A.

MATHS
SECONDARY THREE
COMPANION BOOKLET

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TOPICS
01
01. Quadratic Functions ................................................ 2
02
02. Quadratic Equations and Inequalities ............. 3–4
03
03. Surds .......................................................................... 5
Algebra

04
04. Polynomials and Cubic Equations ........................ 6
05
05. Partial Fractions ....................................................... 7
06
06. Binomial Theorem ................................................... 8
07
07. Exponential Functions ..........................
............. 9–10
08 Logarithmic Functions ..........................
09 Coordinate Geometry ........................................... 11
10 Coordinate Geometry (Circles) ............................ 12
Geometry

11 Linear Law ............................................................... 13

12 Trigonometric Functions and Equations ........... 14
13 Trigonometric Graphs ..................................... 15–16
14 Trigonometric Identities ....................................... 17
15 R-Formulae .............................................................. 18

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1
A.MATHS

SECONDARY THREE
Algebra
01. Quadratic Functions
COMPLETING THE SQUARE TURNING POINT

For a quadratic function

x 2 + bx =
y = a ( x − h) + k,
2

the coordinates of
the turning point are

_________________ .
.

NATURE OF TURNING POINT

ax 2 + bx + c = a > 0 : ____________________

a < 0 : ____________________

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A.MATHS

SECONDARY THREE
Algebra
02. Quadratic Equations and Inequalities (i)

CONDITIONS FOR A
NATURE OF ROOTS OF
QUADRATIC FUNCTION TO BE
A QUADRATIC EQUATION
ALWAYS POSITIVE/NEGATIVE

For ax 2 + bx + c = 0, For ax 2 + bx + c < 0,

b 2 − 4ac : The quadratic function lies

Two real and distinct roots. completely _______________

the x-axis, where
2
b − 4ac :

Two real and equal roots. • b 2 − 4ac 0

b 2 − 4ac : • a 0

No real roots.
For ax 2 + bx + c > 0,

The quadratic function lies

completely _______________
the x-axis, where

• b 2 − 4ac 0

• a 0

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A.MATHS

SECONDARY THREE
Algebra
02. Quadratic Equations and Inequalities (ii)

SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS INVOLVING

LINEAR AND NON-LINEAR EQUATIONS

Substitute one equation into the other to form a new equation

in the form ax 2 + bx + c = 0.

b 2 − 4ac : Line meets the curve at two distinct points.

b 2 − 4ac : Line is tangent to the curve.

b 2 − 4ac : Line does not meet the curve.

QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES

Case 1: ( x − a )( x − b) > 0

x or x

Case 2: ( x − a )( x − b) < 0

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A.MATHS

SECONDARY THREE
Algebra
03. Surds
LAWS OF SURDS MANIPULATION OF SURDS

ab = a c +b c =

a
( a + b )( c + d ) =
=
b

a× a = If a + b n = p + q n , then

a = _____ and b = _____ .

a
= =
b
RATIONALISING
SURDS
a
= =
(b + c )

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A.MATHS

SECONDARY THREE
Algebra
04. Polynomials and Cubic Functions
REMAINDER AND
CUBIC IDENTITIES
FACTOR THEOREM

For a polynomial P ( x),

a 3 + b3 =

If P ( x) leaves a remainder of r
when divided by ax + b, a 3 − b3 =

then ___________________ .
Solving Cubic Equations
1) Find a linear factor.
If ax + b is a factor of P ( x), 2) Long division/
Smart substitution.
then ___________________ . 3) Factorise quadratic factor.
(if possible)
4) Solve.

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A.MATHS

SECONDARY THREE
Algebra
05. Partial Fractions

1) Make sure that the given fraction is proper.

If it is an improper fraction, do long division.

2) Express the proper fraction in one of the following forms:

px + q
= +
( ax + b )( cx + d )

px + q
= +
( ax + b )
2

px 2 + qx + r
= +
( ax + b ) ( x + c )
2 2

3) Multiply throughout by the denominator of the LHS.

4) Solve for constants by substituting suitable values of x.

5) Express the given fraction as partial fractions.

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A.MATHS

SECONDARY THREE
Algebra
06. Binomial Theorem

Given ( ax + b ) ,
n

1) Write out the general term Tr +1 = ,

substitute n, a and b.

2) Rearrange to separate the coefficient and the x n−r term.

Tr +1 =

3) Determine which power(s) of x the question requires.

4) For each power of x , find the value of r and the respective

coefficient.

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A.MATHS

SECONDARY THREE
Algebra
07, 08. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions (i)
INDICES LOGARITHMS

y = a x ⇔ _________________ , a > 0 , a ≠ 1.

am log a x + log a y =
m
a ×a = n
=
an
log a x − log a y =

( am ) =
n

n log a x =

an
n
a ×b = n
= Change of Base Formula:
bn
log a b =

a1 = a0 = log a a = log a 1 =

1
a −n
= a = n log10 x = log e x =

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A.MATHS

SECONDARY THREE
Algebra
07, 08. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions (ii)

GRAPH OF y = ax GRAPH OF y = loga x

a > 1: a > 1:
y y

x x

0 < a < 1: 0 < a < 1:

y y

x x

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A.MATHS

SECONDARY THREE
Geometry
09. Coordinate Geometry
FORMULAE PERPENDICULAR BISECTOR

Given A ( x1 , y1 ) and B ( x2 , y2 ) , 1) Find midpoint AB .

2) Find gradient AB ( mAB ) .

Gradient AB =
3) Find perpendicular gradient
Equation of line AB : using mAB × m⊥ = _____ .

4) Equation of ⊥ bisector:
Length AB = y = m⊥ x + c

5) Substitute in midpoint AB .
Midpoint AB =

∗ For all coordinate geometry questions,

draw a rough sketch of the question!

AREA OF RECTILINEAR FIGURES

1 x1 x2 x3 x4 x1
Area =
2 y1 y2 y3 y4 y1
1 ( x1 )( y2 ) + ( x2 )( y3 ) + ( x3 )( y4 ) + ( x4 )( y1 ) 
=  
2  − ( x1 )( y4 ) − ( x4 )( y3 ) − ( x3 )( y2 ) − ( x2 )( y1 ) 

- Coordinates are in ANTI-CLOCKWISE order.

- Start and End at the same point.
1
- Don’t forget the in front.
2

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A.MATHS

SECONDARY THREE
Geometry
10. Coordinate Geometry - Circles
EQUATION OF CIRCLE NORMAL AND TANGENT

For a circle with centre ( a , b ) For a point A lying on a circle

and radius r , with centre C ,

Standard form: Equation of normal

to circle at A :
- Find equation of line CA.

General Form:
Equation of tangent
to circle at A :
- Find gradient CA .
- Find gradient m⊥ .
- Substitute point A
into y = m⊥ x + c .

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A.MATHS

SECONDARY THREE
Geometry
11. Linear Law
CONVERTING TO LINEAR FORM PLOTTING OF GRAPH

Express the equation in the Checklist:

form Y = mX + c.
1) Table of plotted values
∗ State clearly what Y , X , m
2) Scale of each axis
and c are.
3) Label axes with the
∗ Aim to create the constant correct variables
- Multiply/divide both
4) Plot Y against X and
sides by an expression
draw the line of best-fit
in x and/or y.
- Apply ln or lg on both sides 5) Label graph
for exponential equations.
6) Triangle for finding
gradient is more than half
the width of the graph

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A.MATHS

SECONDARY THREE
Geometry
12. Trigonometric Functions and Equations
RATIOS COMPLEMENTARY ANGLE

sin θ = sin θ =

Hyp cos θ =
Opp cos θ =
tan θ =
θ
Adj tan θ =
ANGLES IN 4 QUADRANTS
Given any one ratio, draw the
right-angled triangle and use
Pythagoras' Theorem to find
the other lengths of the sides
of the triangle.

SPECIAL ANGLES

sin 0o = sin 90o =

cos 0o = cos90o =

tan 0o = tan 90o =

30o
2
2 3
1
45 o
60o
1 1

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A.MATHS

SECONDARY THREE
Geometry
13. Trigonometric Graphs (i)

y = a sin bx + c y = a cos bx + c y = a tan bx + c

FUNCTION y = − a sin bx + c y = − a cos bx + c y = − a tan bx + c

AMPLITUDE

RANGE OF
VALUES of y

PERIOD

CENTRE LINE

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A.MATHS

SECONDARY THREE
Geometry
13. Trigonometric Graphs (ii)
SKETCHING TRIGONOMETRIC GRAPHS

y = a sin bx + c y = a cos bx + c y = a tan bx + c

y = −a sin bx + c y = −a cos bx + c y = −a tan bx + c

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A.MATHS

SECONDARY THREE
Geometry
14. Trigonometric Identities
BASIC IDENTITIES DOUBLE ANGLE FORMULAE

sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = sin 2A =

1 + tan 2 θ = cos 2A =

1 + cot 2 θ = =
ADDITION FORMULAE =
sin ( A ± B ) =
tan 2A =
cos ( A ± B ) =

tan ( A ± B ) = A can be replaced by

for Half-Angle Formulae.

TRIGONOMETRIC PROOFS

1) Start on the side where you can apply a known

identity/formula (usually the side with more terms ) .

2) Continue applying known identities or formulae step

by step, keeping the endpoint in mind.

3) Always refer to the endpoint and identify

which parts of the current step lead to each term
in the endpoint.

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A.MATHS

SECONDARY THREE
Geometry
15. R-Formulae

1) Form an equation of the form

L = a sin θ ± b cos θ + c or L = a cos θ ± b sin θ + c,
where L is a variable from the question.

2) Use of R-formulae to solve for a given value of L :

a sin θ ± b cos θ = R sin (θ ± α ) or
a cos θ ± b sin θ = R cos (θ α ) ,
±

where a , b > 0, R = ___________ and α = __________

is acute.
3) Find the minimum or maximum value of L.
(make use of the range of sine / cosine functions)

4) Find the corresponding value of θ by substituting the value

of L and solving the equation.

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 A.MATHS
SECONDARY THREE
COMPANION BOOKLET

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