UNIT 5

IOT APPLICATIUONS

SMART CITIES

Cities, big and small, are becoming densely populated owing to the rise in urbanization. To efficiently
manage traffic congestion, sanitation, waste management, environmental degradation & increasing
energy consumption, municipalities are turning to innovative city solutions, such as the Internet of Things
(IoT).

Implementing IoT-based smart city solutions is making urban life more convenient and safer. It is while
helping cities improve infrastructure & public utility services.

What is a Smart City & Why Do We Need Smart Cities?

It largely depends on the ICT framework (Information and Communication Technologies) to implement
sustainable development initiatives addressing growing urbanization issues. It uses IoT devices such as
connected sensors, lights, and meters to collect and analyze data. Citizens use smartphones, connected
vehicles, and homes to interact with smart city solutions.

Smart cities are designed to leverage the power of technology and data to improve the quality of life for
citizens, enhance sustainability, and streamline the delivery of essential services.

Here are a few reasons why we need IoT for smart cities,

Better Resource Management: They use technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial
intelligence (AI), and big data analytics to optimize resources such as energy, water, and transportation.
This can lead to cost savings, reduced waste, and increased efficiency.

Improved Quality of Life: They improve citizens’ quality of life in several ways. For example, they can
use data and technology to provide better healthcare, education, and public safety services. They can
also make it easier for citizens to access information and participate in civic life.

Increased Sustainability: Smart cities are designed to be more sustainable by reducing energy
consumption, promoting renewable energy sources, and minimizing waste. This can help mitigate climate
change’s effects and make cities more resilient.
 Economic Development: They stimulate economic development by attracting new businesses and
creating new jobs. They can also improve the efficiency of existing businesses, which can help to boost
the local economy.

Overall, smart cities are a way to create more livable, sustainable, and efficient cities that can meet the
needs of citizens today and in the future.

IoT in Smart Cities Market

Urbanization is a never-ending phenomenon.

 3 million people move to cities every week worldwide –estimated that by 2040, a whopping 65% of the global
population will reside in cities. This number is expected to hit 6.3 billion by 2050 with population growth.
 The market size of smart cities globally is projected to touch $6,061 billion by 2030. The smart utility segment
accounted for a 28% market share in 2022 and includes domains such as energy distribution, infrastructure
management & water treatment, among others.

Real-world Applications of IoT in Smart Cities

The Internet of Things (IoT) in smart cities has witnessed wide adoption. It helps improve efficiency,
reduce costs, and enhance residents’ quality of life. It uses IoT-powered devices, such as connected
Bluetooth sensors, RFID tags and meters, to collect real-time data for future analysis. Using this data, the
municipalities can improve infrastructure, services, public utilities, and more.
Here are some real-world IoT smart city examples:

Smart Traffic Management

IoT sensors can be installed on traffic lights, roadways, and vehicles to collect data on traffic patterns,
congestion, and accidents. This data can be used to optimize traffic flow, reduce congestion, and improve
road safety. These solutions utilize sensors and GPS data from the rider’s smartphone to report the
location and speed of a vehicle. Further, historical data enables the prediction of preferred routes and
prevent potential congestion problems.

Real-life application:

New York: Piloting a project of connected vehicles (CTV) to eliminate traffic-related accidents, injuries,
and damage to life and property.

Los Angeles: Has implemented CCTV and road-surface sensors to control traffic flow with real-time
updates. The city has also deployed smart controllers that auto-adjust traffic lights based on changing
traffic conditions.
Smart Parking
IoT sensors can be installed in parking spaces to detect when a spot is occupied and transmit that
information to a central server. This data can guide drivers to available parking spots, reducing
congestion and search time. The sensors embedded in the ground transmit the data to the cloud,
immediately notifying the driver whenever a nearby parking spot is vacant.

Real-life application:

London (UK): The SmartPark project deployed in Westminster allows drivers to locate parking spaces on-
the-go. It eliminates the hassles of time-consuming searches for a vacant spot and alleviates congestion.

Public Safety
IoT-enabled cameras and sensors can be installed in public spaces to monitor potential security threats,
such as suspicious activity or unattended bags. IoT-enabled solutions come integrated with analytics,
real-time tracking, and decision-making capabilities. Analyzing the data generated from CCTV cameras &
acoustic sensors embedded throughout the city and the data generated from social media feeds helps
predict potential crime incidents. This can help law enforcement agencies respond quickly and effectively
to potential threats.

Real-life example:

New York (USA): NYC fire department uses predictive modeling and data analytics to identify crime hot
spots. The city has also deployed a gunshot detection solution that uses connected microphones to
transmit data to a cloud platform. This platform records the time taken by the sound of a gunshot to reach
the microscope and estimates the gun’s location to alert the police on a mobile app

Waste Management
Waste collection operators use IoT-powered solutions to optimize collection schedules & routes with real-
time tracking of waste levels, fuel consumption, and use of waste containers. IoT sensors can be installed
in garbage cans and recycling bins to monitor the fill level and optimize waste collection routes, reducing
costs and environmental impact. Every container is embedded with a sensor that records waste levels.
Once a container nears the threshold level, the truck driver receives an instant notification on a mobile
app to empty a full container and avoid emptying it when it’s half-full.

Real-life example:
 New Jersey (USA): The municipality of East Brunswick has rolled out a recycling app enabled with IoT
capabilities. It helps improve their communication with residents to create a positive environmental
impact. The app connects all the residents to improve recycling rates and reduce waste.

Utility Management
IoT-equipped smart solutions enable citizens to save their money on home utilities with:

 Energy management: IoT sensors can be installed in buildings and homes to monitor energy usage and
optimize energy consumption, reducing costs and carbon emissions.
 Smart lighting: IoT sensors can be installed in streetlights to adjust the lighting level based on ambient light,
reducing energy consumption and pollution.
 Water management: IoT sensors can be installed in water distribution systems to monitor water quality,
detect leaks, and optimize water usage, reducing costs and conserving resources.

Remote Monitoring
IoT-based smart city solutions also enable efficient utility management for citizens. They allow residents
to use their meters to track and control resource consumption. For instance, a homeowner can turn off
their HVAC system using a smartphone app. And in case of issues like leakages or potential failures,
utility companies can notify households and send specialists for timely repairs and maintenance.

Real-life example:

New York (USA): MyNYCHA is a web application used for creating & managing public housing services
online for 300+ public developments. This free service allows residents to submit, schedule and track
their repair and maintenance tickets online. Residents can also subscribe to notifications in case of
outages, shortages, and upcoming rent payments.

Environmental Well-being
IoT-powered solutions help municipalities remotely monitor environmental conditions. For instance,
sensors are attached to water grids to inspect their quality and trigger notifications in case of leakages or
changes in the chemical composition of water. The same technology is also used for measuring air quality
in areas prone to pollutants and is critical to recommending solutions that improve air quality.

Real-life example:

Copenhagen (Denmark): Has set the green standard high by deploying smart grids to reduce carbon
emissions from heating systems. This project includes new energy infrastructures that integrate all energy
forms, including electric transport, energy-efficient buildings, and HVAC systems at full scale.
 Public Transport
Traffic operators can use the data from sensors embedded in multiple sources to analyze and identify
patterns of using public transport. This data helps achieve a standardized level of safety & timeliness
while cutting wait times and enhancing the traveling experience for citizens. A smart city can also embed
BLE beacons on roads and bridges to monitor wear and tear and repair them immediately in case of
impending damage.

Real-life example:

London: Train operators use IoT technology to accurately forecast the payload of train passenger cars on
their journey in and out of the city. They unify the data from CCTV cameras, sensors, and ticket sales to
predict the number of passengers every car will load. When a train comes to the station, operators can
encourage passengers to disperse across the train for uniform loading and optimal use of capacity.

Overall, IoT technology is a valuable tool for improving the efficiency and sustainability of smart cities,
making them more livable and enjoyable for residents.

Benefits of IoT in Smart Cities

IoT-based smart cities leverage the combined use of apps, connected systems, buildings, devices, and
more to create efficient living & working environments. Here are just a few of its many benefits:

 Improved infrastructure management: IoT technology can be used to monitor and manage the city’s
infrastructure, including bridges, roads, and buildings. This can help identify maintenance needs, reduce
downtime, and improve overall safety.
 Enhanced public safety: IoT-enabled sensors and cameras can help improve public safety by detecting
potential security threats, tracking criminal activity, and monitoring emergency response times.
 Efficient transportation: IoT helps optimize public transportation routes, reduce congestion, and improve
traffic flow. Connected vehicles can also communicate with each other and with traffic systems, enabling
safer and more efficient travel.
 Energy efficiency: IoT technology enables monitoring and managing energy use in buildings and public
spaces, reducing energy waste and saving costs.
 Improved waste management: IoT sensors can help optimize waste collection routes, reducing the
environmental impact of garbage collection and lowering costs.
 Enhance citizen engagement: IoT-enabled platforms can enable citizens to participate in city planning,
and provide feedback on urban services, and report issues in real time.
 Health and wellness: IoT can be used to monitor air quality, detect environmental hazards, and track
health trends, providing valuable data for public health officials to develop policies that improve citizen’s
health.
 Overall, IoT in smart cities can help improve the quality of life for citizens, drive innovation and economic
growth, and create a more sustainable and resilient future.

IOT IN INDUSTRY
Industrial IoT is an ecosystem of devices, sensors, applications, and associated networking
equipment that work together to collect, monitor, and analyze data from industrial
operations. Analysis of such data helps increase visibility and enhances troubleshooting
and maintenance capabilities. It can also increase efficiencies, reduce costs, and improve
safety and security.

Why should organizations consider adopting industrial IoT?

Industrial IoT enables organizations to get a wealth of actionable data from their operations. When properly
aggregated and analyzed, the data helps them better control operations, with the potential to:

 Improve worker safety

 Increase production uptime by predictive maintenance of machinery

 Maintain product quality

 Help ensure regulatory compliance

 Improve operational efficiencies

 Accelerate response times with real-time collection and processing of operational data

How is industrial IoT different from other types of IoT?

IIoT connects machines and devices in industries such as manufacturing, transportation, oil and gas, power
generation and transmission, mines, and ports. Commercial, enterprise, or consumer IoT—also simply known as IoT
—is used to describe connected devices within homes and office spaces, such as cameras, badge readers, and HVAC
control systems.

Failure of IIoT can have catastrophic consequences, creating high risk and potentially life-threatening situations.
Downtime of other IoT devices may result in inconveniences, but it does not usually cause emergency situations.

Major considerations for adopting IIoT

Depending on where an organization is in its digital transformation, it may need to replace analog information
sources with digital, securely network these sources, and develop applications that can ingest the data and generate
actionable insights.

Network equipment
The switches, routers, and wireless equipment that connect IIoT devices must provide the needed bandwidth and be
able to withstand punishing physical conditions on factory floors or outdoors. This equipment must support the
communication protocols in use to provide visibility and help monitor each endpoint. Network equipment should
also be able to run edge applications to respond to emerging situations in real time and to extract, curate, and
transmit operations data to applications in a data center or the cloud.

Centralized connectivity deployment and monitoring

For organizations to efficiently monitor and scale their deployments, centralized visibility of device connectivity is
of paramount importance. Organizations need to be able to deploy and configure connectivity to their edge devices
and equipment quickly and accurately. They also need to efficiently update configurations by enabling secure
remote access to equipment and troubleshoot issues by monitoring alerts.

Strong cybersecurity
All connected devices increase the threat surface. Operational devices are especially vulnerable, and an attack could
have grave consequences. Robust security based on the zero-trust model is a must. This model requires you to
establish trust parameters by identifying and profiling connected endpoints. You also segment the network into
zones and continuously monitor each endpoint's behavior to make sure it remains trustworthy. If anomalous
behavior is found that might indicate an endpoint is infected, you can then take appropriate steps to mitigate any
risk.

The role of IT in industrial IoT

IIoT malfunctions can have a major impact on operations, ranging from production downtime to compromising
worker safety or damaging the environment. IIoT installations benefit from rigorous IT processes, tools, and best
practices. IT can scale and secure IIoT deployments to help ensure success.
A reliable network
Organizations rely more and more on the quantity and quality of data they get from their operations. IT must strive
to ensure that a reliable network with sufficient bandwidth capacity is in place so time-sensitive data can be
transmitted without delay to applications in data centers or the cloud.

The network that connects IIoT devices and sensors needs to support diverse physical channels. For example,
although Ethernet cables may connect devices commonly found on the factory floor, wireless technologies such as
5G, 4G LTE, NFC, RFID, Bluetooth, NB-IOT, LoRaWAN, and Wi-SUN may also be required for connectivity.

Intelligent network control

The network for IIoT must be kept highly available. IIoT devices may be numerous and spread across a large
geographical area, but a network controller can automate networking equipment deployment and keep
configurations consistent, and firmware updated. It can also help ensure that devices are performing to expectations
—and guide administrators to take corrective actions if not. Network controllers that have served IT well in the past
could serve IIoT equally well.

Security for critical resources

As IT and IIoT networks converge, security practices must also converge. Protecting IIoT is best done with a
comprehensive, integrated security solution rather than a multitude of point products. The same proven security
tools that IT has deployed over the years can benefit IIoT as well.

IOT IN HEALTHCARE

IoT Applications in Healthcare

According to reports submitted by P&S Market Research, there will be a compound annual
growth rate (CAGR) of 37.6 percent in the healthcare Internet of Things (IoT) industry
between 2015 and 2020. If one thing is certain, IoT has transformed healthcare in a variety
of ways over the past several years and will continue to do so for years to come.

Here are the IoT applications in healthcare everyone needs to know about.

Implantable Glucose Monitoring Systems

Patients who suffer from diabetes can have devices with sensors implanted in them, just
below their skin. The sensors in the devices will send information to a patient’s mobile
phone when his or her glucose levels get too low and will record historical data for them too.
This way, patients will also be able to tell when they are most likely to be at risk for low
glucose levels in the future, as well as in the present.

Activity Trackers During Cancer Treatment

Usually the right treatment for a cancer patient relies on more than just his or her weight
and age. Their lifestyles and fitness levels also play a huge role in what the proper
treatment plan for them will entail. Activity trackers track a patient’s movements, fatigue
levels, appetite, etc. Plus, the data collected from the tracker prior to treatment and after
treatment has started will tell healthcare professionals what adjustments need to be made
to the recommended treatment plan.

Heart Monitors with Reporting

Patients can wear devices that monitor their heart rates, and that can determine whether
they have high blood pressure. Healthcare providers will have access to reporting of
patient’s heart monitor data when they need to pull it during checkups and exams. The
wearable devices can even alert healthcare professionals when patients are experiencing
arrhythmias, palpitations, strokes, or full-blown heart attacks. Ambulances can then be
dispatched in a timely fashion, which can be the difference between life and death.

Medical Alert Systems

Individuals can wear something that looks like jewelry but is designed to alert family
members or friends in case of an emergency. For instance, if an individual is wearing a
medical alert bracelet and fell out of bed in the middle of the night, the people they
designate to help in the case of an emergency would be immediately notified on their
smartphones that their help was needed.

Ingestible Sensors

Patients can now swallow devices with sensors that look like pills. Once the sensors are
ingested, they relay information to a patient’s mobile app that will help them follow the
proper dosages for their medications. Most medications aren’t taken as prescribed due to
forgetfulness or other human error. This ingestible sensor works to ensure patients are
taking the right medications, at the right time, in the right dosages. Some ingestible sensors
are also being used to more accurately diagnose patients with things like irritable bowel
syndrome and colon cancer.

Medication Dispensers

Devices can now be implanted in a patient that dispense medication in steady doses
throughout the day. Patients will be notified when they need to refill their medications.
Doctors can also be informed of missed doses during routine visits.
Wireless Sensors

Wireless sensors are being used in labs and hospital refrigerators to ensure blood samples,
chilled medications, and other biomedical materials are always kept at the proper
temperatures.

Trackable Inhalers

IoT inhalers are telling patients what they’re doing or experiencing to cause asthma attacks,
by transmitting information to their smartphones or tablets. That information can also be
shared with their physicians. The connected inhalers also remind patients when to take their
medications.

Wearables to Fight Depression

Apple has designed an app for its Apple Watch that helps manic depressive patients cope
with their depression. The app tracks a patient’s episodes outside of their scheduled
appointments and helps to monitor cognitive and mood functions.

Connected Contact Lenses

Currently, connected contact lenses are reading glucose levels of diabetes patients. But
soon enough, they’ll be able to help restore the eye’s focus and improve vision.
Location Services

Items like wheelchairs, scales, defibrillators, nebulizers, pumps, or monitoring equipment,

can be tagged with IoT sensors and located easily by healthcare staff. A lot of times
physical equipment can be misplaced or is hard to track down, but with IoT, staff will know
where everything is.

Remote Monitoring

With IoT devices, healthcare professionals can monitor their patients who just underwent
surgery or who go home for outpatient care. They’ll be alerted if a patient reaches a critical
state or needs immediate attention.