Sure!

Here are 100 multiple-choice questions based on the content of the document "Membrane
Potentials and Action Potential":

1. What is membrane potential?

a) The difference in electrical potential between the intracellular and extracellular fluid of a
biological cell.
b) The concentration of sodium ions in the cytosol.
c) The process of depolarization in a nerve cell.
d) The movement of potassium ions across the cell membrane.

2. Typical values of membrane potential range from:

a) +40 mV to +80 mV.
b) -40 mV to -80 mV.
c) 0 mV to +20 mV.
d) -20 mV to 0 mV.

3. Why is there a membrane potential?

a) To maintain an equal distribution of charges across the cell membrane.
b) To allow the passage of negatively charged proteins.
c) To facilitate the movement of sodium ions into the cell.
d) Due to the different ionic compositions of intracellular and extracellular fluids.

4. Which of the following ions are present in high concentrations in the extracellular fluid?
a) Sodium and potassium ions.
b) Potassium and chloride ions.
c) Sodium and chloride ions.
d) Calcium and magnesium ions.

5. Which of the following ions are present in high concentrations in the cytosol?
a) Sodium and chloride ions.
b) Potassium and chloride ions.
c) Sodium and potassium ions.
d) Calcium and magnesium ions.

6. What is the main reason for the unequal distribution of charges across the cell membrane?
a) Passive diffusion of ions.
b) Active transport mechanisms.
c) Leakage of potassium and sodium ions.
d) Permeability variations of the membrane.

7. Which ion has easier diffusion out of the cell through a potassium channel?
a) Sodium ion (Na+).
b) Chloride ion (Cl-).
c) Potassium ion (K+).
d) Calcium ion (Ca2+).

8. What is the result of the unequal distribution of charges across the cell membrane?
a) Excess positive charges on the inner surface.
b) Excess negative charges on the inner surface.
c) Balanced distribution of charges.
d) No effect on the charges.
9. What is the resting potential of a cell?
a) The potential difference between the extracellular and intracellular fluid.
b) The potential difference during the transmission of nerve signals.
c) The potential difference when the cell is not excited.
d) The potential difference during depolarization.

10. Which of the following factors contributes to the resting membrane potential of large nerve
fibers?
a) Presence of sodium-potassium pump.
b) High cell permeability for sodium ions.
c) High concentration of protein.
d) All of the above.

11. What is the primary function of the Na+-K+ pump?

a) To maintain the concentration of potassium ions inside the cell.
b) To maintain the concentration of sodium ions inside the cell.
c) To prevent the escape of proteins from the cell.
d) To balance the charges across the cell membrane.

12. Which ions have higher permeability through the nerve membrane?
a) Sodium ions.
b) Chloride ions.
c) Potassium ions.
d) Calcium ions.

13. Which electrolyte has the highest concentration in the extracellular fluid?
a) Sodium (Na+).
b) Potassium (K+).
c) Calcium (Ca2+).
d) Chloride (Cl-).

14. Which type of channels are voltage-gated?

a) Sodium channels.
b) Potassium channels.
c) Chloride channels.
d) Calcium channels.

15. What are voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCC) permeable to?

a) Sodium ions.
b) Potassium ions.
c) Calcium ions.
d) Chloride ions.

16. What is the permeability of VDCC to calcium ions compared to sodium ions?
a) 10-fold greater.
b) 100-fold greater.
c) 500-fold greater.
d) 1000-fold greater.

17. Which type of channels are named according to the ligand they respond to?
 a) Voltage-gated channels.
b) Ligand-gated channels.
c) Mechano-sensitive channels.
d) Sodium-potassium channels.

18. What causes depolarization and repolarization of the nerve membrane during the action
potential?
a) Voltage-gated sodium channels.
b) Voltage-gated potassium channels.
c) Voltage-gated chloride channels.
d) Voltage-gated calcium channels.

19. During the action potential, what happens to the sodium permeability of the membrane(due to
the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels)?
a) It decreases.
b) It remains the same.
c) It increases.
d) It fluctuates.

20. Nerve signals are transmitted by:

a) Resting potential.
b) Action potential.
c) Depolarization.
d) Repolarization.

21. What is the purpose of the action potential?

a) To maintain the resting membrane potential.
b) To transmit nerve signals along the nerve fiber.
c) To balance the concentration of ions inside and outside the cell.
d) To regulate the permeability of the cell membrane.

22. What are the successive stages of the action potential of a nerve?
a) Resting stage, depolarization, repolarization.
b) Resting stage, hyperpolarization, repolarization.
c) Depolarization, hyperpolarization, resting stage.
d) Depolarization, repolarization, resting stage.

23. What is the resting membrane potential before the action potential begins?
a) +90 mV.
b) -90 mV.
c) 0 mV.
d) +20 mV.

24. During the resting stage of the action potential, the membrane is:
a) Polarized.
b) Depolarized.
c) Hyperpolarized.
d) Repolarized.

25. What is the role of voltage-gated sodium channels in the action potential?
a) They contribute to depolarization.
 b) They contribute to repolarization.
c) They regulate the concentration of calcium ions.
d) They maintain the resting membrane potential.

26. What is the role of voltage-gated potassium channels in the action potential?
a) They contribute to depolarization.
b) They contribute to repolarization.
c) They regulate the concentration of calcium ions.
d) They maintain the resting membrane potential.

27. During the action potential, the permeability of the membrane to sodium ions:
a) Decreases.
b) Remains the same.
c) Increases.
d) Fluctuates.

28. How are nerve signals transmitted along the nerve fiber?
a) Through the movement of potassium ions.
b) Through the movement of calcium ions.
c) Through the action potential.
d) Through the resting potential.

29. The action potential moves along the nerve fiber until it reaches:
a) The cell body.
b) The dendrites.
c) The axon terminals.
d) The synapse.

30. Which of the following stages of the action potential involves the reversal of membrane
potential?
a) Resting stage.
b) Depolarization.
c) Repolarization.
d) Hyperpolarization.

31. What is the role of voltage-gated ion channels in the action potential?
a) They regulate the concentration of proteins.
b) They establish the resting membrane potential.
c) They control the movement of ions during depolarization and repolarization.
d) They prevent the leakage of potassium ions.

32. What is the main factor that determines the level of the normal resting membrane potential?
a) Leakage of potassium ions.
b) Leakage of sodium ions.
c) Action of voltage-gated calcium channels.
d) Action of ligand-gated chloride channels.

33. Which of the following ions has the highest concentration in the intracellular fluid?
a) Sodium (Na+).
b) Potassium (K+).
c) Calcium (Ca2+).
 d) Chloride (Cl-).

34. Which type of channels respond to mechanical stimuli?

a) Voltage-gated channels.
b) Ligand-gated channels.
c) Mechano-sensitive channels.
d) Sodium-potassium channels.

35. What is the purpose of the sodium-potassium pump?

a) To maintain the concentration of sodium ions inside the cell.
b) To maintain the concentration of potassium ions inside the cell.
c) To maintain the concentration of calcium ions inside the cell.
d) To maintain the concentration of chloride ions inside the cell.

36. Which ion contributes to the rising phase of the action potential?
a) Sodium (Na+).
b) Potassium (K+).
c) Calcium (Ca2+).
d) Chloride (Cl-).

37. What is the purpose of repolarization during the action potential?

a) To restore the resting membrane potential.
b) To increase the concentration of sodium ions.
c) To decrease the concentration of potassium ions.
d) To initiate the depolarization phase.

38. What is the purpose of hyperpolarization during the action potential?

a) To restore the resting membrane potential.
b) To facilitate the propagation of the action potential.
c) To increase the threshold for subsequent action potentials.
d) To enhance neurotransmitter release.

39. What is the role of voltage-gated calcium channels in the action potential?
a) They contribute to depolarization.
b) They contribute to repolarization.
c) They regulate the concentration of sodium ions.
d) They regulate the release of neurotransmitters.

40. Which of the following is responsible for the repolarization phase of the action potential?
a) Opening of voltage-gated sodium channels.
b) Opening of voltage-gated potassium channels.
c) Opening of voltage-gated calcium channels.
d) Opening of voltage-gated chloride channels.

41. What is the purpose of the refractory period during the action potential?
a) To allow the membrane to recover and prevent the backward propagation of the action
potential.
b) To increase the concentration of sodium ions.
c) To decrease the concentration of potassium ions.
d) To initiate the depolarization phase.
42. Which of the following accurately describes the refractory period?
a) It is the period of time when the cell is at rest and not firing any action potentials.
b) It is the period of time when the membrane potential is depolarized.
c) It is the period of time during which the membrane is unable to respond to another stimulus
and generate an action potential.
d) It is the period of time when the membrane potential is hyperpolarized.

43. Which of the following is responsible for the propagation of the action potential along the nerve
fiber?
a) Active transport of sodium ions.
b) Active transport of potassium ions.
c) Passive diffusion of sodium ions.
d) Passive diffusion of potassium ions.

44. What is the threshold potential?

a) The potential at which the membrane is fully repolarized.
b) The potential at which the membrane is fully hyperpolarized.
c) The potential at which the membrane is depolarized enough to trigger an action potential.
d) The potential at which the membrane is at resting potential.

45. Which of the following is true about the action potential?

a) It is an all-or-nothing event.
b) It can be of different amplitudes depending on the strength of the stimulus.
c) It can only occur in nerve cells.
d) It is a continuous process without distinct phases.

46. Which of the following is responsible for the rising phase of the action potential?
a) Inward flow of potassium ions.
b) Outward flow of potassium ions.
c) Inward flow of sodium ions.
d) Outward flow of sodium ions.

47. Which of the following is responsible for the falling phase of the action potential?
a) Inward flow of potassium ions.
b) Outward flow of potassium ions.
c) Inward flow of sodium ions.
d) Outward flow of sodium ions.

48. Which of the following factors can affect the speed of propagation of the action potential?
a) Myelination of the nerve fiber.
b) Temperature.
c) Diameter of the nerve fiber.
d) All of the above.

49. What is the role of myelin in the propagation of the action potential?
a) It increases the speed of propagation.
b) It decreases the speed of propagation.
c) It has no effect on the speed of propagation.
d) It prevents the propagation of the action potential.
50. What is the term for the jumping of the action potential from one node of Ranvier to another?
a) Saltatory conduction.
b) Continuous conduction.
c) Repolarization.
d) Hyperpolarization.

51. Which of the following is true about the nodes of Ranvier?

a) They are the sites where the action potential is generated.
b) They are the sites where the action potential is terminated.
c) They are the gaps in the myelin sheath where the axon is exposed.
d) They are the specialized structures involved in synaptic transmission.

52. Which of the following is responsible for the reestablishment of the resting membrane potential
after the action potential?
a) Sodium-potassium pump.
b) Calcium pump.
c) Chloride pump.
d) Potassium pump.

53. Which of the following ions has the highest concentration inside the cell during the resting state?
a) Sodium (Na+).
b) Potassium (K+).
c) Calcium (Ca2+).
d) Chloride (Cl-).

54. Which of the following is responsible for the after-hyperpolarization phase of the action
potential?
a) Inward flow of potassium ions.
b) Outward flow of potassium ions.
c) Inward flow of sodium ions.