Evolution
Professor Dr. Shahid Iqbal Rana
Civil Lines, Multan; Cell #: 0300 6365388
Evolution of man
Evolution
• Two schools of thought
• Creationists believed in the Theory of Special
Creation
– Follower Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
• Evolutionists:
• Believed in Theory of Natural Selection
B
Evolution
• Evolutionists
– All organisms fit into orderly scheme
– Later called Scala Naturae or Ladder of Nature
• According to big Bang Theory
• Earth over 5 billion years old
• 3.5 BY life began
• Life: unicellular ------- prokaryotes
• Variations - Accumulated - New species
• Eukaryotic organism developed from 1.9 – 2.1BYA
Origin of life according to concept of
evolution
• 1st living on earth Archeobacteria – Archea
• > 3.5 BY 1st living originated in hot spring
• Hydrothermal vents- spontaneous reaction
• Vent hypothesis
– Discovered in 1977 in Pacific Ocean
– Fossil in these vents 3.5 BY old
• Early atmosphere
– Lack O2
– Hot
– Lack O3
– Frequent UV exposure
❑ Photosynthetic organism evolved 3.2 BYA
❑ Eukaryotic photosynthetic organism evolved 1.9-2.1 BYA
Origin of life according to concept of
evolution
• Primitive environment
• Very little nutrients
• 1st photographs
• Utilized H2O
• O3
• Reducing environment – oxidizing
• About 420 MYA
• Enough O3 Built
Evolution from prokaryotes to eukaryotes
• Membrane Invagination Theory
– Membrane invigilated
• Encloses genetic material
• Several double membrane bounded entities
formed
• Host membrane infolded surround prokaryotic
cell
• Membrane not dissolved
• Created 2nd membrane around
• Promitochondria
• Prochloroplast
• Outer similar to euk
• Inner to pro
Evolution from prokaryotes to eukaryotes
• Membrane invagination theory
Evolution from prokaryotes to eukaryotes
Evolution from prokaryotes to eukaryotes
Endosymbiotic theory
– Lynn Margulis
– Spirocheat - Flagella
Main points of Lamrakism
• J.B de La Mark (1744-1829)
• French Naturalist
• Soldier
• Biologist
• 1n 1809 published a book Philosophie Zoologique
• Pictured evolution “Ladder of life”
• Simplest to complex
• In-charge of invertebrate collection at Natural
History Museum in Paris
LAMARKISM
• Use and disuse of organs
– Blacksmith
– Giraffe
– Snakes; Pythons
• Evolution
– Kiwi
– Foot of modern horse
– Webbed feet of duck
– Loss of Teeth in whales
LAMARKISM
• DRAWBACKS OF LAMARKISM
• No experimental proof
• Use & disuse – no genetic bases
• Acquired characters not transmit
• Organs not modified by wish or organism's
requirement
• August Weisman 1892
• Disproved Lamarks theory
• Removed tail 68 mice
• Mutations –accidents or disease not inherited
• Boring of holes in ears and nose
• Circumcision ceremony
DARWINISM
• Born on Feb 12, 1809 in Shrewsbury England
• Died -April 19, 1882
• Father of Evolution
• Father prominent physician
• Cambridge University to study theology
• 22y in 1831 accept position of naturalist on HMS
Beagle
• Return 1836
• British navel ship
– For water & food
Darwin’s observation during his Voyage
• Beagle -for East & West coasts of South America
• Collected 1000’s plants & animals specimens
• Beagle spent two month at Galapagos island
• 965 km
west of Ecuador
Darwin’s observation during his Voyage
• Observation about South American Mainland
• Flora & Fauna
• Very distinct from Europe
• Fossils very different from modern species
• Resemble S. American
Darwin’s observation during his Voyage
• Observation about Galapagos island
• Why organisms of Galapagos resembles more to
S. American?
• 14 Common group Finches
• Beaks different size & shape
Darwin’s observation during his Voyage
• Observation about Galapagos island
• Named for their giant tortoises
• On one side saddle shaped shell
• On other side Dome shaped shell
Darwin’s observation during his Voyage
Darwin’s observation during his Voyage
• Observation about Galapagos island
• Origin of new species
& adaptations closely
related
Development of theory of evolution
• 1842 wrote for himself 35 pages brief sketch of
his theory
• 1844, assay 230 pages
• Next 15 years – collect facts to support his ideas
Development of theory of evolution
• Charles Lyell & James Hutton
• 1830s Lyell published a book Principle of Geology
• James Hutton “Theory of Uniformitarianism”
“ Earth has always changed in uniform ways
and that the present is the key to the past”
Development of theory of evolution
• Contribution of Thomas R. Malthus
• Darwin returned to England 1836
• Soon read a work of English political economist
• Thomas R. Malthus (1766-1834)
• An assay on Principles of Population
• Human population capacity to increase
exponentially (1►2 ► 4 ► 8 ► 16)
• Food supply capacity to increase arithmetically
• (1►2 ► 3 ► 4 ► 5)
• Struggle for food
Development of theory of evolution
• Contribution of Alfred Wallace
• In 1858 received a letter from fellow naturalist
Alfred Wallace (1823-1913)
• In this Darwin found
• Theory of origin of species by means of natural
selection
Development of theory of evolution
• Contribution of Alfred Wallace
• Lyell & Joseph Dalton Hooker
• Arranged to present 2 papers under joint
authorship using single title
• Paper presented to Linnaean Society of
London on July1, 1858
Development of theory of evolution
• Why theory was attributed to Darwin
• Wallace motivated Darwin to publish book
• The Origin of Species by Means of Natural
selection
• Published November 1859
• Descent of Man 1871
Darwin Books
1859 1871
Darwins Theory of Natural Selection
• Natural selection & adaptation
• History of life like a tree with multiple
braches
• Different reproductive capacities among
individuals
❑ Over production
❑ Variations
❑ Struggle for existence
❑ Survival of the fittest
Darwins Theory of Natural Selection s
Over production
❑ Single codfish lays 5 to 7 millions eggs in single
season
❑ A house fly lays about 120 eggs six times in
every summer
❑ Star fish produces a million eggs in a year
❑ Rabbit breeds at age of 6 month- giving birth 6
young ones in a litter – 4 litters /year
❑ Elephant in its life span 100 years; with in active
breeding period 60 years – 6 offspring's
❑ In 750 years single pair – population of 19 million
Darwins Theory of Natural Selection s
Variations
De Vries (1848-1935) s
• Mutation theory
• New races & species originate
discontinuously & non gradually
• Discontinuous variations
Evolution
Biogeography
• Armadillos,(Endemic) appeared in South America
• Glyptodonts (Extinct clade)
• Present-day armadillos, modified descendants of
earlier species
• Modern Kangaroos appeared in Australia from
extinct giant Kangaroo.
• Finches
Armadillos
The Fossil Record
Lt. Fosilium = something dug up
• The succession of fossil forms is a strong
evidence in favor of evolution
• Provides a visual record
• Different genera and species of horses indicate
earliest horses had 4 toes
• Reduce to 3
• Present day horses large central toe present-
ends in a hoof
Fishes Amphibian Reptiles Birds &
mammals
Comparative Anatomy
• Buffon and Lamark used comparative anatomy to
determine relationship b/w species
• Organism similar structure – originated from
common ancestor
• For example, the same skeletal elements make
up the forelimbs of
• Human
• Cats
• Whales
• bats
Divergent evolution
Comparative Anatomy
• The flower parts of a flowering plant
are homologous
• Evolved from leaves, to form
• Sepals
• Petals
• Stamens
• Carpels
Analogous Organs
• Wings of bat, insects & Birds
– Convergent evolution
Comparative Anatomy
Vestigial organs
• Skeletons of whales and some snakes retain
vestiges of the pelvis and leg bones of
walking ancestors
• Vermiform appendix in carnivores
• Ear muscles in man etc.
• Wisdom tooth
Whale & snake pelvic bone
Comparative Anatomy
Whale & snake pelvic bone Splint bones of foot of horse; remanant of toe
Wings of Kivi & Ostrich
Comparative Embryology
❑ All vertebrate embryos gill pouches sides of their
throats
• Fishes – gills
• Terrestrial vertebrates, eustachian tubes
Comparative Embryology
• Recapitulation theory of Von Baer or
• Biogenic Law of Hackle state that
• Ontogeny (embryonic development of individual)
recapitulates phylogeny (evolutionary history of
Race)
Molecular Biology
❑Cytochrome c, a respiratory protein is found
in all aerobic species (Bacteria & human)
