Vol 1

TECHNICAL
GUIDE
DRILLING
Drilling Technical Guide
Proper Application and Usage of Drilling Tools

Part 1: Drill Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Hole Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Rifling and Circularity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.1 Types of Drills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Special Work Piece Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
By Body Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Burring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
By Shank Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
By Flute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
By Flute Cross Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Part 3: Cutting Parameter . . . . . . . . 26
By Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
By Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.1 Formula for Cutting Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.2 Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.2 Coolant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.3 Structure and Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Flute Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Flute Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Part 4: Regrind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4.1 When to Regrind? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Helix Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2 How to Regrind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Point Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Point Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Thinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Primary Relief Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Part 5: Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Shank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.4 Substrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
High-Speed Tool Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Part 6: Drilling Tips for Special
Carbide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Work Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.5 Surface treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Steam oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Nitride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Part 7: Drilling Tips for Difficult to
Machine Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Part 2: Cutting Performance . . . . . . 18
2.1 Cutting Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Part 8: Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.2 Chip Evacuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3 Hole accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

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 Drilling Technical Guide
Proper Application and Usage of Drilling Tools

Part 1: Drill Basics

1.1 Types of Drills
A drill is a hole-making tool that has cutting edges at the tip, and a groove to evacuate chips to the outside of hole.
This “groove” is commonly referred to as the drill “flute”.

By Body Type

Drill Type Drill Design

Solid Drill The entire drill is made of the same material

Solid Point Drill Only the point is made of carbide, and brazed onto the body

Combined Drill A drill in which a solid drill is brazed or inserted into a larger shank

Indexable Drill The cutting edges are perishable inserts

Exchangeable Head Drill The tip is exchangeable and locks into the body

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By Shank Type

Drill Type Drill Design

Straight Shank Diameter of the shank remains the same

Shank with Tang Straight shank with tang

Taper Shank Morse Taper

By Flute

Drill Type Drill Design

Right Handed Helix For most conventional drilling applications

Left Handed Helix For turning machines

Straight Flute For non-ferrous material

Variable Lead Drill Drill has variable lead flute

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By Flute Cross Section

Drill Type Drill Design

Internal Coolant Through Drill has internal coolant through hole(s)

Oil hole

Sub-land Drill has 2 or more leading edges

Double Margin Drill has 2 margins on 1 land

Drill has bigger core diameter and thinner land width.

Parabolic Flute
Commonly for deep hole drilling

By Length

Drill Type Drill Design

Regular General purpose

Long Longer flute and overall length than a regular drill

Stub Shorter flute and overall length than a regular drill

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By Application

Drill Type Drill Design

Standard Drill Straight shank (same cut. Ø & shank Ø); size-dependent

Core Drill For finishing operation of holes. Three and four fluted drills are commonly used

Center Drill Drill for centering

Spot Drill Drill for centering and chamfering

Step Drill Drill has two or more diameters to drill and chamfer at the same time

Step drill

Sub-land step drill

Drill for Construction Drill for steel frame

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 Drilling Technical Guide
Proper Application and Usage of Drilling Tools

1.2 Terminology

Figure 1-1: Technical Terms of Twist Drills

Margin (Land) Body

Width Point
Taper Shank Tang
Margin (Land) Depth of Body Clearance Lead Neck
Body Clearance Helix Angle Axis

Drill Diameter
Cutting Edge
Relief Point
Chisel Chisel Edge Angle Angle Land Flute
Edge Angle Flute Length Shank Length
Overall Length Neck Length
Flank
Thinning Web Web (Core) Cutter Sweep
Heel
Thickness (Core Diameter)
ISO : International
Standard
ute

Wi Organization
f fl

dt
ho
ho

f fl
dt

ute
Wi

dl
an
d

1.3 Structure and Function

A drill has a simple shape at first glance, but each part has a close relationship with each other. Each part affects the tool’s
overall machining efficiency, tool life, and hole accuracy. This section describes the shape and function of each part.

Flute Length
The flute length of the drill has great influence on tool life, along with the recommended cutting speed, feed rate,
selection of cutting fluid, etc. It should be set as short as possible with considerations for hole depth, any bushings, and
also number of regrinds . Shortest possible flute length is recommended because the longer the flute length, the lower
the rigidity, and the easier it is for the drill to bend and increase the runout. The longer the flute length, the likelier it is
to cause an unstable cutting state. As a rule of thumb to set an appropriate drill flute length, use this calculation: [Hole
Depth (including clearance between the bushing and workpiece, as well as the actual bushing thickness itself )] + [1.5 x D
(drill diameter)] + [re-grinding amount] + [penetration length].

Figure 1-2: Flute Length

Flute Length (of ) New Drill
Clearance for Chip Ejection
Length of Point Penetration Length Thickness of Work Piece (2.0 X D)
Resharpening Length

Bushing

Bushing Plate

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Flute Form
Flute form significantly influences drill performance. The flute has a rake form cutting edge, with a helix angle and a point
angle. Chips are ejected up and out of the cutting area through the flute, while lubricant is silmultaneously supplied
through the flute. The deeper the drilling depth, the more noticeable the effects of the flute form.

Figure 1-3: Flute Form

Type Form Web Thickness Features & Applications

Conventional 0.1-0.25D Large chip room for

general purpose

High Rigid 0.2-0.35D Highly rigid form low thrust at high

feed rates

Parabolic 0.3-0.45D Both high rigidity and large chip

room deep holes

Web
The larger the web thickness, the higher the rigidity. However, the larger the web thickness, the smaller the chip room.
For deep hole drilling, large web thickness prevents drill breakage and/or curved hole. Parabolic flute form provides
smooth chip evacuation, with high rigidity. Also the larger the web thickness, the larger the thrust force, so additional
grinding must be done to the the point thinning to reduce the thrust force.

Figure 1-4: Web Thickness

Without web taper

Parabolic type
Conventional type

With web taper

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Proper Application and Usage of Drilling Tools

Helix Angle

Helix angle is the rake angle of the cutting edge. The cutting resistance decreases as the helix angle increases. But if the
Rake
helix angle is too high, the rigidity of the drill cutting Rake
angle
edge angle Therefore, conventional drills have a helix angle
decreases.
of approximately 30°. In general, a lower helix angle is suitable for hardener work materials, while a higher helix angle is
most appropriate for softer work materials. Because smaller diameter drills need absolute rigidity of the body, a low helix
angle is almost always recommended in those applications.

Figure 1-5: Helix and Rake Angle

Rake angle

LowLow
Helix
Helix
Angle
Angle High
High
Helix
Helix
Angle
Angle

Fig.Fig.
1-5 1-5
Helix
Helix
andand
Rake
Rake
Angles
Angles

Low Helix Angle High Helix Angle

Fig. 1-5 Helix and Rake Angles

Point Angle

The point angle of a drill is generally ~118°. Point angle affects thrust load and torque. The larger the point angle, the
larger the cutting thrust. It also affects the length of the cutting edge and the subsequent thickness of the chips. Point
angle should be selected according to the work material and the drill diameter.

Figure 1-6: Point Angle & Cutting Resistance

H2 H2
H1 H1
H2 T2
H1
T1
U1 U1 U2 U2
U1 U2

Point Angle (Small) Point Angle (Large) Point Angle (Small) Point Angle (Large)

F : Cutting Resistance L : Length of Cutting Edge

H : Thrust Loading f : Feed Rate per One Tooth
U : Torque t : Depth of Cut
H1 < H2 U1 > U2 t1 < t2

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Point Design

The cutting edges of a drill are formed by adding a relief to the tip of the flute. The following table explains the variety of
designs and their applications. Also, because the re-grinding of the drill is done only at the tip, the difficulty of regrinding
each geometry is also an important point to consider.

Figure 1-7

Type Design Features & Applications

• Conventional drill.
Conical
• For general purposes.

• Good centripetal force.

Four Facet • Easy to grind a precise cutting edge.
• Recommended for small drills.

• Good centripetal force.

Spiral • Large clearance of the chisel edge.
• Recommended for soft work material.

• Effective for good surface finish

and prevention of burr and edge
Radial Lip
chipping on the work piece.
• For cast iron, alumininum castings.

• Effective for prevention of burr and

Chit vibration when drilling sheet metal.
• For structural steel and sheet metal.

• High rigidity on outer corner

Double Angle • For hardened work material,
abrasive material, cast iron.

• Use for spot drilling and counterboring.

Flat • Effective for prevention of burrs.
• Ideal for drilling on non-flat surfaces.

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 Drilling Technical Guide
Proper Application and Usage of Drilling Tools

Thinning

The chisel edge has a small rake angle and no chip pocket space. Without thinning, very large thrust force is generated in
comparison to the cutting edges, and makes material penetration difficult.
Thinning reduces the thrust force by shortening the chisel edge, and adding sharpness to the rake angle. This allows for
easier cutting (less resistance), good chip removal, and longer overall tool life. Typical thinning designs are shown in the
following table.

Figure 1-8

Type Design Features & Applications

No thinning • For general purposes.

• Good penetration.
R-type • Compact chip creation.
• Reduced thrust force.

• Good penetration.
X-type • Applied to larger web Ø drill.
• Reduced thrust force.

• Wide chip pocket.

N-type • Apply to smaller web Ø or
smaller point angle.
• Stronger tip.

• Apply to small web Ø or

S-type small point angle.
• Stronger tip.
• Easy to regrind.

• For hard material.

W-type • Prevents chipping.
• Strong tip.
• Strong cutting edge.

Special for • For hard material.

High Hardened • Prevents chipping.
Material • Reduces thrust force.
(W+R)
• Strong cutting edge.

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Primary Relief Angle

The primary relief angle generally ranges from 6°-15°. For drilling hard material, or using drills with large a diameter and
a large point angle, the relief angle should be small. For drilling soft work materials, or using drills with a small diameter
and a small point angle, the relief angle should be large.
When the relief angle is too small, welding can easily occur. When the relief angle is too large, chipping and/or chattering
can occur due to the weakened cutting edge.

Figure 1-9: Relief Angle and Tool Life

800

600

No. of holes
Orthogonal 400
Clearance Angle

200
Radial Relief
(Side Clearance Angle)
0
7 9 11
Relief angle (degree)

Drill Work Material Length Hole Speed Feed Lubrication Machine

HSS-Co Medium carbon steel 96HRB Vertical NC

25mm 25m/min. 0.15mm/rev. Emulsion (10x)
(JIS S45C, AISI 1045) boring machine

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Shank

Figure 1-10

Shank
Holding method Feature
Shape Outlook

Hydro chuck High precision

Shrink fit High gripping force

Double tapered High gripping force

collet High rigidity

Single tapered
General purpose
collet

Pull screw High gripping force

Straight Shank

Single
Easy on/off
side lock

Double
Easy on/off
side lock

Easy on/off

Conbination Easy on/off

Tapered Easy on/off

with High gripping force

Tapered Shank

Pull screw

with Easy on/off.

Tang

with High gripping force

Screw lock

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1.4 Substrates
Tool substrate material includes various tool steels, cemented carbides, cermets, ceramics, CBN, and synthesized
diamond. High-speed tool steel and carbide are the most commonly used materials for drill substrates.

Tool Steels Carbon Tool Steel

Alloyed Tool Steel
HSS Conventional
Material
Powder Metalurgy

Wear Resistance

Toughnes
Sintered Alloy Carbide Micro Grain (Z)
Regular Grain (P-M-K)
Cermet (TiC, NbC)
Cermic (SiN, Al2O2)
CBN
Diamond

High-Speed Tool Steel

SKH51 is widely used as a material for HSS general-purpose drills. HSS with Cobalt, SKH55, SKH56 and SKH59 and SKH57
are used for high speed, high efficiency machining and long tool life. High-Vanadium and high-cobalt HSS, as well as
high-cobalt powdered HSS tend to be utilized for difficult-to-machine materials.

Figure 1-11: Drill's Material

Nominal Composition (%)

Applications DIN JIS AISI
OSG C W Mo Cr V Co
S 6-5-2 SKH 51 M2 - 0.8 6 5 4 2 -
S 6-5-3 SKH 53 M 3-2 HSSE 1.2 6 5 4 3 -
For conventional use S 6-5-2-5 SKH 55 M 35 HSS-Co 0.8 6 5 4 2 5
- SKH 56 M 36 HSS-Co 0.9 6 5 4 2 8
- SKH 58 M7 HSS 1 1.8 8.8 4 2 -
- SKH 57 - - 1.2 10 3.5 4 3.4 10
For difficult-to-machine S 2-10-1-8 SKH 59 M 42 - 1.1 1.5 9.5 3.8 1.2 8
materials
- - M 43 - 1.25 1.8 9 3.8 2 8.3
Powder metallurgy HSS S 12-1-4-5 SKH 10 T 15 CPM 1.5 12 - 4 5 5
for difficult-to-machine
materials ASP2030 - - - 1.27 4.2 5 6.4 3.1 8.5
Powder metallurgy HSS
for high speed cutting & - - - XPM V: 5, CO: 10 (patent pending)
heat treated materials

The influence of the alloy elements

Cr W Mo V Co Material HSSE HSS-Co XPM Carbide
Hardness ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑  HSS P/M Tungsten +
Compound HSS+3%V HSS+8%Co
Impact resistance → → ↑ → ↓ 10% Co & 5% V Cobalt

Heat resistance ↓ ↑ ↑ ↑  Wear High Hot

High Wear Extreme Wear
Advantage Resistance & Resistance &
Wear resistance ↑ ↑ ↑  ↑ Resistance Hardness
Hot Hardness Hot Hardness
• Increase extremely ↑ Increase → No change ↓ Reduction

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Carbide
Cemented carbide is generally a very hard compound made of fine particles of Tungsten Carbide (WC), Titanium Carbide
(TiC), and Cobalt (Co). Cobalt is sintered into the mix as a binder. Overall, carbide has excellent wear resistance.
To improve material properties depending on the purpose of use, add Titanium Carbide (TiC) or Tantalum Carbide (TaC).
ISO standard divides carbides into two types, HW and HF, based on the average particle size of WC.
Carbides are further classified into three types (P-type, M-type, K-type) according to the chip shape of the work material.
The HW-series carbide is characterized by micro-grain particle size, giving it its hardness properties, which makes it best
suited for drilling cast iron and non-ferrous materials.
The HF-series carbide is characterized by sub-micrograin particle size, giving it its toughness properties, which makes it
best suited for drilling steels.
Cemented carbide has less toughness than HSS, so chipping of the cutting edge may occur. This can be addressed by
using ultra-fine particle cemented carbide (HF-type), which will greatly improve toughness and chipping resistance.
To further improve cutting performance in steels and other difficult to machine materials, PVD coatings can be added to
the surface of the drill.

Cemented Carbide (JIS B 4053 : 2013)

Material Material Classification
HW
Consists of metal and hard metal compound, in which the main component in the hard phase is tungsten carbide and the
average grain size of the hard phase grains is less than 1 μm. Generally called ultra-fine grained cemented carbide.
HF

HT Consists of a metal and a hard metal compound, the main component of the hard phase is titanium or tantalum (niobium)
carbide, carbonitride, or nitride, with a small amount of tungsten carbide. Generally referred as cermet.
A single layer of carbides, carbonitrides, nitrides (titanium carbide, titanium nitride, etc.), oxides (aluminum oxide, etc.), diamond,
HC diamond-like carbon, etc. is added to the surface of the above cemented carbides.
Diamond and diamond-like carbon are chemically or physically coated on the surface of the above cemented carbides in one or
more layers. Generally referred as coated cemented carbides.

Classification of Carbide Cutting Tools (JIS B 4053 : 2013)

ISO Identification Classification Cutting Feed Abrasion
Work Material Toughness
Identification Color Symbol Speed Amount Resistance
P01, P05 High Speed High
P10, P15
Steel P20, P25
P Blue (except for Austenitic stainless steel)
Casted Steel P30, P35
P40, P45
P50 High Feed High
M01, M05 High Speed High
Stainless Steel M10, M15
Austenitic
M Yellow Austenitic/Ferritic M20, M25
Stainless Steel M30, M35
Casted Stainless Steel
M40 High Feed High
K01, K05 High Speed High
Ductile Cast Iron K10, K15
K Red Gray Cast Iron K20, K25
Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron
Malleable Cast Iron K30, K35
K40 High Feed High

Composition and Function of Cemented Carbide

Factor Effects based on carbide properities

- Used as a binder, has a hardness as soft as 200HV.

Co. amount - Higher the Co content, the lower the compressive strength and longitudinal modulus and high impast resistance.

- If the Co content is kept constant, the smaller the grain size of the WC, the higher the hardness.
WC grain size - Tensile strength peaks at a certain grain size and decreses whether the grain size increases or decreases.
- WC hardness is around 2100HV.
- TiC is hard and heat resistant and also improves the hardness and wear resistance. However, the tensile strength and chipping
Added resistance will decrease.
Carbide - TaC inhibits the grain growth of TiC, improves the chipping resistance and improves the oxidiation resistance of cemented carbide.

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1.5 Surface treatment

The surface treatment of a drill is roughly divided into steam oxide, nitriding, coating, and electrodeposition. They have
the following characteristics.

Type Characteristics Purpose Application

• Fe3O4 film
Steam • Retain coolant with porous surface • Stainless steel
Oxide • Reduce friction • Anti-welding • Soft and ductile steel
• Prevent welding • Not suitable for aluminum

• Treated thickness30~50μm • High tensile steel

Nitride • Increase
• Surface hardness 1000~1300Hv • Cast Iron
• Wear resistance • Alunimum die casting

• Thickness 3-5μm
• Surface hardness over 2000Hv • Hard material
Coating • Reduce friction • Increase wear resistance • Stainless steel
• Prevent welding • HRSA

• Deposit diamond or CBN • Hard and brittle material

Electrodeposition • High wear resistance • Increase wear resistance • Like ceramic

Steam oxide
This process produces a film on the surface of the drill. The tools are heated in a steam furnace for 30 to 60 minutes at
500 to 550°C (932-1040°F). The benefits of this treatment include reduced heat from friction and improved welding and
build up prevention. Therefore, steam oxidizing is most effective for drilling low carbon steel or stainless steel (known for
causing welding).

Nitride
Nitriding is a surface hardening treatment method in which Nitrogen is diffused into the surface layer of steel (500
to 600°C). It hardens the surface to improve wear resistance, reduces coefficient of friction, and extends tool life. It is
effective for machining cast iron (which is abrasive and requires high wear resistance tooling). Be cautious in applications
and with materials that easily cause chipping.

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Coating

Coating is a method of adding hardness to the surface of the tool by utilizing a hard compound such as TiN, TiCN, or
TiAlN. The typical thickness of the coating starts at 1 micron and can increase up to 5 micron or more. Currently, there
are two main types of coating, (1) CVD (chemical vapor deposition) and (2) PVD (physical vapor deposition). Generally,
PVD has a lower processing temperature (~500°C) versus CVD (~1,000°C), which prevents the substrate material from
softening. And thus, coatings can be applied to HSS, carbide, and brazed-carbide tools. More recently, these are multi-
layer coatings with high cracking resistance.

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Part 2: Cutting Performance

2.1 Cutting Mechanism
A drill usually has two cutting edges. The work material is cut when the drill rotates. The following figure illustrates the
cutting process of a drill without thinning.

Figure 2-1: Cutting Process without Thinning

A-A Cross Section B-B Cross Section C-C Cross Section

Fig. 3.1 Cutting

A-A Cross Section B-BProcess without Thinning
Cross Section C-C Cross Section
The drill's rake angle increases from the center to the outer cutting edge. The cutting speed also increases at the outer
cutting edge as the diameter is larger Fig. 3.1 point.
at that Cutting Processawithout
Without thinningThinning
grind, the drill’s chisel edge is long, and there is
also no chip pocket room. This results in decreased cutting speed capability and high thrust force. Appropriate thinning
is important in order to reduce the thrust force and improve chip ejection. The following figures show the cutting process
for a drill with R-thinning:

Figure 2-2: Cutting Process with R Thinning

A-A Cross Section B-B Cross Section C-C Cross Section D-D Cross Section
Fig. 3.2 Drilling Process with R Thinning
A-A Cross Section B-B Cross Section C-C Cross Section D-D Cross Section
Fig. 3.2 Drilling Process with R Thinning
In the following case study, the drill has R-thinning, and shows a reduction in thrust force of 25-40% when compared
to other drills.

Figure 2-3

7250
6600
5300 137
(%) 100
5000
Thrust Force (N)

(%)
100 4200 4300
(%) 3000 140 143
(%) (%)
100
(%)

f=0.4 f=0.2
Feed Rate (mm/rev.)
Chisel Edge
Company Drill A Drill B Drill C
Size Chisel Edge
Thrust Force

Thrust Force

Point thinning "R" thinning 3 rake thinning "S" type

Ø21
Web thickness 6.3mm 4.0mm 3.4mm
Thrust Force

Thrust Force

Material High Carbon Steel (S50C, AISI1050), 93~94HRB

Speed 30m/min (455min-1)
EX Gold Drill Drill without
Depth of holethinning 30mm (blind hole)
Lubrication Emulsion (10 times dilution)
EX Gold Drill Drill without thinning
Machine Vertical machining center
Comparison between thrust force with various thinning and feed rate.

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 Fig. 3.2 Drilling Process with R Thinning

Drilling Technical Guide

Proper Application and Usage of Drilling Tools

The below graph shows that the thrust force on the lip of the drills is the same for the EX-Gold drill versus a similar drill without
thinning, but that the drill with the thinning (i.e. reduced area of the chisel edge), decreases the required thrust force overall.

Figure 2-4: Thrust Force on Chiesel Edge

Chisel Edge
Thrust Force

Thrust Force
EX Gold Drill Drill without thinning

2.2 Chip Evacuation

Drilling requires cutting in narrow holes and ejecting chips through narrow grooves. Therefore, the chip shape is very
important for the cutting performance of the drill. Chip shapes are roughly classified as follows.

Figure 2-5: Chip Shape

Improper chip shape causes the following problems:

(a) Stacking of small chips causes breakage, resulting in reduced life, reduced hole accuracy.
(b) Long chips cause tangling on the drill (flute & shank), resulting in breakage.
(c) Long chips prevent the coolant supply from reaching the cutting zones.

Various methods are used to properly divide or break chips to eliminate chip packing and to improve efficiency.
When machining metals, the chip thickness and chip shape will change as the feed per tooth increases. The range
of thickness and shape will vary depending on the work material and cutting fluid. Stable drilling with good chip
control can be achieved by adjusting to a suitable cutting condition.

Table 2-6: Methods for Breaking Chips

Methods Note
Increase the feed rate Must have rigid drill and a rigid machine holder

Adopt step feeding Process time and friction wear will increase

Grind chip breakers on drill's cutting edge Difficult to add breakers on edge

Grind a thinning Requires a special grinding machine

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Proper Application and Usage of Drilling Tools

The R-thinned drill (like EX-Gold) cuts chips by the following mechanism and shows high cutting performance.

(a) Chip generation starts at the cutting edge, and curls in toward the center of the drill due to the cutting velocity
difference between the center and the outside edge of the drill.
(b) The flute shape and wall of the cut hole force the chip to curl.
(c) Chips are twisted because of the spiral-shaped flute. The crack on the drill chip grows until it reaches the outer edge of
the drill.
(d) Chip flow is different at the inside of the chip crack and outside of the chip crack. This difference causes the crack to
propagate even further.
(e) The chips separate.

Figure 2-7: Chip Breakage Figure 2-8: Chip Form After

Process with R Thinning Each Cutting Process
Direction of
Chip ejection
from center
chip ejection (a)

Lip Main (b)

cutting edge
R thinning
(c)

1 2 3
(d) Entrance Middle Exit

(e)

2.3 Hole Accuracy

Parts of hole accuracy include diameter size, hole position, bending (straightness) of the hole, roundness, and surface
roughness. Although slightly different, burrs on the exit side are always a problem in post-processing.
In machining, high rigidity/precision tools, work material, and machines are important for stable and high-precision
machining of holes, but in drilling, the below factors affect the accuracy.

(a) Runout of the tool at setting (holder).

(b) Cutting conditions (cutting speed, feed rate, cutting fluid, etc.)
(c) Drill shape (length, tip shape, web shape).
(d) Shape of work material (condition of machining surface, shape of entrance/exit, thickness, clamping condition, etc.)

Hole expansion
The expansion of drilled holes are caused by runout and vibration of the tool during machining. The below data shows
the effect of tool runout to the hole diameter and hole position. Even with a high-rigidity and high-precision drill, if the
runout from tool setting is large, the holes will expand and the hole position will deteriorate. This tendency becomes
even greater with general-purpose drills with low rigidity.

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Proper Application and Usage of Drilling Tools

Figure 2-9: Effects of Deflection

Run out after chucking:
Run out after chucking: 0.034mm 0.034mm 0.1mm
Run out after chucking: 0.112mm 0.04

Amount of Run Out (mm)

Drill Ø6.8 HSS-Co 0.03
0.1mm
Medium Carbon Steels 0.1mm
Work Material (S45C, AISI 1045) 0.02
Length of Hole 25mm (through) Run out after chucking:
0.112mm
Speed 30m/min 0.01 0.1mm

Feed 0.2mm/rev. (non pecking)

0 0.1mm
8 16 0.1mm
Lubrication Water soluble oil Drilling Length (mm)

Since it is difficult to measure and adjust runout when drilling small diameter holes, use a drill whose shank diameter is
larger than the cutting diameter. The relationship between the drill’s lip height and the resulting hole expansion is below.
The smaller the lip height difference, the smaller expansion of the hole.

Figure 2-10: Effects of Lip Height Differentials

Drill Ø1.15 HSS-Co 0.07

Lip Height Difference:
0.06
Hole Oversize Amount

Medium Carbon Steels Difference in height between the major cutting edges
Work Material (97~98HRB) when the drill is rotating.
0.05
Length of Hole 3.5mm (blind)
0.04
Speed 30m/min 0.03
Feed 0.04mm/rev. (non pecking) 0.02
0.01
Lubrication Water soluble oil
0
10 20 30 40
Lip Height Difference (mm)

Rifling and Circularity

A common issue with drill hole accuracy is an effect known as rifling, which typically appears as a polygonal (and non-
circular) drilled hole. Typically this mechanism is related to vibration, which causes an imbalance of cutting for each
segment of the theoretical circle the drill machines. The drill cutting edge is not machining the same amount of material
in each 60deg segment of the circle, resulting in more linear movement and creating a triangular or pentagonal shape.
Rifling is most easily seen as a long, helical streak along the length of the hole.
However, in many cases, the rifling will become less severe deeper in the hole, as the drill's margin begins to dampen the
vibrations induced by drilling. This may result in a funnel-shaped rifling near the hole entry that resolves into a smooth
finish and accurate roundness deeper in the hole.

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Proper Application and Usage of Drilling Tools

Figure 2-11
Behavior of
Rifling drill bottom Funnel-shaped hole
1 2 3

4 5 6

Center of
rotation

Combination of movements
from figures 1 through 6

It is thought that pentagonal and heptagonal holes are created in the same process.

Methods to eliminate this phenomenon include:

1) Minimize runout at the time of installation.

2) Check lip height.
3) Increase rigidity of the drill.
4) Increase feed rate.
5) Reduce the relief angle.
6) Change the thinning shape.

Figure 2-12: Run Out of Hole Size

Relationship between feed Max. Dia

Max.
Max. Dia
Max. Dia
rate and circularity Min.
Min. Dia Dia.
Max.
Dia
Min. Dia
Min. Dia Max. Dia
Min. Dia.
Hole Size Against Nominal

Drill (Ø22mm HSS-Co) 0.06

Min. Dia Max.
Max.Dia
Max. Dia
Dia
Max. Dia 0.05
Medium Carbon Steel Min.
Min.Dia
Min. Dia
Dia
Material (82~97HRB) Min. Dia 0.04
0.03
Depth of Cut 20mm (through)
0.02
Speed 25m/min. 0.01
0
Lubrication Emulsion (10x)
−0.01
0.33 0.44 0.55
Feed (mm/rev)

Relationship between feed

rate and rifling 0.3
Entrance
Drill (Ø9mm HSS-Co) 0.25
Exit
Feed rate mm/rev
Oversize (mm)

Mild Steel 0.2

Material f=0.12 f=0.18 f=0.24
0.15
Cutting Speed 33.9m/min
0.1
Feed Rate 0.12~0.24mm/rev
0.05
Lubrication Emulsion
0
f=0.12 f=0.18 f=0.24

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Proper Application and Usage of Drilling Tools

Special Work Piece Shapes (sloped or curved surface, etc.)

When drilling special forms of material surfaces (curved, interrupted..), we recommend:
1. Centering - use a spotting drill or a center drill.
2. Counterboring - for slanted surfaces.
3. Increasing drill rigidity - use a stub drill or a drill with a large web/core thickness such as the AD or EX-GDS.
4. Use drills with thinning.
5. Reduce the feed rate.

The below cutting data shows how utilizing a conventional drill versus a stub length drill with R-Thinning versus a spot
drill can affect the true position of a drilled hole on a 15° inclined surface. Additionally, the data also shows how
increasing feed in each scenario affects the accuracy. The positional accuracy is significantly improved by using the
spot drill and stub drill versus a conventional length drill.

Figure 2-13: Drilling on 15º Inclined Surface

Conventional Drill Ø8 EX-GDS Ø8 NC-LDS Ø8

(mm) (mm) (mm)
1.5 1 0.5 0 1.5 1 0.5 0 1.5 1 0.5 0
Y Y Y
Feed 0.5 0.5 0.5
0.03mm/rev
1 1 1
1.5 1.5 1.5
X (mm) X (mm) X (mm)

X (mm) (mm) (mm)

Y 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 1.5 1 0.5 0 1.5 1 0.5 0
Y Y Y
Feed 0.5 0.5 0.5
15º 0.05mm/rev
1 1 1
1.5 1.5 1.5
X (mm) X (mm)
2
X (mm)

Drill Size Material Depth of Cut Speed Feed Lubrication

Cutting
Conditions Medium Carbon 0.03mm/rev.
8mm 5mm (blind) 25m/min. Emulsion
Steel 0.05mm/rev.

Burring
Figure 2-14: Roll-Over Burrs
Burrs are generated at the entrance and exit areas of the
hole. Burrs at the exit are usually larger than those at the
entrance. Major burrs are generated by elastic
deformation and a rolling over of the material.
Elastic
deformation

BEND

Fig. 3-14 Roll-Over Burrs

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Proper Application and Usage of Drilling Tools

How to avoid burrs:

(a) Select a drill with a high helix angle for sharper cutting.
(b) Change the point angle to 60° in order to reduce thrust force.
(c) Change to a Brad point or step drill.
(d) Decrease the feed rate.
(e) Add a radius on corner.

Figure 2-15

Brad point Step drill

Counter measure for burring

Bigger relief angle Effect

Chip Cutting
Edge Makes the cutting edge sharper and
Bigger reduces cutting force.
relief angle

Larger point angle Effect

Decreases the thickness of the rolled over

material as the drill point exits the work
material.

Add a second angle or corner radius Effect

Change thickness of chip and change the

direction of cutting force.

Reduce feed rate Effect

The smaller depth of cut per revolution,

the smaller cutting force.

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Proper Application and Usage of Drilling Tools

Comparison of burring with each point shape

The following shows the results of tests done for each point shape.
The step drill with 180° chamfer angle, and also the flat bottom drill, proved to have the smallest burring.

Figure 2-16
Cutting parameter Work Shape
Diameter Ø4

Work material Alloy steel

Ø22.5
Ø18
Work Shape Ø22.5xØ18 x 43mm

Coolant Water-soluble coolant

43mm

Tool Type Drill Side Profile Shape Exit Burr Condition

Chamfer angle 140°

Diameter of 1st step Ø3.5

Chamfer angle 180°

Diameter of 1st step Ø3.5

Corner chamfer C0.1

Flat bottom (180º)

Brad point

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Proper Application and Usage of Drilling Tools

Part 3: Cutting Parameter

Vc Cutting Speed (m/min) π Dc n
3.1 Formula for Cutting Parameter Vc
Vf Table Feed (mm/min) 1,000
Dc Tool diameter (mm)
Vc Cutting Speed (m/min) Vf n n
fπ Dc
n RPM (min-1) Vc
Vf Table Feed (mm/min) 1,000
π 3.14 1,000 Vc
Dc Tool diameter (mm) n
f mm/rev
n RPM (min-1)
Vf f πnDc
π 3.14 1,000 Vc
n
f mm/rev π Dc

Vc Cutting Speed (SFM) π Dc n

Vc
Vf Table Feed (IPM) 12
Dc Tool diameter (inch)
Vc Cutting Speed (SFM) Vf fπ Dc
n n
n RPM (min-1) Vc
Vf Table Feed (IPM) 12
π 3.14 12 Vc
Dc Tool diameter (inch) n
f IPR (inch/rev) Vf f πnDc
n RPM (min-1)
π 3.14 12 Vc
n or ft/min, alternatively “SFM”). Generally,
The machining efficiency of the drill is indicated by the table feed, Vf (mm/min
f IPR (inch/rev) Dc π of the feed rate per revolution in
the speed of a HSS drill is greatly affected by the spindle rotation speed, RPM. The effect
a HSS drill is small relative to changes in speed, so increasing the feed rate is an effective method for improving drilling
efficiency. However, as feed rate increases, the thickness of the chip also increases. At some point, too thick a chip will
adversely affect the drill’s machining performance, so the optimal drilling feed rate should be determined by the chip
shape.
In a carbide drill, the cutting edge has a chamfer with a negative rake angle, and thus the range of appropriate feed rate is
smaller than that of HSS drill. Outside of this range, the life of the tool will be greatly reduced. Because carbide has much
higher heat resistance than HSS tools, it is advantageous to increase the machining efficiency by increasing the cutting
speed (RPM).

3.2 Coolant
The type of cutting fluid and the lubrication method have a great influence on drilling tool life and finished-surface
accuracy.
The function and purpose of coolant is as follows:

(a) Lubrication:
Tool life extension, friction reduction, surface roughness and cutting condition improvement, cutting force reduction

(b) Cooling function:

Tool life extension, cutting temperature reduction, finishing accuracy improvement

(c) Cleaning action:

Chip removal, surface roughness, finishing accuracy improvement

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Proper Application and Usage of Drilling Tools

Cutting fluids are classified into water-soluble and oil. Oil is excellent in lubricity and anti-adhesion. In addition, it also has
an anti-corrosion characteristics, so it is effective in preventing corrosion in machines and work pieces. On the other hand,
water-soluble coolants have a large cooling effect, do not emit smoke, and are not flammable, so they are often used for
environmental reasons. However, the tool life may be significantly reduced if coolant-to-oil ratio is low. So it is necessary
to regularly check the coolant concentration to avoid unstable tool performance from tool to tool. Regardless of which
cutting fluid is used, it is important to consider the method in which coolant is supplied such as: flow rate, pressure,
number of nozzles, and internal drilling, so that sufficient fluid reaches the cutting zones.

Recently, in response to environmental concerns, dry processing and semi-dry processing have been actively researched
in order to reduce the amount of oil and energy used for coolant supply.

The application range of dry processing is extremely limited in terms of cooling and chip evacuation, but semi-dry drilling
using air and oil mist has seen good potential.

Figure 3-1: Tool Life Comparison

Ø9mm HSS-Co Cutting

Drill Dia length
Work Material SCM440 (Alloy Steel) Coolant 10 20 30

Cutting Speed 16m/min (580min ) -1

0.23 mm/rev (Non Step) Water 27m

Feed Rate Soluble 100%
Hole Depth 27 mm (Blind hole)

Oil 9.5m 35%

Drill Dia Ø9 HSS-Co Cutting

length
Work Material SCM440 (Alloy Steel) Coolant 10 20

Cutting Speed 25m/min (880min-1)

0.23 mm/rev (Non Step) Water 17m
Feed Rate Soluble 100%
Hole Depth 27 mm (Blind hole)

Oil 10.5m 61%

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Proper Application and Usage of Drilling Tools

Part 4: Regrind
4.1 When to Regrind?
Regrind frequency is decided by the following:

(a) Wear amount (see below diagrams for common wear locations)

Figure 3-2

Cutting edge Shoulder Rake face Corner Chisel

(b) Hole diameter size, accuracy, surface roughness

(c) Color of chips, shape of chips
(d) Cutting force (Sounds, Chattering)
(e) Number of holes/parts

It is necessary to decide on easy-to-manage and easy-to-spot regrind criteria as it relates to the bullet points mentioned
above. Drill regrinding only re-finishes the drill point surfaces, and in the case of judging tool wear, if the drill has been
used and exhibits an excessive amount of wear, it will take a longer time to regrind that tool, and its overall tool life will
be shortened.
It is important to determine the economical tool wear amount by considering the total life of one drill.
New Tool Life + [Re-grind tool life x # Re-grinds] = Drill Tool Life.

Guidelines for regrinding

Figure 3-3

Remove all wear on the shoulder

Remove all chipping that exists near the cutting edge near the shoulder
Wear
amount

When trying to define criteria for the appropriate regrinding frequency, one can use the machined hole quality as a
metric. If the required hole size grows out of tolerance (oversized), or when the hole loses its straightness, as measured by
a limit gage, cylinder gage, etc., these are common signs for the need to regrind.
Another useful metric is to keep the torque, thrust, required power, etc. within a certain range.
Lastly, the number of holes per drill should be monitored and used as a metric to decide regrind timing. Determining the
appropriate number of holes per drill should be a number reflecting the consideration of all the aforementioned metrics.

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Proper Application and Usage of Drilling Tools

4.2. How to Regrind

In order to obtain the best results, drills should be reground as if they were brand new. However, some customers
can’t achieve this precision because they use different regrinding machines. The following recommendations will help
users gain better results with reground drills:

•Maintain a low grinding temperature when sharpening HSS drills

•Completely remove all chipping and wear
•After regrinding, keep as small of a lip height difference and chisel edge runout as possible
•Use the same point angle as the original design
•When regrinding, try to avoid chipping, small breakages, and grinding burrs

Figure 3-4: Cutting Edge Rectification

Chisel Edge Run Out Lip Height Point Angle

Part 5: Applications

Flat bottom Drill

Application Feature
Piloting on angled surface Interrupted drilling

The flat drill is a drill with a tip angle of 180º (flat)

and can serve multiple-functions. In addition,
the bottom surface of the processed hole can
Curved surface be made completely flat and burring on the
backsides of the holes can be suppressed.

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Leading (Spotting) Drill

Application Feature

Centering Chamfering

Drill for centering before drilling, and for

chamfering after drilling

Step Drill

Application Feature

Drilling + counterboring
Drilling + Chamfering
Drilling + countersinking

Step drill is a drill that has two or more different

diameters, and can be used for chamfering and
counterboring within one drilling cycle.

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Proper Application and Usage of Drilling Tools

Core Drill

Application Feature

Boring

Core drill is used for boring a pre-existing hole.

Due to smaller chip removal amounts in this
type of application, a bigger core diameter can
be applied to the drill, providing better hole
precision.

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Part 6: Drilling Tips for Special Work Shape

Angled or curved surface Tips

1. Counterbore before drilling.

2. Centering/spotting before drilling.
3. Use bushing for extra guidance.
4. Use a high stiffness drill (higher core diameter, short overhang).
5. Reduce feed rate.

Cross-hole, uneven surface at exit Tips

• Use high stiffness drill (higher core diameter, short overhang).

• Reduce feed rate.
• Plug the cross hole with same material.
• Use double margin drill.
• Use larger point angle drill.

Thin plate Tips

1. Use enough supports to avoid bending the plate.

2. Reduce feed rate.
3. Use brad point drill.

Stack material Tips

1. Step drill.
2. Reduce feed rate.
3. Use brad point drill.

Cylindrical parts (Burr issue) Tips

1. Use flat bottom drill.

2. Use brad point drill.

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Proper Application and Usage of Drilling Tools

Part 7: Drilling Tips for Difficult to Machine Material

Work Material Material Feature Tips

Austenitic • High work hardening. • Use tough drill material with sharp cutting edge and coating.
Stainless Steel • High tensile strength at high at high temperature. • High coolant supply.
SUS304, SUS316 • Low thermal conductivity. • Too slow feed is not good for chip shape.

• Use high oxidation temperature coating.

Die Steel • High hardness.
• Use high hardness coating.
D2, H13 • Tool wears quickly.
• Use slower RPM, higher feed rate.

High • High tensile strength and high toughness. • Use rigid tool, machine, and work holding.
Manganese Steel
• High work hardening. • Use a low cutting speed and a low feed rate.
SCMnH

• High tensile strength and high toughness.

Titanium
• Low thermal conductivity. • Use coolant to maintain a low cutting temperature.
Ti-6Al-4V
• Low chemical stability.

• Work hardening.
HRSA • Use a rigid tool and rigid machine.
• High hardness.
Inconel, Hastelloy • Bigger shank to increase gripping force.
• Low machinability.

High Silicon • Hard grains of silicon carbide is abrasive to the • High hardness substrate material.
Aluminum
tooling and causes quicker wear. • High coolant supply for lubrication.
AC9A, A390

Kovar • Low thermal conductivity. • Sharpness on cutting edge is important.

Fe-Ni-Co • Massive welding. (High helix, small hone)

Composite Material • Huge abrasive wear due to hard fibers. • Need both sharpness and wear resistance.
CFRP
• Delamination. • Diamond coating.
GFRP

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Part 8: Troubleshooting
Type of Trouble Reasons for the trouble Solution

Run out of drill when attached to the machine. Check holder and/or select another one.
Loose hold. Check run out after fixing to the chuck.
Hole Expansion Non-symmetric point angle.
Regrind correctly.
Large lip height.
Check precision after regrind.
Run out of chisel edge.
Non-symmetric point angle.
Large lip height. Regrind correctly.
Run out of chisel edge. Check precision after regrind.
Margin wear is large.
Irregular Hole Size Large run out after attached to the machine.
Check holder & select another one.
Loose hold.
Check run out after fixing the chucking.
Low work holding rigidity.
Feed rate too high. Decrease feed rate.
Not enough lubrication. Use drill with through-tool coolant holes.

Large run out when attached to the machine. Check holder and/or select another one.
Low Position Large spindle run out. Check run out after fixing the chucking.
Accuracy Select more rigid tool and machine.
Increase work clamping rigidity.
Select a low cutting resistance thinning.
Run out when cutting material.
Use centering.
Work piece should be horizontal.
Use a drill bushing.
Low alignment accuracy (for lathing) Check alignment.
Excessive tool wear. Regrind.
Hole Use a thinned drill point.
Low position accuracy.
Perpendicularity Use a centering drill.
Non-symmetric point angle.
Regrind correctly.
Large lip height.
Check precision after regrinding.
Hole

Run out of chisel edge

Not enough drill rigidity. Increase drill rigidity
Work piece must be horizontal.
Drilling surface is not horizontal.
Make a center hole.
Poor alignment (for lathing)
Check alignment.

Bad Cylindrical Non-symmetric point angle.

Regrind correctly.
Large lip height.
Accuracy Check precision after regrinding.
Run out of chisel edge
Large run out after attached to machine.
Check holder and/or select another one.
Loose hold.
Check run out after fixing the chucking.
Low work holding rigidity.
Relief angle is too large. Regrind correctly.
Low drill rigidity. Use carbide drill or large web drills.
Poor regrinding. Take off all the wear.
Not suitable coolant for the material. Change supply method; increase volume.
Not enough coolant. Select higher coolant quality.
Large run out after attached to machine. Check holder and/or select another one.
Loose hold. Check run out after fixing to the chuck.
Poor Surface Finish Feed rate is too high. Reduce feed rate.
Excessive tool wear. Regrind correctly.
Build up on margin is too large. Select a coated tool.
Select suitable drill (wide flute, high helix, oil hole drill).
Chip packing.
Change cutting conditions (feed rate or adopt step drilling).
Bad Cylindrical Shape Non-symmetric point angle.
Large lip height. Regrind correctly.
Run out of chisel edge. Check precision after regrinding.
Large margin wear.
Feed rate is too low. Increase feed rate.

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Type of Trouble Reasons for the trouble Solution

Drill Breakage Inaccurate machine
Increase the rigidity of machine, drill and work clamping.
Work material deformation.
Relief angle is too small. Regrind correctly.
Feed rate is too high. Decrease the feed rate.
Excessive tool wear. Regrind correctly.
Select suitable drill (wide flute, high helix, oil hole drill).
Chip packing.
Change cutting conditions (feed rate or adopt step drilling).
Select high rigid tool & rigid machine.
Increase work clamping rigidity.
Select a low cutting resistance thinning.
Difficulty entering the material.
Use centering.
Work piece should be horizontal.
Use bushing with drill.
Chipping of Inappropriate tool material. Choose suitable tool material.

Corner Edge Iso static treatment.

Uneven hardness distribution on the work material. Change tool, material & cutting conditions, machining method
(EDM).
Cutting or feed speed is too high. Reduce cutting speed or feed
Not enough coolant. Change lubrication method.
Chipping of Large run out after attached to machine. Check holder and/or select another one.
Cutting Edge Loose hold. Check run out after fixing to the chuck.

Relief angle is not suitable. Regrind correctly.

Tool material is not suitable. Choose suitable tool material.
Cutting speed or feed is too high. Reduce cutting speed or feed.
Abnormal Wear Tool late regrinding. Regrind after a shorter time of use.
Bad alignment (for lathe turning). Check / adjust the alignment.
on Corner Part
Cutting speed too high. Decrease the cutting speed.
Drill

Point dimension are not suitable. Select correct point dimensions.

Tool materials not suitable. Choose suitable tool material.
Coolant is not suitable. Change coolant.
Feed rate is too large. Decrease feed rate.
Large Wear and
Point dimension are not suitable. Select correct point dimensions.
Chipping, Crushing Tool material is not suitable. Choose suitable tool material.
of the Chisel Edge Relief angle is too small. Increase relief angle.
Bush diameter is too small.
Chipping of Margin Chip packing between drill & bush.
Select correct bush diameter or select drill with chip breakers.

High heat generation due to large wear on the

Regrind.
cutting edge.
Lubrication is insufficient. Change lubrication method.
Margin Build-up Coolant is not suitable. Change coolant.
Bad chip ejection.
Change drill or the cutting conditions.
Ductile material.
Tang Breakage Shank slippage due to some kind of defect. Take off the defect by honing the surface.
Defect of the inner surface of morse taper holder. Change holder or correct the surface of morse taper holder.
MT
Low accuracy of regrinding. Regrind correctly.
Relief angle is too big. Grind a smaller relief angle.
Noise of Chattering Low rigidity of the tool. Use drill with high rigidity.

Chip Rolled Low extended and curly chips.

Change drill and cutting conditions.
Around the Drill Chips are stuck in the flute.

Check holder and/or select another one.

Large run out after attached to machine.
One side Wear Check run out after fixing to the chuck.
Bad alignment (for lathe turning). Check / adjust the alignment.

Provided by OSG Drilling Technical Guide 35