Propositional Calculus
& Bits Operations
GE 1108 – Mathematics in the Modern World
Module 7
1
Statement and Open
Sentences
Section 1
Statement (or Proposition)
A statement (or proposition) is a declarative statement (a sentence
that declares a fact or states an argument) that can be TRUE or FALSE
but cannot be both true or false.
Remarks:
○ It is denoted by letters p, q, r, etc.
○ A statement could be simple or compound.
○ The truth or falsity of a statement is called its truth value.
EXAMPLE:
Identify the truth value of each statement.
STATEMENT TRUTH VALUE
AdDU is in Iligan City. FALSE
EXAMPLE:
Identify the truth value of each statement.
STATEMENT TRUTH VALUE
9 − −6 = −15 FALSE
EXAMPLE:
Identify the truth value of each statement.
STATEMENT TRUTH VALUE
Today is Monday. Either True or False
EXAMPLE:
Identify the truth value of each statement.
STATEMENT TRUTH VALUE
See you tomorrow. Neither True nor False
EXAMPLE:
Identify the truth value of each statement.
STATEMENT TRUTH VALUE
1+1=2 TRUE
HERE ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF NOT A STATEMENT
What time is it?
X+1=2
Send us your resume before 1 pm.
I request you to please allow me a day off.
Fetch my umbrella!
Open Sentence
An open statement is a declarative statement containing a variable
which becomes a statement when variable is specified.
Remarks:
○ It is denoted by 𝑝𝑥 , 𝑞𝑥 , 𝑟𝑥 , etc.
○ It is also assumed that there is the universal set U containing all the
possible values that the variable may assume.
EXAMPLES OF OPEN STATEMENTS
● 𝑥>5
● 𝑦 < −9
● 𝑥 2 + 2 is divisible by 2
● 𝑧 is a multiple of 3
2
LOGICAL CONNECTIVES
Section 2
COMPOUND STATEMENTS
There are several ways of creating new statements from
the old ones. They are formed by using various
connectives. The truth values of the compound statement
are determined by the truth value of each sub-statement
and these sub-statements are connected.
Negation (~𝑝)
Let p be a statement variable,
the negation of p is "not p" or p ~p
"It is not the case that p" and
denoted ∼ p.
T F
It has opposite truth value from
p: if p is true, then ∼ p is false; if
p is false, then ∼ p is true. F T
Truth Table for ~p
EXAMPLE: NEGATION
Consider the following six statements:
A. B. C.
It is false that ice floats Ice does not float in
Ice floats in water.
in water. water.
D. E. F.
2+2=5 It is false that 2+2=5. 𝟐+𝟐≠ 𝟓
CONJUNCTION (𝑃 ∧ 𝑄)
Let p and q be a statement
variables, the conjunction of p p Q 𝑃∧𝑄
and q is "p and q" and denoted
T T T
p ∧ q.
T F F
It is true when, and only when,
both p and q are true. If either p F T F
or q is false, or both are false, p
∧ q is false. F F F
Truth Table for 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞
EXAMPLE: CONJUNCTION
Consider the following FOUR statements:
A. C.
Ice floats in water and 2 China is in Europe
+2=4 and 2 + 2 = 4.
B. F.
Ice floats in water and 2 China is in Europe and
+2=5 2 + 2 = 5.
DISJUNCTION (𝑃 ∨ 𝑄)
Let p and q be a statement
variables, the conjunction of p p Q 𝑃∨𝑄
and q is "p or q" and denoted p
T T T
V q.
T F T
It is true when either p is true,
or q is true, or both p and q are F T T
true; it is false only when both p
and q are false. F F F
Truth Table for 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞
EXAMPLE: DISJUNCTION
Consider the following FOUR statements:
A. C.
Ice floats in water or 2 China is in Europe or
+2=4 2 + 2 = 4.
B. F.
Ice floats in water or 2 China is in Europe or 2
+2=5 + 2 = 5.
1. Write each symbolic form in verbal
Example: form.
Consider the statements: A. 𝑝∧𝑞 ∨𝑟
P – “ He is rich.” B. 𝑟∨𝑞 ∧𝑝
Q – “He is happy.” C. ~𝑝 ∨ 𝑟
R – “He is healthy.” D. ~𝑞 ∧ 𝑝
2. Write each verbal form in symbolic form.
A. He is either rich or healthy.
B. He is not happy and not rich.
C. He is not rich, but he is healthy and happy.
CONDITIONAL (𝑃 → 𝑄)
Let p and q be statement
variables, the conditional of q p Q 𝑃→𝑄
by p is "If p then q" or "p implies
T T T
q" and denoted p ⇒ q.
T F F
It is false when p is true, and q is
false, otherwise it is true. We F T T
call p the hypothesis (or
antecedent) of the conditional F F T
and q the conclusion (or
Truth Table for𝑃 → 𝑄
consequent).
DERIVED CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
3 conditional statements can be derived from the
conditional statements. These are called DERIVED
CONDITIONS given below.
● Converse means q ⇒ p
● Inverse means ∼ p ⇒∼ q
● Contrapositive means ∼ q ⇒∼ p
Biconditional
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Biconditional
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Logical Equivalence and Truth Tables
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Logical Equivalence and Truth Tables
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Logical Equivalence and Truth Tables
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Logical Equivalence and Truth Tables
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References
● Propositional Logic Concept:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qV4htTfow-E
● Analyzing Arguments with Truth Tables:
https://castle.eiu.edu/~mathcs/mat1160/Spring09/Web
view/Slides/sec3-6.pdf
