrf hGd]sf] ldlt -;fn_==================
^=!=# kl5Nnf] aRrf hGd]sf] ldlt -;fn_==================
^=!=$ hDdf hGd]sf ;Gtfg 5f]/f =========================== 5f]/L==================
^=!=% xfn hLljt ;Gtfg 5f]/f=============================== 5f]/L=================
^=!=^ kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] ;fwg k|of]u u/] gu/]sf]
u/]sf]5 u/]sf]5}g

olb u/Lsf] 5 eg] .

s_ :yfoL
v_ c:yfoL

^=!=& :tgkfg
s_ tkfO{n] aRrfnfO{ :tgkfg u/fpg' x'G5

u/fPsf] 5 u/fPsf] 5}g

olb u/fPsf] 5 eg] slxn];Dd :tgkfg u/fpg' ePsf] lyof]

s_ aif{======================dlxgf====================
v_ b}lgs k6s ============================

^=!=* :tgkfg u/fpg] cfdf tyf aRrfnfO{ kf]lifnf] vfg]s'/f vfg' ePsf] 5

vfPsf] 5 vfPsf] 5}g

21
^=@ k|hgg :jf:Yo ;DaGwL 1fg tyf r]tgf sxfaf6 yfxf kfpg' ePsf] lyof] < -ax'pQ/ x'g]_
l;=g+= r]tgfsf dfWox? lrGx nufpg]
! dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd
@ 5/ l5d]s
# dlxnf :jo+;]ljsf
$ ;fyLefO{
% /f]l8of] l6=le=
^ :jf:yo sfo{qmd

^=# tkfO{n] s'g} 3/]n' lx+;f ef]Ug' ePsf] 5 5}g

5 5}g v'nfpg grfxg]

^=$ olb lx+;f ef]Ug' ePsf] eP s'g k|sf/sf] lx+;f ef]Ug' ePsf] 5
s_ zfl/l/s lx+;f v_ dfgl;s lx+;f u_ ;DktLsf] lx+;f 3_ of}lgs lx+;f

^=% dlxnf k|lt x'g] u/]sf] lx+;f tyf lae]bsf af/]df sfg"gL ljifosf] hfgsf/L 5 .
5 5}g
olb 5 eg] sxfaf6 lng' ePsf] xf]
s_ /]l8of] l6=le= cflb ;+rf/ dfWodaf6
v_ dlxnf ljsf; sfo{noaf6 lbOPsf] tflndaf6
u_ cGo tflndaf6
3_ ;fyLefO{af6
ª_ cGo

^=^ 3/]n' lx+;fdf sfg"gL pkrf/sf] nflu ph'/ ug'{ ePsf] 5 .

5 5}g
olb 5 eg]
s_ :yfgLo lgsfo
v_ dlxnf tyf jfnaflnsf sfo{nodf
u_ k|x/L sfof{no
3_ lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf
ª_ cbfnt
r+ cGo
^=& tkfO{sf] 3/df s'g s'g vfg]kfgLsf] >f]tsf] pkof]u ug'{ ePsf] 5 <
qm=;+= vfg]kfgLsf] >f]t ljj/0f
lrGx b}lgs kfgL eg{ / cf];f/ k;f/ ug{ nfUg]
nufpg] ;do -ldg]6df_
! kfOk k|0ffnLsf] lghL wf/f
@ lghL 3/ sDkfp8 leq ePsf] Ogf/, s'jf -Ogf/,
6\o'ja]n, h]6 kDk tyf kDk+
# ;fj{hlgs wf/f
$ l5d]sLsf] wf/f
% l5d]sLsf] Ogf/, sjf -Ogf/, 6\o'ja]n, h]6 kDk tyf
22
 kDk+
^ jiff{tsf] kfgL ;+sng
& vf]nf, kf]v/L
* cGo ==============================

^=* kfgL cf];f/ k;f/ / eg{ nfUg] ;do art eP ;f] ;dosf] s;/L pkof]u ug'{ ePsf] 5<
s_ s/];f jf/L
v_ pBd Jofj;fo
u_ ;/;kmfO{÷3/of;L sfo{df
3_ afn aRrfsf] x]/rfx
ª_ cGo=====================

^=( tkfO{n] s'g k|sf/sf] zf}rfno k|of]u ug'{ x'G5< -:jf:Yo tyf ;/;kmfO{_.
l;=g+= zf}rfnosf k|sf/ lrGx nufpg' xf];

! cfw'lgs kSsL zf}rfno kfgL / lgsf; ePsf]

@ cfw'lgs kSsL zf}rfno kfgL ePsf] t/ lgsf;
gePsf]
# 3/ jflx/ agfPsf] kfgL ljgfsf] zf}rfno
$ vf8n vgL agfPsf] zf}rfno
% ;fj{hlgs zf}rfno
^ l5d]sLsf] zf}rfnodf
& v'nf If]qdf

^=!) zf}rfno k|of]u u/L ;s] kl5 ;fj'g kfgLn] xft 3'g] ug'{ ePsf] 5
!= 5 @= 5}g

^=!! tkfO{ jf tkfO{sf] kl/jf/sf] dlxnf ;b:o j8f gful/s dGrdf /xg' ePsf] 5 .
!= 5 @= 5}g

olb 5 eg]
j8f gful/s dGr================
;xefuL ;b:of ;+Vof===============

^=!@ s] tkfO{ tkfO{sf] If]qdf x'g] ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfdsf] nflu ul7t pkef]Qmf ;ldltdf ;xefuL x'g' x'G5
<
!= x'G5 @= x'Fb}g #= yfxf 5}g

olb x'g'x'G5 eg] ;ldltsf] gfd lbg'xf];==================================================================================

^=!# olb ;xefuL x'g' ePsf] eP, s'g kbdf j;L sfd ;DkGg ug'{ ePsf] 5 <
!= kb ========================================== @= a}7sdf pkl:ylt k6s============================

^=!$ ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{df pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] kl/rfngdf sltsf] ;Gt'i6 x'g' x'G5 <
23
 clt ;Gtf]ifhgs = ;Gtf]ifhgs l7s} c;Gt'i6 clt c;Gt'i6

^=!% tkfO{sf] g]t[Tjdf s'g} pkef]Qmf ;ldlt jf ;d"x ;lqmo ?kn] sfo{ ;DkGg{ ul/Psf] 5 <
!= 5 @= 5}g

^=!^ tkfO{sf] ljrf/df dlxnf ljsf; ;DaGwL s:tf ;d:of / ;jfnx? /x]sf 5g\\ <
s_
v_
u_
3_

^=!& tkfO{sf] ljrf/df dlxnfx?sf] ;jf{lËg ljsf; ug{ s] s:tf sfo{x? ug'{ knf{ <
s_
v_
u_
3_

wGojfb .
;e]{o/sf] gfd =================================== ;xL ldlt========================================

;'k/efOh/sf] gfd================================== ;xL ldlt=======================================

3/w'/L ;e]{If0f ul/Psf] 3/sf] gS;f

pQ/ lbzf

24
cg';"lr @
dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd / lqmofsnfkx?

25
-cf_ rfn' vr{ zLif{saf6 ;~rfng x'g] sfo{qmdx?M
-s_ nlIft dlxnfsf] klxrfg / ;d"xLs/0f
! uflj;:t/Lo k/fdz{ a}7s
@ ;d"x u7g / kl/rfng
@=! gofF uflj;tkm{
@=@ ;fljs uflj;sf gofF j8ftkm{
@=# ;fljs uflj;sf k'/fgf j8ftkm{
# ;ldlt u7g / kl/rfng -lgu/fgL ;d"x;d]t_
#=! gofF uflj;tkm{
#=@ ;fljs uflj;sf gofF j8ftkm{
$ dlxnf ;+:yf :yfkgf vr{ cg'bfg -k|lt;+:yf ?= % xhf/_
-v_ JolQmut ljsf;sf k|f/lDes k|lzIf0f
% ;d"x ;b:osf] cg'lzIf0f, # lbg], ufpF:t/
%=! gofF uflj;sf j8ftkm{
%=@ ;fljs uflj;sf gofF j8ftkm{
%=# ;fljs uflj;sf k'/fgf j8ftkm{
^ cfwf/e"t tflnd, & lbg], lhNnf:t/
& dlxnf–k'?if ;dljsf; tflnd, # lbg], ufpF:t/ -dlxnf ;+:yf÷ ;ldltnfO{ sfo{qmd
cg'bfg_
* ;f;"–a'xf/L cGt/lqmof, # lbg], ufpF:t/ -dlxnf ;+:yf÷ ;ldltnfO{ sfo{qmd cg'bfg_
( k|hgg :jf:Yo ;r]tgf tflnd, % lbg], lhNnf:t/
-u_ ;+:yfut ljsf; / ;xefuLtf
!) df}h'bf ;+:yfsf] ;fË7lgs ;'b[l9s/0f
!)=! gePsf jf lgliqmo ;d"xsf] u7g jf k'gu{7g
!)=@ gePsf jf lgliqmo ;ldltsf] u7g jf k'gu{7g -lgu/fgL ;d"x;d]t_
!! g]t[Tj tyf ;+:yfut ljsf; tflnd, % lbg], lhNnf:t/
!@ n]Vfkfng tflnd, & lbg], lhNnf:t/
!# k|:tfjgf n]vg tflnd, # lbg], lhNnf:t/
!$ dlxnf ;+:yfsf] cj:yf ljZn]if0f tyf /0fgLlt–kq th'{df sfo{zfnf, # lbg], ufpF:t/
!% /]vfÍg e|d0f
!%=! cGt/;+:yf, % lbg]
!%=@ cGt/lhNnf, & lbg]
!^ dlxnf ;+:yf÷ ;ldltsf cWoIfdfem rf}dfl;s cGt/lqmof, @ lbg], lhNnf:t/
!& ;|f]t kl/rfngsf nflu aLpk"FhL
!* dlxnf ;+:yfnfO{ ejg lgdf{0f cg'bfg -k|lt;+:yf ?= ! nfv %) xhf/÷ ljsf;
nfut @=)–@=% lhNnf ?= @ nfv÷ ljsf; nfut # lhNnf ?= @ nfv %) xhf/_
-3_ dlxnf ;ldltcGtu{t Jofj;flos ;d"x ljsf;
3–!_ gofF k|f/De
!( ;xeflutfTds n]vfhf]vf ljlwaf6 Joj;fo 5gf}6 tyf k|j4{g sfo{of]hgf tof/L
@) ;Lk tyf Jofj;flostf ljsf; tflnd
@)=! # lbg], ufpF:t/
26
@)=@ % lbg], UffpF:t/
@)=# % lbg], lhNnf:t/
@)=$ & lbg], lhNnf:t/
@)=% !% lbg], lhNnf:t/
@)=^ #) lbg], lhNnf:t/
@)=& () lbg], lhNnf:t/ -;fem]bf/Lsf] ah]6 ;dfof]lht_
@! Joj;fo :yfkgf vr{ cg'bfg -k|ltJolQm ?= #,))).– ljsf; nfut @=)–@=% lhNnf
?= #,%)).– ljsf; nfut # lhNnf ?= &,))).–_
3–@_ lg/Gt/ k|;f/
@@ 5'6 ;d"x ;b:onfO{ ;Lk tyf Jofj;flostf ljsf; tflnd
@@=! # lbg], ufpF:t/
@@=@ % lbg], ufpF:t/
@@=# % lbg], lhNnf:t/
@@=$ & lbg], lhNnf:t/
@@=% !% lbg], lhNnf:t/
@# Joj;fo :yfkgf vr{ cg'bfg -k|ltJolQm ?= #,))).– ljsf; nfut @=)–@=% lhNnf
?= #,%)).– ljsf; nfut # lhNnf ?= &,))).–_
@$ ;Lk k'gtf{huL tflnd
@$=! # lbg], ufpF:t/
@$=@ % lbg], lhNnf:t/
@% :ynut k|fljlws lg/LIf0f, k/fdz{ tyf k'gc{Eof;
@^ cWoog 8]/f -Study attachment_
@& JofKf/ d]nfdf d08k
@* ;femf Jofj;flos ;]jfsf nflu dlxnf ;+:yfnfO{ ax'pkof]uL sfo{qmd cg'bfg -
lj?jf Aof8, ;Íng s]Gb|, k|zf]wg ;+oGq, df5f kf]v/L lgdf{0f, Jofj;flos ls6kfng
u[x, sfo{zfnf, 9'jfgLsf ;fwg, gZn ;'wf/, k|fljlws /]vb]v, Knfli6s kf]v/L
l;FrfO, OToflb, k|lt;+:yf ?= ! nfv %) xhf/÷ ljsf; nfut @=)–@=% lhNnf ?= @
nfv÷ ljsf; nfut # lhNnf ?= @ nfv %) xhf/, gd"gf of]hgfcGtu{t h'g;'s}
lhNnf clwstd ?= $ nfv %) xhf/_
ª_ …ul/aLlj?4 dlxnfÚ cleofg
@( ;xeflutfTds cj:yf ljZn]if0f / /0fgLlt–kq th'{df sfo{zfnf, # lbg], ufpF:t/
#) 56' 3/w'/Lsf] ;d"xLs/0f
#)=! ;d"x u7g jf k'gu{7g
#)=@ ;ldlt u7g jf k'gu{7g
#)=# k'gtf{huL cg'lzIf0f
#! ;Lk tyf Jofj;flostf ljsf; tflnd, & lbg], lhNnf:t/
#@ Joj;fo :yfkgf vr{ cg'bfg -k|ltJolQm ?= #,)))÷ljsf; nfut @=)–@=% lhNnf
?= #,%))÷ljsf; nfut # lhNnf ?= &,)))_
## ;femf Jofj;flos ;]jfsf nflu dlxnf ;:yfnfO{ ax'pkof]uL sfo{qmd cg'bfg -
la?jf Aof8, ;ª\sng s]Gb|, k|zf]wg ;+oGq, df5f kf]v/L lgdf{0f, Jofj;flos
ls6kfng u[x, sfo{zfnf, 9'jfgLsf ;fwg, gZn ;'wf/, k|fljlws /]vb]v, Knfli6s
27
 kf]v/L l;+rfO, OToflbÙ k|lt;+:yf ?= ! nfv %) xhf/÷ljsf; nfut @=)–@=% lhNnf
?= @ nfv ÷ljsf; nfut # lhNnf ?= @ nfv %) xhf/Ù gd'gf of]hgfcGtu{t
h'g;'s} lhNnf clwstd ?= $ nfv %) xhf/_
#$ :ynut k|fljlws lg/LIf0f, k/fdz{ tyf k'gc{Eof;
#% cGt/;+:yf /]vfÍg e|d0f, % lbg]
#^ ;xhLs/0f, ;DaGwg Pj+ clen]vLs/0f -k|ltj8f ?= !@ xhf/÷ljsf; nfut @=)–
@=% lhNnf ?= !* xhf/÷ljsf; nfut # lhNnf ?= @$ xhf/_
r_ ljBfnoljd'v lszf]/Lsf] ax'cfoflds ljsf; -d'Qm sdn/L;d]t_
r–!_ gofF k|f/De
#& hLjgf]kof]uL tflnd, !) lbg], ufFp:t/ - dlxnf ;+:yf÷;ldltnfO{ sfo{qmd cg'bfg_
#* dlxnf ;+:yfdf lszf]/L ;"rgf tyf k/fdz{ s]Gb| ;~rfng
#( dlxnf ;+:yfdfkm{t cltljkGg lszf]/Lsf nflu z}lIfs tyf :jf:Yof]krf/ ;xof]u
$) Jofj;flos lszf]/L ;d"x ljsf;
$)=! ;xeflutfTds n]vfhf]vf ljlwaf6 Joj;fo 5gf}6 tyf k|j4{g sfo{of]hgf tof/L
$)=@ ;Lk tyf Jofj;flostf ljsf; tflnd, & lbg], lhNnf:t/
$)=# Joj;fo :yfkgf vr{ cg'bfg -k|ltJolQm ?= #,)))÷ljsf; nfut @–@=% lhNnf ?=
#,%))÷ljsf; nfut # lhNnf ?= &,)))_
$)=$ :ynut k|fljlws lg/LIf0f, k/fdz{ tyf k'gc{Eof;
r–@_ lg/Gt/ k|;f/
$! 56" lszf]/LnfO{ hLjgf]kof]uL tflnd, !) lbg], ufFp:t/ -dlxnf ;+:yf÷;ldltnfO{
sfo{qmd cg'bfg_
$@ lszf]/L ;"rgf tyf k/fdz{ s]Gb|sf] :t/f]Gglt
$# lszf]/Lsf nflu z}lIfs tyf :jf:Yof]krf/ ;xof]u
$$ 56" lszf]/LnfO{ ;Lk tyf Jofj;flostf ljsf; tflnd, & lbg], lhNnf:t/
$% Joj;fo :yfkgf vr{ cg'bfg -k|ltJolQm ?= #,)))÷ljsf; nfut @–@=% lhNnf ?=
#,%))÷ljsf; nfut # lhNnf ?= &,)))_
$^ :ynut k|fljlws lg/LIf0f, k/fdz{ tyf k'gc{Eof;
$& cGt/;d"x /]vfÍg e|d0f, % lbg]
$* lszf]/L ;d"xsf cWoIf / ;lrjdfem rf}dfl;s cGt/lqmof, @ lbg], lhNnf:t/
r–#_ d'Qm sdn/L ;zQmLs/0f, ^ lhNnfsf #^) hgfM sGrgk'/, s}nfnL, alb{of, afFs],
;'v]{t / bfª
$( dlxnf ;+:yfcGtu{t d'Qm sdn/L ;d"x u7g
%) ;d"x ;b:osf] cg'lzIf0f, # lbg], ufpF:t/
%! Jofj;flos ;d"x ljsf;
%!=! ;xeflutfTds n]vfhf]vf ljlwaf6 Joj;fo 5gf}6 tyf k|j4{g sfo{of]hgf tof/L
%!=@ ;Lk tyf Jofj;flos ljsf; tflnd, & lbg], lhNnf:t/
%!=# Joj;fo :yfkgf vr{ cg'bfg -k|ltJolQm ?= #,)))÷ljsf; nfut @–@=% lhNnf ?=
#,%))÷ljsf; nfut # lhNnf ?= &,)))_
%@ :ynut k|fljlws lg/LIf0f, k/fdz{ tyf k'gc{Eof;
%# ;xhLs/0f, ;DaGwg Pj+ cg'udg
28
5_ afnclwsf/sf] ;+j4{g
%$ ljkt\df k/]sf afnaflnsfx¿sf] p4f/ tyf k'g:yf{kg
%% afnu[xx¿sf] ;+o'Qm lg/LIf0f
%^ /fli6«o tyf cGt//fli6«o afn lbj;
h_ n}lËs lx+;f lgjf/0f
%& lhNnf ;|f]t ;d"xsf] a}7s
%* dfgj a]rlavglj?4 ul7t lhNnf sfo{;ldltnfO{ cg'bfg
%( 3/]n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfsf nflu dlxnf ;:yfx¿sf] ;dGjodf ;'/lIft
cNksfnLg cf>o;lxt ;]jf s]Gb| ;~rfng M !% lhNnf -k|ltlhNnf lxdfn ?= *
nfv ÷kxf8 ?= !) nfv÷t/fO{ ?= !@ nfv_ kfFry/, ;'g;/L, ;f]n'v'Da', ;Kt/L,
;nf{xL, dsjfgk'/, gjnk/f;L, tgx'F, sfe]|, afUn'ª, h'Dnf, bfª, alb{of, 8f]6L /
s~rgk'/_
em_ d"nk|jfxLs/0f ;Dks{ lgsfo ;]jf
^) If]qut sfof{nosf] ;xeflutfTds n}lËs nvfhf]vf / ;+o'Qm sfo{of]hgf th{'df
^)=! uflj;:t/Lo n]vfhf]vf, ! lbg]
^)=@ lhNnf:t/Lo n]vfhf]vf / sfo{of]hgf tof/L, @ lbg]
^! nlËs ;/f]sf/sf ljifout cWoog lhNnf n}lËs ljsf; k|ltj]bg tof/L /
k|sfzgsf] ut cfjsf] e'QmfgL
^@ :yfgLo hgk|ltlglw, uflj; ;lrj tyf ;~rf/sdL{nfO{ n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f
cg'lzIf0f, # lbg], lhNnf:t/ -lhlj;;Fusf] ;fem]bf/Ldf_
^# ;~hfn ;b:odfem cGt/lqmof, ! lbg], lhNnf:t/
^$ d"nk|jfxLs/0f ;dGjo ;ldltsf] a}7s
^% nlËs ;Dks{–laGb'x¿sf] a}7s
^^ nlËs ;Dks{–laGb' tyf ;"rLs[t u};;sf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf nflu d"nk|jfxLs/0f
tflnd, # lbg], lhNnf:t/
^& ;+o'Qm :ynut cjnf]sg
^&=! ljifout sfof{nosf tkm{af6
^&=@ d"nk|jfxLs/0f ;dGjo ;ldltsf tkm{af6
^* nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 lnOg] /fhkq cglÍt kb -k|yd / låtLo_ sf d"n k/LIffdf
;xefuL x'g] dlxnf pDd]bjf/x¿sf nflu tof/L sIff ;~rfng
`_ ;fdflhs kl/rfng
;fdflhs kl/rflnsf / dlxnf ;+:yfsf cWoIf, Joj:yfks jf ;xhstf{nfO{ k|lzIfs
^( k|lzIf0f, & lbg], lhNnf:t/
&) ;fdflhs kl/rflnsfsf] k|f]T;fxg eQf / rf8kj{ vr{
&! kl/rflnsf e|d0f tyf a}7s vr{
&@ sfo{If]qsf k|To]s j8fdf rf}dfl;s ;fy ;Dks{, ;d"x lj:tf/ / ;d"x sfo{df
;+of]hg, ;xhLs/0f Pj+ ;|f]t ;]jf -;fdflhs kl/rflnsf gePsf uflj;tkm{
k|ltuflj; ?=^,)))÷ljsf; nfut @–@=% lhNnf ?= (,)))÷ljsf; nfut # lhNnf
?= !@,)))_

29
 6_ ;flas n}lËs ;dfgtf tyf dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f cfof]hgfsf] afFsL sfo{qmd
sfof{Gjog
s_ ;fdflhs ;zQmLs/0f
&# ;d"x ;b:osf] cg'lzIf0f, # lbg], ufpF:t/
&$ cfwf/e"t tflnd, & lbg], lhNnf:t/
&% dlxnf ;+:yfsf] cj:yf ljZn]if0f tyf /0fgLlt–kq th'{df sfo{zfnf, # lbg], ufpF:t/
&^ dlxnf ;+:yfsf] t'ngfTds ljj/l0fsf k|sfzg
&& lszf]/Lsf] ax'cfoflds ljsf; M hLjgf]kof]uL tflnd, !) lbg], ufpF:t/ -dlxnf
;:yf÷;ldltnfO{ sfo{qmd cg'bfg_
&* dlxnf ;+:yfdf lszf]/L ;"rgf tyf k/fdz{ s]Gb| ;~rfng
&( dlxnf ;+:yfdfkm{t cltljkGg lszf]/Lsf nflu z}lIfs tyf :jf:Yof]krf/ ;xof]u
*) dlxnf–k'?if ;dljsf; tflnd, # lbg], ufpF:t/ -dlxnf ;+:yf÷;ldltnfO{ sfo{qmd
cg'bfg_
*! ;f;"–a'xf/L cGt/lqmof, # lbg], ufFp:t/ -dlxnf ;+:yf÷;ldltnfO{ sfo{qmd cg'bfg_
v_ cfly{s ;zQmLs/0f
*@ …ul/aLlj?4 dlxnfÚ cleofg
*@=! k'gtf{huL cg'lzIf0f
*@=@ ;Lk tyf Jofj;flostf ljsf; tflnd, & lbg], lhNnf:t/
*@=# Joj;fo :yfkgf vr{ cg'bfg -k|ltJolQm ?= #,)))÷ljsf; nfut @=)–@=% lhNnf
?= #,%))÷ljsf; nfut # lhNnf ?= &,)))_
*@=$ :ynut k|fljlws lg/LIf0f, k/fdz{ tyf k'gc{Eof;
*@=% ;xhLs/0f, ;DaGwg Pj+ clen]vLs/0f -k|ltj8f ?= !@ xhf/÷ljsf; nfut @=)–@=%
*@=^ lhNnf ?= !* xhf/÷ljsf;
;femf Jofj;flos nfutdlxnf
;]jfsf nflu # lhNnf ?= @$ax'xhf/_
;:yfnfO{ pkof]uL sfo{qmd cg'bfg -la?jf
Aof8, ;ª\sng s]Gb|, k|zf]wg ;+oGq, df5f kf]v/L lgdf{0f, Jofj;flos ls6kfng u[x,
sfo{zfnf, 9'jfgLsf ;fwg, gZn ;'wf/, k|fljlws /]vb]v, Knfli6s kf]v/L l;FrfO,
OToflbÙ k|lt;+:yf ?= ! nfv %) xhf/÷ljsf; nfut @=)–@=% lhNnf ?= @ nfv
÷ljsf; nfut # lhNnf ?= @ nfv %) xhf/Ù gd'gf of]hgfcGtu{t h'g;'s} lhNnf
clwstd ?= $ nfv %) xhf/_
7_ ljBfnoljd'v lszf]/Lsf] ax'cfoflds ljsf; -o'lg;]kmtkm{_
*# lszf]/Lsf] ax'cfoflds ljsf;sf nflu ;fem]bf/ lgsfo;Fusf] gLlt, of]hgf tyf
ah]6df k}/aL
*#=! ;:yfdfkm{t lszf]/Lsf cleefjs lzIffsf nflu cled'vLs/0f, # lbg] -:yfgLo lgsfo
/ ;d'bfosf cu'jfsf nflu_
*#=@ cGt/;d"x lszf]/L hfu/0f ;d"x cg'ej cfbfgk|bfg
*#=# ;fem]bf/ lgsfo / :yfgLo lgsfodfem cGt/lqmof, ! lbg]

30
*#=$ dlxnf ;+:yf÷;ldlt / lszf]/L hfu/0f ;d"xaLr cGt/lqmof
ljBfnoljd'v lszf]/Lx¿sf] ax'cfoflds ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng
*$
*$=! lszf]/Lx¿sf] ax'cfoflds hLjgf]kof]uL tflnd !) lbg], uflj;:t/
*$=@ dlxnf ;+:yfdf lszf]/L ;"rgf tyf k/fdz{ s]Gb| ;~rfng cg'bfg
*$=# dlxnf ;+:yfdfkm{t cltljkGg lszf]/Lx¿sf nflu z}lIfs tyf :jf:yf]krf/ ;xof]u
sfo{qmd cg'bfg
*$=$ ;xefuLtfTds n]vfhf]vf ljlwaf6 Joj;fo 5gf}6 tyf k|j4{g sfo{of]hgf tof/L
*$=% ;Lk tyf Jofj;flostf ljsf; tflnd, & lbg], lhNnf:t/
*$=^ Joj;fo :yfkgf vr{ cg'bfg - k|ltJolQm ?= #)))÷ljsf; nfut @ b]lv @=% lhNnf
?= #%))÷ ljsf; nfut # lhNnf ?= &)))_
*$=& :ynut k|fljlws lg/LIf0f, k/fdz{ tyf k'gc{Eof;
*$=* ;fy, ;Dk{s / ;xhLs/0f tyf cg'udg, d"NofÍg
8_ lszf]/L ljsf; tyf n}lËs lx+;f lgjf/0f sfo{qmd -o"PgPkmkLPtkm{_
*% 3/]n' lx+;faf6 k|efljtsf nflu cNksfnLg cf>o ;]jf s]Gb :yfkgf / ;~rfng –
dlxnf ;:yfnfO{ sfo{qmd cg'bfg_
*^ 3/]n' lx+;faf6 k|efljtsf nflu cNksfnLg cf>o ;]jf s]Gb|sf ;fd'bflos dlxnf
dgf];fdflhs ljdz{stf{nfO{ tflnd, !) lbg], lhNnf:t/
*& 3/]n' lx+;faf6 k|efljtsf cNksfnLg cf>o ;]jf s]Gb|sf nflu k|rlnt
k|lqmofadflhd 5gf}6 ePsf gofF dgf];fdflhs ljdz{stf{nfO{ $ dlxg] tflnddf
;xeflutf vr{
** dlxnf ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf ;b:ox¿sf nflu k|hgg :jf:Yo / n}lËs lx+;f
lgjf/0f;DaGwL tflnd, % lbg], lhNnf:t/
*( ;/+If0f ljifout If]q (Protection Cluster) sf ;b:ox¿sf nflu cled'vLs/0f
sfo{qmd, # lbg], lhNnf:t/
() ;/+If0f ljifout If]q -Protection Cluster) sf] a}7s ;~rfng
(! ljBfnoljd'v lszf]/Lx¿sf nflu hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk ljsf; tflnd, !) lbg]
9_ ;"rgf, lzIff / ;~rf/
(@ cfwf/–/]vf ;"rgf kmf/fd 5kfO{

(# jflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bg tyf dlxnf ;+:yfsf] t'ngfTds ljj/l0fsf k|sfzg

($ hgr]tgfd"ns ;Gb]z k|jfx
($=! kl/ro kGgf -Brochure_ k|sfzg
(% lbj;Lo sfo{qmd

31
(%=! cGt/f{li6«o gf/L lbj;
(%=@ cGo cGt/f{li6«o lbj; tyf cleofg
(^ sd{rf/LnfO{ sDKo'6/ tflnd
(& Od]n, OG6/g]6 kx'Fr
(* sfo{qmdsf] ;fj{hlgs k/LIf0f
(( cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg -;fdflhs kl/rflnsf ePsf uflj;tkm{sf] lgoldt
cg'udg;d]t_

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cg';"lr #
;d"xut 5nkmnsf lgrf]8x?

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dlxnf ;d"x;Fu ePsf 5nkmnx?

 ;+:yf u7gsf] p2]ZoM

oxfF ePsf dlxnfx?nfO{ ;+:yfdf cfj4 u/fP/ cfo–cfh{g ug{ l;sfO{ cfly{s ?kdf ;jn agfpg]
p2]Zon] ;+:yf u7g ul/Psf] xf] . :ffy} dlxnfx?nfO{ ;fdflhs, cfly{s ?kdf ;jn agfO{ ;dfh ljsf;
u/fpg] sfddf klg cufl8 a9fpg] xfd|f] p2]Zo xf] .

 hDdf ;b:o ;+Vof– !^*

 ;+:yf :yfkgfsf nflu dlxnf ljsf;af6 ljleGg n]vfk9L sfuhft agfpg ;xof]u ePsf] . ;fy} ljleGg
tflnd ePsf] .
 ;+:yf u7g s;/L ul/Psf] lyof]– klxnf ;+:yf b]jsL g]kfnsf] cWoIftfdf vf]lnPsf] / k};f ;a} lxgfldgf
ePkl5 ;+:yfut ?kdf cfPsf] ?= #$))).– /sd klg lxgfldgf ePkl5 xfdLn] NofP/ ;+rfng u/]sf xf}+ .
clxn] xfdL ;a} z]o/wlg klg ePsf 5f}+ / z]o/sf] !%Ü nfef+z ljt/0f klg ul/;lsPsf] 5 .
 xfn xfdLx?n] t To:tf] vf;} s]xL u/]sf 5}gf}+ . s'v'/fkfng, afv|fkfng / Jofkf/ ug{sf nflu C0f nufgL
ul/Psf] / pgLx?n] ul/x]sf klg 5g\ .
 ;+:yfkgf jif{– ;d"x u7g– @)$*÷ ;+:yf btf{ – cf=j= @)%^.)%&
 ;d"x ca j8f ;ldltdf uPsf] / j8f g+= % jfx]s cGodf sfo{qmd ePsf] .
 j}7s dlxgfdf ! k6s ul/g] / e}k/L cfPdf @ k6s klg a:g' kg]{ cj:yf x'G5 .
 j}7s a:g] k|lqmofdf ;se/ !))Ü g} hDdf x'g' kg]{ gePdf &)Ü hDdf x'g' kg]{ .
 xfdL k|To]s jif{ n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpF5f}+ .
 ;fwf/0f ;ef xfn;Dd # j6f ul/of] . xfd|f] k|To]s jif{sf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg dlxnf ljsf;df k7fpg' kg]{ .
 ;+:yfsf] ef}lts cj:yf t xfn;Dd ef8fsf] sf]7fdf rnfO{Psf] ca rf+xL ejgsf] nflu cfly{s ;+sng ug]{
t/v/df 5f}+ .
 ;+:yfsf kbflwsf/Lsf] j}7sdf g} s'g}klg sfdsf] lg0f{o / sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf To;} cg'?k ul/G5 .
 ;+:yfsf] jrtsf] kl/rfng / nufgLsf] cj:yf dfl;s jrt– ?= !)).–
 ;b:ox?n] lgoldt jrt u5{g, C0fsf] ls:tf a'emfpg g;s]klg Jofh / dfl;s jrt dfq klg u5{g\ .
sltko ;b:ox? aLrd} 5f8]sf / clxn] km]/L cfPg] eGg] s'/f u/]sf / casf] ;fwf/0f ;efkl5 pgLx?nfO{
klg ;d"xdf /fVg] . aLrdf 5f8]sf !% hgf lyP, ca km]/L kms{g] cj:yfdf 5g\ .
 ;+:yfsf] ljut % jif{sf] jrt– ?= *))))).–
 nufgLsf] Jofhb/ !*Ü . nufgLsf If]qdf Jofkf/, s'v'/fkfng, afv|fkfng cflbdf nufgL ePsf 5g\ .
hdfgLsf ?kdf cfˆg} j8f ;ldltsf ;b:ox? a:g] lgod 5 / ;dodf C0f glt/]df xh{gfsf] klg lgod
nufOPsf] 5 . ahf/ t xfd|f] ;lhn} 5, oxL+ rGb|k'/ uP k'U5, glhs 5, 7"nf] 5 . pBddf /f]huf/
aflx/sf JolQm 5}gg\, cfˆg} 3/sf JolQmx? 5g\ . C0f $ dlxgfdf ltg'{ kg]{, glt/]df hl/jfgf ug]{ . %
jif{sf] nufgL t nueu p7L;s]sf 5g\, ca p7\g afFsL rf+xL ?= #))))).– hlt afFsL 5g\, t/ olt g}
eGg ;lsGg lsgeg] lx;fj g} x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . @ jif{ eof] nfef+z ljt/0f ePsf] t/ z]o/ nfef+zsf] !%Ü
dfq ljt/0f ePsf], c? rf+xL vr{ ePsf] . jrt rf+xL ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g, nufgL rf+xL *)Ü x'G5 . nufgL
;+Vof– &( 5 .
 klxnf xfd|f]df ;+:yf cfpg' eGbf cufl8 rf+xL ljpm k"FhL cfPsf] lyof] /] t/ xfdLn] ;+rfng ug{ yfn]kl5
rfxL+ xfd|f] ;+:yfdf ljpm k"FhL cfPsf] 5}g . dlxnf ljsf;n] gl;sfPsf] / tflndx? glbPsf] v08df t
xfdLx? s]xL ug{ ;Sg] lyPgf}+ .
 3/fo;L lg0f{o ug{ sfo{qmd ;+rfng / ;+:yf ;+rfng kl5 w]/} km/s cfPsf] 5, clxn] t xfdLx? JolQmut
;d"x klg ;+rfng u5f}{, h;n] ubf{ 3/df k/]sf ;d:ofx? ;lhn} ;dfwfg ug{ ;S5f}, t/ ;+:yfut eP/
ubf{sf] kmfO{bf g} w]/} 5, h;af6 %)))) b]lv !%)))) ;Dd C0f xfdLn] kfPsf 5f}+ . ;fdflhs sfo{df
klg xfdL cufl8 g} 5f}+, xfdLn] oxfFsf] afn Snj, o'jf SnjnfO{ klg ;xof]u u5f}{+, b]p;L–e}nf] v]n]sf]
k};fn] ;fdflhs sfo{ ug]{ u/]sf 5f}+, h;df dlGb/ agfPsf 5f}+ . ;f+:s[lts k|rngdf xfdLx?n] hfltut
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 b'Jo{jxf/ ug]{nfO{ sf/jfxL klg u5f}+{ . dlxnf lx+;f ug]{nfO{ rf+xL ;fdflhs :t/df g} sf/jfxL klg u5f}+{ .
dlxnf ;DaGwL P]g rf+xL g} abNg ;s]sf 5}gf}+ .
 ;+:yfsf ;+rfns ;ldlt 5g\, h;df ( ;b:oLo 5f}+ . dfl;s cfDbfgL vr{ x]g{ xfdLn] ! Joj:yfks g}
lgo'Qm u/]sf 5f}+ .
 o; ;+:yfnfO{ s'g}klg ;+3–;+:yfn] cg'bfg lbPsf] 5}g, t/ xfdLn] rnfpg' eGbf cufl8sf] ;+rfns ;ldlt
x'Fbf lyof], t/ Tof] /sd lxgfldgf eof], xfdLn] Tof] >f]t C0fsf] ?kdf cfPsf] kl5 lt/]sf] .
 dlxnf ljsf;n] ;xof]u gu/]sf] v08df t xfdLx? ;+:yfut x'g ;Sb}g lyof}+, dlxnf ljsf;sf] ;xof]usf]
cfwf/df g} Joj:yfkg / ;+rfng ePsf] 5 .
 o; sfo{qmdaf6 dflg;x? cfkm} Jofkf/L ePsf 5g\, cfkm} t/sf/L v]tL ug]{, afv|fkfng, s'v'/fkfng ug]{
u/]sf 5g\ .
 o;sf] k|efjsfl/tf w]/} /fd|f] 5, o;af6 dlxnfn] C0f lgsfn], p;sf] >Ldfg\ klg ToxL+ Ps} 7fpFdf
Joj;fo Jofkf/ u/L a:g] w]/} 5g\, s;}n] t e}+;L kfn]/ klg w]/} /sd hDdf kf/]sf 5g\ eg] o;n] kl/jf/,
;dfh cflb ;a}lt/ k|efj kf/]sf] 5 .
 ;+:yfsf] eljio w]/} /fd|f] 5 . To;df klg ca o; ;+:yf clxn]sf k9]–n]v]sf lk+9Lsf xftdf k'Ug' k5{, cem
/fd|f];Fu rN5 .
 x'gt xfdLx? cfkm} ;+:yf rnfpg ;S5f}+ t/ klg dlxnf ljsf;sf] ;+w} ;fy kfO/x]df xfdLnfO{ ;lhnf] /
xfd|f] eljio pHjn x'g] lyof] .
 klxnf u/Lj ;LdfGts[tx?sf] ;+Vof lyP, t/ ca w]/}n] 5f]8]/ uPsf 5g\ / ltgLx?sf] ;+Vof cln yfxf
gePsf] / clxn] 5'6\ofOPsf 5}gg\ .
 ;+:yf leq x/]s ju{nfO{ yfxf kfpg] u/]/ sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/G5, To;}n] x/]s s'/f kf/bzL{ klg 5 .
 ;xsf/Laf6 s'g} cg'bfg lnPsf] 5}g, ca rf+xL /sdsf] sld ePsf]n] cg'bfg dfu ug]{ sfo{qmd o; jif{df
/x]sf] 5 .
 xfdLnfO{ clxn];Dd s'g} ;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 ;xof]u ePsf] 5}g . ;xof]u ePsf] 5 t Ps k6s 9fsf a'Gg]
tfnLd k/]sf] lyof], ToxL xf] ;xof]u eg]sf] .
 xfd|f] ;Dk"0f{ ;b:oaf6 o; sfo{qmd k|lt ;Gt'li6 5, oxL ;d"x xf] ;a} eGbf klxnf] k6s ;d"xaf6
;+:yfut agfpgnfO{ l;sfpg], To;}n] xfdL Psbd} ;Gt'i6 5f}+ .
 xfd|f] ;xsf/Ldf k"FhLsf] ;d:of 5 / csf]{ zLk ljsf; tfnLdsf] klg cefj 5 . xfdLsxfF clxn] CTEVT
cfPsf] k|fljlws tfnLd lbO{ /fv]sf] 5, To;sf] ca k]zfut ?kdf lng] xf] eg] xfdLnfO{ cln w]/} /sdsf]
cfjZos k5{ t/ xfdL;Fu To;sf] kx'Fr 5}g .
 ;a} sfo{qmd k|efjsf/L / pkof]uL 5g\, To;sf] nflu w]/}–w]/} wGojfb 5 dlxnf ljsf;nfO{ .
 dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ cem k|efjsf/L agfpg a]nf–a]nfdf cg'udg ug{ cfpg' k¥of], clg hf]–hf]
tfnLddf hfG5g\, pgLxc?n] c? ;d"xsf ;fyLnfO{ tfnLd ;+rfng ug{ lgod /fvL To;sf] nflu s]xL
/sd Joj:yf dlxnf ljsf;af6 x'g' k¥of] . ;fy} dlxnf ljsf;n] cGo ;/sf/L tyf u}x| ;/sf/L lgsfo;Fu
;dGjo u/fpg' k¥of] .
 dlxnfx?nfO{ Psh'6 eO{ jrt ug]{ jfgL a;fNg' .
 3/sf ;fgf tyf demf}nf ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ ;xof]u ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfjfg agfpg .
 :fgf 3/]n' pBf]u tyf Jofkf/ u/L cfo–cfh{g ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] agfpg' .
 r]tgzLn agfpg' .
 cfly{s ?kn] ;jn agfpg' .
 ;+:yfdf cfj4 ;b:osf] ;+Vof– @&)
 dlxnf ljsf;sf sd{rf/Lx?n] z'?df cfP/ ;d"x lgdf{0f u/]sf] .
 t/ s]xL ;do kl5 uP/ ;d"xn] jrt ug{ 5f]8]/ sfd s]xL geP/ ePsf] ljpm k"FhLsf] klg lxgfldgf
ePkl5 xfdLn] o; ;d"x NofP/ rnfPsf xf}+ .
 klxnfsf] ;+rfns ;ldlt cs}{ lyof], To;sf] af/]df xfdLnfO{ yfxf gePsf] .

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 t/ @)^@ :ffndf xfdLn] z'? ;+rfng ubf{ @% hgfdfq lyof], h;af6 km]/L z'?cft eof] .
 o; ;+:yf slDtdf k|To]s j8faf6 @% hGf ;b:o /xg' kg]{ p2]Zo /fv]/ ;d"x z'? ul/of] .
 @)^# ;fndf xfdLn] ;+:yf btf{ ul/of] .
 jrt tyf C0f ljt/0f .
 PAN btf{ u/]sf] .
 ;fgf tyf 3/]n' Jofkf/, kz'kfngsf nflu C0f sd Jofh b/df ljt/0f u/]sf] .
 @%))) ljpm k"FhL klg ;d"xdf cfPsf] .
 :yfkgf ePsf] jif{ –@)^#
 ;+:yfdf xfn /x]sf ;b:o ;+Vof– !%!
 xfn ;d"x g/x]sf] j8f ;ldlt e};s]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;d"x ;a} lj36g e};s]sf] 5 . ca k|To]s j8fsf] (
j6f j8f ;ldlt 5 .
 ( j8fsf g} ;b:ox? Ps} lbg cfP/ jrt ub{5g\ .
 xfdL;Fu ePsf /sd p;} lbg h; h;nfO{ cfjZos k5{ p;}nfO{ lbg] k|rng 5 .
 ;+rfns ;ldltsf] dlxgfdf ! k6s j}7s al;G5 .
 k|To]s dlxgf dfl;s ?kdf l/kf]{6 dlxnf ljsf;nfO{ a'emfpg' kg]{ .
 jif{sf] ! k6s gfkmf jfF8kmfF8 ug]{ k|lqmof /x]sf] .
 dfl;s j}7sdf ( hgf ;b:o g} hDdf eO{G5 .
 ca c? /sd C0f lbg ck'u ePsf] / To;sf] Joj:yf s;/L ug]{ eGg] af/]df .
 ejg lgdf{0f ;DaGwdf .
 cfjZos k/]df cfjZostf cg';f/ dlxgfsf] @÷# k6s j}7s /fVg klg ;lsg] .
 jif{df ! k6s :ffwf/0f ;ef / n]Vffk/LIf0f u/fpg] .
 jflif{s k|ltj]bg agfpg] / dlxnf ljsf; sfof{nodf a'emfpg] ul/Psf] .
 ;+:yfsf] ef}lts cj:yfsf] ljifodf s]xL ljjfb ePsf] 5 . oxfF ePsf] Ps ;fj{hlgs ejg dfly a9fP/
agfpg] eGg] ljifodf ljjfb /x]sf] .
 oxfFsf] nflu P]nfgL hUuf klg kfOPsf] t/ ;lrjHo"n] 6f9f ePdf ;do lbg g;Sg] ePsf] sf/0fn] klg
ejg agfpg] ljifodf ljjfb 5 t/ l5§} lgrf]8df k'uL ejg lgdf{0fsf] ljifodf lg0f{o u/L cfufdL jif{df
ejg lgdf{0f ug]{ .
 xfn rf+xL cWoIfsf] 3/df Ps sf]7faf6 ;+rfng ug]{ u/]sf] .
 jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;ef x'g] t/ klxnfb]lvsf] kbflwsf/Lx?sf] cefjdf ;+:yf rNg g;Sg] x'gfn] kl/jt{g x'g
g;s]sf] .
 x/]s s'/fsf] lg0f{o j}7s a;]/ ;j{;Ddltaf6 ul/G5 / dfOGo"6df Clear u/]/ n]lvG5 .
 @%))) xhf/ ljpm k"FhL /sd cfPsf] .
 ;f]xL /sd klg klxnf z'?sf] ;d"xn] rnfPsf] t/ xfdLn] km]/L To;nfO{ Jofh;lxt a'emfP/ km]/L #)))
xhf/ NofPsf] .
 jrt dlxgfsf] Ps k6s ;a}n] lbg] / ToxL j}7s a;L h;nfO{ cfjZos k5{ p;}nfO{ nufgL ug{ lbg] .
 j}7sdf /sd hDdf ug]{ gu/]sf] .
 ljpm k"FhL lkmtf{ ug{ IRDC n] ;xof]u u/]sf] .
 ;+:yfdf ;d"xaf6 cfpg] dfl;s jrt !%!)) cfpg] u/]sf] 5 .
 ;b:ox? lgoldt ?kdf jrt ug{ cfpF5g\, sf]xL sf]xL cfpFb}gg\ t/ C0fsf] Jofh / jrt dfq ePklg
ug{ cfpg] u/]sf] .

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 klxnf OGb'sf x'dfufO{n] rnfPsf] a]nfsf ;fyLx?n] 5f]8] . To;kl5 @)&! ;fndf PAN btf{ ubf{ nfu]sf]
/sd bfdf;fxL ug{ vf]Hbf klg @) hgfn] 5f]8], kl5 cfP/ pgLx? km]/L jrt ug{ cfpg tof/ ePsf 5g\,
o;kfnLsf] ;fwf/0f ;efkl5 pgLx?nfO{ klg ;dfj]z u/fpg] .
 ;+:yfsf] ljut % jif{sf] jrt /sd ?= ^%))) xhf/ .
 nufgLsf] Jofh b/– !*Ü / !@Ü .
 nufgL ul/Psf If]qdf Jofkf/df ;fgf–;fgf v'b|f k;nx?, s'v'/f vl/b ljqmL, cGo vfBGg vl/b tyf
ljqmL -@) hgf dlxnfn] Jofkf/ / @@ hgfn] kz'kfng / cGo u/L hDdf %& hgf_ .
 nufgL ubf{ $ dlxgfdf C0f r'Stf ug]{ efsf /fVg] / j8f ;ldltsf ;b:ox?sf] /f]xj/df hdfgL a;L
C0f lbg] .
 Jofj;fosf] nflu ahf/ :yfgLo ;Gtk'/ g} eof] / % ls=ld= k/ rGb|lgufxfk'/df ug{ ;lsg] .
 :j= /f]huf/df cfkm} eP $) hgf jflx/sf] g/flvPsf] .
 efvfdf g} C0fx? r'Stf ePsfn] To:tf lgodx? 5}gg\ .
 nfef+z /sd 5'6\ofpg ;lsPsf] 5}g .
 jrt tyf nufgLsf] cg'kft xfn;Dd t ;dfg ePsf] 5 t/ ca /sd ck'u x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 . ;b:ox?
C0f ck'u ePsf] / cGt vf]lhg' kg]{ ;d:ofx? b]vfPsfn] ca cGtaf6 C0f vf]Hg' kg]{ b]lvPsf] .
 nufgL hDdf %)@^$$ /x]sf] .
 z'?df dlxnf ljsf;n] lbPsf] ljm k"FhL klxnfsf ;d"xsf ;fyLx?n] lxgfldgf u/]kl5 xfdL cfkm}n] Tof]
C0fsf] Joj:yf IRDC af6 ldnfof}+ / km]/L #)))).– xhf/ sf] ljpm k"FhL km]/L k|fKt ePsf] 5 .
 ca Tof] ljpm k"FhL lkmtf{ ubf{ ;+:yfnfO{ ;d:of kg{ hfG5 .
 dlxnf ljsf;sf] vf;} Tolt ;xof]u gu/]sf] / cg'udg klg gx'g] xfdLn] cfˆg} ana'tfdf ;+:yf rnfPsf
5f}+ . dlxnf ljsf;af6 ul/g] sfo{qmd xfd|f] ;+:yfnfO{ lbP klg xfdL cfkm} rnfpg ;S5f}+ . clxn] t
sfo{qmd gcfPsf] klg @ jif{ hlt e} ;Sof] . xfdLn] cfkm} CTEVT af6 sfo{qmd NofP/ l;nfO{ s6fO{ rnfP/
Joj;fo u/]sf dlxnfx? 5g\ .
 klxnf xfdL;Fu k};f x'Fb}GYof], >Ldfg\n] vr{ ug{ lbPsf] k};faf6 @)Ü lgsfn]/ jrt ug]{ u/]sf] t/ ca t
3/fo;L ;d:of kbf{b]lv Jofkf/ Joj;fo klg cfkm}n] ug{ yfn]kl5 t s]xL dfqfdf 3/fo;L lg0f{o ug{
kfO{G5 .
 ;fdflhs sfo{df klg xfdL cufl8 hfg ;S5f} . sf]xL sf]xL gful/s j8f d~rdf klg 5f}+ .
 xfdL clxn] 3'D6f] s]xL prfn]/ lx8\g ;Sg] ePsf 5f}+ . vfgf;Fu} vfg] ePsf 5f}+ .
 xfd|f]df ca afn ljjfx klg sd ePsf] 5 / s]xL ljw'jf ljjfx klg ePsf] 5 .
 dlxnf lx+;f klg klxnf eGbf sd ePsf] 5 .
 ;f;'–a'xf/L÷ dlxnf lx+;f af/]df tfnLdx? lbPsf] eP/ sd ePsf] 5 .
 hLjg:t/df klg ;'wf/ cfPsf], lzIffsf] af/]df ;r]t ePsf 5g\ . cfly{s cj:yf /fd|f] ePsf] 5 . cfkm}
k};f sdfpg ;Sg] ePsf 5f}+ eg] 3/df cfly{s ;xof]u ug{ ;Sg] klg ePsf 5f}+ .
 dlxnf ;DaGwL P]g, sfg"g ;DaGwL klg tfnLd ePsf] t/ Ps k6s ePsf] lal;{of], k'gtf{huL tfnLdx?
lbg' kg]{ .
 3/]n' lx+;f ;DaGwL ;–;fgf em}–emu8f xfd|f] dlxnf ;d"xdf g} sf/jfxL ug]{ ul/G5 .
 cfh xfdL h'g;'s} ;+:yfn] cg'bfg lbP klg xfdL /fd|f];Fu bIftfk"0f{ 9Ën] k"/f ug{ ;Sg] 5f}+ .
 of] eGbf klxnf klg xfdLn] CTEVT af6 l;nfO{ s6fO{ tfnLd lnP/ ;+rfng u/L To;af6 Joj;fo klg z'?
u/fPsf 5f}+ .
 dlxnf ljsf;n] ;+:yfut x'g l;sfof] / n]vfsf] tfnLd klg u/fof], h;n] oxL+sf] lx;fa /fVg klg ;lhnf]
ePsf] 5 . ca xfdLnfO{ ;Ifd klg u/fof], Joj:yfkg tfnLd lbP/ . ca xfdL cfkm} klg ug{ ;Sg] ePsf
5f}+ t/ klg xfdLnfO{ dlxnf ljsf;sf] cfwf/ ;Fw} rflxG5 .
 :yfgLo :t/df @) hgf hltn] Jofkf/ ;+rfng u/]sf 5g\ eg] @) hgfn] kz'kfng z'? u/]sf 5g\ .

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 dlxnf ;d"xn] ;xsf/Laf6 ePsf] jrt tyf nufgLaf6 w]/} g} cufl8 a9L ;s]sf 5g\, pgLx? cfkm} g}
Joj;fo ;+rfng u/]/ cfˆgf] aRrfx? kfn]/ a;]sf Psn dlxnfx? klg 5g\, h;n] Psn eP/ klg cfˆgf]
aRrfsf] nfng–kfng, lzIff–lbIff lbgnfO{ ;Ifd ePsf 5g\ eg] >Ldfg\nfO{ 3/ rnfpg cfly{s ;xof]u
ug]{ ePsf 5g\ . s;}n] t cfˆgf] >Ldfg\nfO{ klg ;Fu} g} Joj;fodf ;+nUg u/fP/ ;Fu} Joj;fo ug]{ u/]sf
5g\ .
 xfd|f] ;+:yfsf] eljio pHjn 5 / xfdL ;a} xfd|f] ;+:yfsf] lg/Gt/tfdf lj:jt 5f}+ .
 dlxnf ljsf;sf] ;xof]u geP/ klg xfdL cfkm} g} cfˆgf] ;+:yf rnfpg ;S5f}+ .
 ;+:yfdf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:ox? u/Lj, ;LdfGts[tx?sf] ;dfj]zLs/0f u/]/ agfOPsf] 5 / pgLx?sf] xslxtdf g}
sfo{qmd ub{5f}+ . xfd|f] o:tf] ;+:yf xf] h;n] ljwjf, Psn ;fy} ckfËx?nfO{ klg ;d]6]sf] 5 .
 xfd|f] ;+:yfdf ;a}nfO{ ;dfj]z u/]/ g} ;+rfng ul/Psf] 5 / xfd|f] ;+:yf ;lhnf] / /fd|f] xf];\ eg]/ PAN btf{
u/fPsf xf}+ .
 lhNnf ;xsf/L l8lehgaf6 s'g} lsl;dsf] cg'bfg lnPsf] 5}g t/ ca lng' kg]{ ePsf]n] ;fwf/0f ;efaf6
kfl/t u/fP/ cufl8 s'/f a9fpg] nIo /x]sf] 5 .
 xfn;Dd xfdLnfO{ ;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 s'g} lsl;dsf] ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] 5}g .
 dlxnf ljsf; xfd|f] nflu cfdf xf], o;n] xfdLnfO{ af]Ng l;sfof], lgod, sfg"gsf s'/f l;sfof], clwsf/sf]
af/]df hfgsf/L u/fof] . t/ xfd|f] sfo{qmdsf] af/]df a]nf–a]nfdf cg'udg / ;Nnfx u/]g .
 xfd|f] ;/sf/Ldf C0f lbg] /sdsf] cefj 5 .
 ;d"x ejgsf] cfjZostf 5 .
 ;d"xdf cem zLkd"ns tfnLdsf] sdL 5 .
 Jofkf/ Joj;fo ;+rfng ug{ ljpm k"FhL lbgsf] nflu xfdL;Fu /sdsf] cefj 5, Tof] dlxnf ljsf;n]
ul/lbg' kg]{ .
 dlxnf ljsf; tyf lhNnf ;xsf/L l8lehgaf6 ;do ;dodf cg'udg x'g' k¥of] .
 xfdLnfO{ ljpm k"FhL lkmtf{ ug'{ gkg]{ lsl;daf6 ljt/0f x'g' kg]{ .
 dlxnf ljsf;sf sfo{qmd /fd|f t 5g\ t/ lx8\g l;sfP kl5 s;/L lx+l8/x]5g\ x]g'{ k5{ .
 ca tfnLd xfdL cfkm}nfO{ ;+rfng ug{ lbg' k¥of] .
 dlxnf ljsf;df cfPsf tfnLddf >f]t JolQm jf 6«]g/ xfdLaf6 g} lng' k¥of] .
 xfd|f] ;fdfg vkt u/fpg] Joj:yfkg ug'{ k¥of] .
 dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd ;kmn u/fpgsf nflu !, @ hgfnfO{ dfq ;Ifd agfP/ ;+:yf rnfpg g5f]8L
;+:yfks ;b:o hlt ;a}nfO{ ;Ifd agfP/ u/]df /fd|f] x'g] .
 dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdn] cfk"mnfO{ /fd|f] agfpg' eg]sf] ;+:yf bx|f] e} rNg' xf], To;}n] s'g}klg tfnLd
lbPkl5 p;nfO{ Joj;fo ;+rfng ug{ k5{ elg k|ltj4tf u/fO{ tfnLd u/fpg' k¥of] / ljpm k"FhLsf ?kdf
s]xL /sd cg'bfg klg lbg' k¥of] .

38
 o; ;d"x @)^@ ;fnb]lv ;d"x u7g ePsf] / clxn] @)^$ ;fndf ;xsf/L btf{ ul/Psf] . j8fsf] ;b:o
;+Vof– #! /x]sf] .
 dfl;s j}7s ;d"xdf gx'g] xfd|f] j}7s eg]sf] ;xsf/Ldf g} x'G5, dlxgfdf / cfjZos kbf{ km]/L af]nfO{G5 .
 lg0f{o ;a} s'/f xfd|f] ;+:yfn] g} ug]{ ;d"xdf .
 xfdL dlxgfdf j}7s a:5f}+ / ;+:yfdf lg0f{o k'¥ofP/ kfl/t x'g klg ;S5 / gx'g klg ;S5 .
 xfd|f] jrt hlt klg x'G5, ;a} ;+:yfn] lg0f{o u/]/ nufgL ul/lbG5 .
 xfdLx?nfO{ ;d"xdf a:g g} dlxnf ljsf;n] l;sfof] / xfdLx? w]/}h;f] v]tLkfltdf g} Tof] /sd nufgL
u/fPsf 5f}+ . t/sf/L v]tL, s]/f v]tL 5g\ . h;n] ubf{ xfdLx? aflx/lt/ uP/ xfdLn] w]/} s'/f l;s]/ @÷$
s'/f af]Ng ;Sg] klg ePsf 5f}+ . cfly{s ?kdf ;Ifd klg ePsf 5f}+ . xfdL;Fu sf]xL sf]xL cfkm} s]/f v]tL
u/]/ a]r]/ 3/ hUuf hf]8]sf dlxnf klg 5g\ . 3/fo;L lg0f{o u/]/ lsg a]r klg ug{ ;S5g\ . pgLx?
cfkm}n] :yfgLo >f]t pknAw u/fP/ pkof]u ug{ klg ;S5g\ . dlxnf lx+;f sd ePsf] 5, e]befj
Go"lgs/0f eO{ lzIffdf cufl8 a9]sf 5g\ . :yfgLo /f]huf/Ldf dlxnfx? cfkm} g} t/sf/L lsg a]r u5{g\ .
klxnfsf] eGbf hLjg:t/df kl/jt{g klg cfPsf] 5 . dlxnf lx+;f ePdf ;fwf/0f t :yfgLo:t/df g}
l5gfkmfgf ul/G5, g;Sg] hl6n ePdf dfq k|x/L k|zf;gdf k7fO{G5 .
 u/LjL lgjf/0f sf]if .
 ;'gf}nf] xhf/
 u|fdL0f ljsf; sfo{qmd -u/LjL lgjf/0faf6 dlxnfx?nfO{ cfly{s ?kdf ;jn agfpg] sfo{qmd tyf jrt
klg ul/G5 . ;'gf}nf] xhf/n] jrt gug]{ t/ k|hgg :jf:Yo ;DaGwL sfo{qmd u5{ . u|fdL0f ljsf;af6
jrt ug]{ / cfly{s pkfh{gsf] nflu tfnLd C0fx? k|bfg ul/G5_ .
 klxnf u7g ubf{ % hgf dlxnfsf] ! ;d"x agfPsf] / kl5 cfP/ ! j8fsf] ;a} ;d"xnfO{ j8f ;ldlt
agfPsf] / Pp6f j8fdf ! j6f j8f ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] 5 . ! j6f j8fdf w]/} ;d"x x'Fbf w]/} cK7\of/fx?
eP/ xfdLn] j8f ;ldlt v8f u/fPsf xf}+ .
 cGo ;d"xx? w]/} 5}gg\, h;n] ubf{ cK7\of/f] ePsf] 5}g .
 jrt ug]{ jfgL a;fNof] .
 cfly{s ?kdf alnof] agfof] .
 lg0f{ox? cfkm} ug{ ;Sg] agfof] .
 cfkm} cfo–cfh{g ug{ l;sfof] .
 kl/jf/sf ;fgf–;fgf ;d:ofdf ;xof]u ug{ ;lsPsf]n] cfˆgf] dfGotf eof] .
 ;fdflhs ?kdf ;–;fgf ;d:of dlxnf ;d"xdf klg l5gfkmfgf ul/g] eof] .
 dlxnf ;d"xdf /x]sf ;b:ox?n] C0f lnP/ t/sf/L, s]/f v]tL u/]/ 3/ agfpg], v]t lsGg] u/]sf 5g\,
To;}n] o;sf] kmfO{bf 5 .
 ;d"xsf] lg/Gt/tfdf s'g} lsl;dsf] z+sf 5}g, lsgeg] xfd|f] ca ;xsf/Lsf] ejg klg lgdf{0f eO/x]sf],
To;}n] xfd|f] ;d"x lg/Gt/ x'G5 . o; ;+:yfnfO{ dlxnf ljsf;n] cg'udg u/L gofF zLk ljsf;sf nflu
tfnLd lbP/ ljpm k"FhLsf] Joj:yf ul/lbPdf ;+:yfut bLuf]kgf sfod x'g] lyof] / ca sfo{qmdx? dlxnf
ljsf;n] cfkm} gu/L ;+:yfnfO{ g} ug{ lbPdf o;n] bLuf]kgf cfpFYof] . ca sfo{qmd s;/L ;+:yfdf Nofpg
;lsG5, To;sf] tf}/ tl/sf l;sfpg] tfnLd lbg' k5{ .
 tfnLd t dlxnf ljsf;n] lbPsf] lyof] . t/ xfn cfP/ w]/} jif{b]lv tfnLd lbPsf] 5}g . t/ hlt lbPsf
tfnLdx? pkof]uL 5g\ . To;nfO{ klg k'gtf{huL tfnLd u/fpg' k¥of] . k|fljlws zLk tfnLdx?sf] sld 5
. xfd|f]df To:tf] zLk ljsf; tfnLd clxn];Dd ePsf 5}gg\, To;sf] cfjZostf 5 .
 dlxnf ljsf;sf] ;xof]u t xfdLnfO{ rflxG5, xfd|f] nflu cfdf xf], xfdL 5f]/f–5f]/L xf}+ . x'gt xfdL geP/
klg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf t 5 t/ klg xfdLnfO{ dlxnf ljsf;sf] ;xof]u lg/Gt/ rflxG5 .
 klxnf ;d"x agfpFbfv]/L g} ;Dk"0f{ hft–hftL u/Lj, ;LdfGts[t ;a} ;b:ox?sf] ;dfj]zLs/0f u/fP/ g}
;d"x lgdf{0f ul/Psf] .
 xfd|f] j8f ;ldltdf ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfkdf ;dfj]zL u/fP/ g} ;+rfng ul/G5 .

39
 xfdLnfO{ dlxnf ljsf; eg]sf] cfdf hlts}, To;}sf/0f xfd|f] ;Gt'li6sf] ;Ldf 5}g . ;d"xdf s:tf] zlQm
x'G5, To;sf] 1fg lyPg, To;sf] 1fg eof] . dlxnf s] xf], yfxf lyPg . hlta]nf xfd|f] ufpFdf afn ljjfx,
dlxnf lx+;f x'GYof] . t/ cfh o:tf lsl;dsf] lqmofsnfk x'Fb}gg\, oL ;a} dlxnf ljsf;sf] b]g xf] . xfdL
dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd k|lt ;Gt'i6 5f}+ .
 xfd|f] ;d"xdf ;d:of of] 5 sL, xfdL;Fu rfx]sf] hlt jrt 5}g, h;n] nufgL eg] hlt nufpg ;lsof];\,
of] xfd|f] ;d"xsf] ;d:of xf] .
 dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf ;a} sfo{qmd w]/} g} k|efjsf/L 5g\ t/ ;do ;dodf cg'udg u/L lgb]{zg
lbg'kg]{ Tof] ePsf] 5}g, olb To;f] ug]{ xf] eg] cem k|efjsf/L x'g] lyof] . klxnf klxnf lbPsf tfnLdx?
km]/L k'gtf{huL tfnLd u/fpg ;+:yf dfkm{t g} rnfpg oxL+sf >f]t kl/rfng u/L ug{ lbPdf xfdLnfO{
cfkm} ;+:yf s;/L rnfpg ;lsG5 eGg] ljifodf cem w]/} 1fg x'g] lyof] . xfdLnfO{ zLk ljsf; tfnLd
lbO{ ljpm k"FhL klg lbg] k|rng /fv]df xfdLnfO{ pBd ug{ ;xh x'g] lyof] .
 dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ cem k|efjsf/L u/fpg dlxnf ljsf; cfk'm ;xhsTff{ eO{ cGo NGO/INGO,
;/sf/L ljsf;] sfo{qmdx?;Fu u/fP/ sfo{qmd u/fpg ;xof]u ug]{ u/]df cem k|efjsf/L x'g] lyof] .
 oxfFsf] >f]t ;fwgn] Eofpg] / k|of]u u/L x'g] pBd ;+rfng ug{ oxfFsf dlxnf ;b:onfO{ zLk tfnLd
lbP/ ljpm k"FhL klg lbg] k|rng ul/lbPdf dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd cem k|efjsf/L x'g] lyof] .

 sfo{qmd z'? ePsf] @)^@ ;fndf ;d"x z'? ul/Psf] j8f g+= # / % df z'? ePsf] z'?df o;a]nf xfd|f]
hDdf #% hgfsf] ;d"x ePsf] lyof], kl5 j8f j8f 5'6\ofP/ j8f ;ldlt eof] / xfd|f] j8f ;ldltsf] #%
hGf dfq 5g\ .
 klxnf xfd|f] j8f ;ldltsf] j}7s x'g] uYof]{ t/ clxn] ;d"xdf j}7s x'Fb}g, ;a} xfdL l;w} ;+:yfdf cfP/
jrt u5f}+{, h] lg0f{o, tfnLd h] ePklg ;+:yfdf g} x'G5 .
 ;+:yfdf ePsf] lg0f{o g} ;d"xsf] lg0f{o x'G5 .
 xfd|f] jrt ;+:yfdf g} x'G5 / kl/rfng nufgL ;a} ;+:yfaf6 g} ul/G5 .
 dlxnfx? ;d"xdf a;]/ jrt ug{ yfn]kl5 3/fo;L sfdsf] lg0f{o :jo+ ug{ ;SDg] ePsf 5g\ . ;fdflhs
sfo{x?df xfdLx? ;l/s x'G5f}+ . xfdLx? dlxnf lbj;df klg dlxnf cfjfh p7fpF5f}+ . afn dhb'/, afn
ljjfxsf] lj?4 gf/f nufpFb} h'n';df hfG5f}+ . ;fdflhs em}–emu8f ldnfpg] sfd u5f}+{ . xfd|f] klxnf eGbf
kbf{ leq a:g] rng sd ePsf] 5 . oxfF t/sf/L v]tL Joj;flos ?kdf ug]{ tyf ;fdfg lsg a]r ug]{
Jofkf/ klg ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . dlxnf lx+;f sd 5 . klxnf 5f]/f gePdf klg h'g lsl;dsf] lx+;f sd
ePsf] afnm ljjfx klg sd 5 . clxn] !* jif{ eGbf sd pd]/ ljjfx x'Fb}g . :yfgLo /f]huf/df klg
dlxnfx?sf] ;+Vof a9L /x]5g\ . dlxnfx? cfo–cfh{gsf] sfd ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . Jofkf/ ug]{, t/sf/L v]tL
ug]{ u5{g\ . hLjg:t/ klxnfsf] eGbf w]/} ;xh ePsf] 5 . dlxnf ;DaGwL P]g, sfg"g rf+xL ablnPsf]
xf]Og, ;fdflhs ;f]rfO{x? kl/jt{g ePsf 5g\ .
 dlxnf ljsf; dfq rf+xL sfo{qmd 5}gg\, a? u/LjL lgjf/0f, lgw{gx?sf] sfd rf+xL 5 t/ dlxnf ljsf; g}
rf+xL 5|g .
 dlxnf ;d"x klxnf % j6f j8fdf #% hgf ;b:o eP/ vf]lnPsf] lyof], clxn] ;+:yf btf{ !&! hgf lyof] .
cGo ;d"xx? w]/} 5}gg\, To;}n] bf]xf]/f] ;b:otfaf6 cK7\of/f] ePsf 5}gg\ .
 xfd|f] oxfF sfo{qmd z'? ePsf] @)^@ ;fnb]lv z'? ePsf] xf] . Tolta]nf / clxn]df w]/} cGt/ ePsf] 5 .
klxnf 3'D6f] leq a:g] dlxnfx? clxn] t cfˆgf] xs clwsf/sf] nflu cufl8 a9]/ af]Ng] ePsf 5f}+ . xfdL
xfd|f] 3/df g} klg cGofo ePdf klg af]Ng] u5f}+{ . aflx/ uP/ aGb Jofkf/ klg ub{5f}+ . ;fdfg vl/b
ufpFdf ug]{ / ahf/ nu]/ a]Rg] sfd klg sltko dlxnfn] u/]sf 5f}+ . clxn] yf]/} C0f kfP/ ;fgf–ltgf
sfd ub{}5f}+, w]/} C0f kfP/ cem 7"nf] aGb Jofkf/ klg ug{ xfdL ;S5f}+ .
 dlxnf ;d"xx?sf] l:ylt xfd|f] w]/} /fd|f] 5 / xfd|f] jrt tyf nufgLaf6 cfo–cfh{g klg u/]sf 5g\ .
dlxnfx? l;hg cg';f/sf ;fdfgx? ufpFdf lsg]/ ahf/ nu]/ ljqmL ug]{, Jofkf/ d'Votof u5{g\ . oxcfF
xfd|f] ;fgf] :yfgLo ahf/ 5 / uf}/ klg w]/} 6f9f 5}g, oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf klg 5 . To;}n] xfdLnfO{ aGb
JofKf/ ug{ jf xfd|f] jrtsf] nufgL ug{ ;lhnf] 5 .

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 xfdLsxfF n3' pBd eg]/ To:tf s]xL 5}gg\, s;}–s;}n] s'v'/f kfn]sf 5g\ . gq eg] To;/L zLk ljsf;
tfnLd lnP/ pBdL ePsf 5}gg\ . w]/} h;f]n] Jofkf/ ug]{ u5{g\ / afv|fkfng u5{g\ . pTkflbt s'v'/f jf
afv|f :yfgLo tyf d'Vo ahf/ uf}/df vkt x'G5 . t/ klxnfsf] eGbf cfo:t/df a[l4 ePsf] 5 . dflg;x?
klxnf cfˆgf s]6fs]6LnfO{ db/;f / ;/sf/L ljBfno dfq k7fpFy] eg] clxn] jf]l8{Ë :s"n klg k9fpg
yfn]sf 5g\ . ufpFdf df]6/jfO{ssf] ;+Vof klg a[l4 ePsf 5g\ .
 ;d"xsf] eljio /fd|f] 5, ;a} ;b:ox? jrt u5{g\ / ;dodf g} C0f klg a'emfpg] u5{g\ . o; ;+:yfdf
s'g}klg sfd ug{ ljpm k"FhL lbgsf nflu slx+af6 ;xof]u eof] eg] ;lhnf] x'G5 / pgLx?n] s'g} klg
Jofkf/ Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{sf] ;+Vofdf klg a[l4 x'g]5 / ;+:yf ;+rfngdf klg ;xh x'g] lyof] ;fy}
dlxnf ljsf;af6 zLk ljsf; tfnLd lbP x'g] lyof] .
 dlxnfnfO{ dlxnf ljsf;sf] ;xof]u t 5 t/ w]/} ;':t cfOk'U5, ;+:yf btf{ x'g' cufl8 n]vfsf] tfnLd x'g'
kg]{ t/ ;+:yf btf{ eP/ ;+rfng e};s]kl5 dfq kfOof], To;}n] cln cK7\of/f] eof] . ;xsf/LnfO{ s'g}
lsl;dsf] cg'bfg 5}g, k|fljlws zLk ljsf; tfnLd klg ePsf] 5}g . olb o;/L eg] cg';f/ tfnLd,
cg'bfg cflb kfP t xfd|f]:t/ w]/} dfyL hfg] lyof] .
 dlxnf ljsf; g} xf], klxnf] clkm; h;n] ;d"x a;]/ jrt ug{ / cfˆgf] cfo:t/ a9fpg] sfd ug{ ;xof]u
ug]{ . dlxnf ljsf;sf] ;xof]usf] ljgf ;d"x kl/rfng / bLuf]kgf ;Defjgf 5}g .
 ;d"xdf ;a} k|sf/sf dlxnfx?sf] ;dfj]zLdf hf]8 lbOG5 t/ pgLx? cfkm} lg:s]/ hfG5g\, clg km]/L
cK7\of/f] k5{ km]/L cfP/ ;b:otf lnG5g\ .
 ;d"xn] ;do cg';f/ dlxnf lbj;, afn lbj;, dlxnf lx+;f af/]df ljleGg sfo{qmdx? ul/G5 . ;fj{hlgs
n]vfk/LIf0f ca ul/g] sfo{qmd 5 . slxn] sfxL+ ufpFm 3/ ;/;kmfO{ klg ul/G5 .
 dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdn] t xfdLnfO{ dfG5] agfof], afFRg l;sfof] . cfly{s cj:yfn] ;Ifd agfof], aflx/
lg:s]/ af]Ng l;sfof] . ;Gt'i6 t xfdLx? w]/} ;Gt'i6 5f}+ .
 xfd|f] ;d"xdf k|d'v eg]sf] lzIffsf] sld 5, h;n] ubf{ rfxFbf rfxFb} klg cfo–cfh{gsf sfd ug{ ;Sb}gg\ .
h;sf] >Ldfg\ k9]sf] 5 / ;fy lbG5, pgLx?n] sfd ug{ ;s]sf 5g\ .
 dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmddf ;a} sfo{qmd k|efjsf/L / pkof]uL klg 5g\ .
 dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd k|efjsf/L agfpg ;do ;dodf cg'udg x'g'k5{ . zLk ljsf; tfnLdx? x'g'k5{ .
ljpm k"FhLsf] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .

41