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Algebra and Trigonometry Third Edition James Stewart

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EXPONENTS AND RADICALS GEOMETRIC FORMULAS
m
x
x m x n  x mn n  x mn Formulas for area A, perimeter P, circumference C, volume V:
x
1x m2 n  x m n
1
x n  n Rectangle Box
x
A  l„ V  l„ h
1xy2 n  x n y n ayb  yn
x n xn
n
P  2l  2„
x1n  x
 QxR
n n m
x mn  x
m
n n n
  x y
xy n
x h
y  
n x „
n
y

x 

m n n m mn
 
x  x „
l l
SPECIAL PRODUCTS
Triangle Pyramid
1x  y2  x  2 xy  y
2 2 2
A  12 bh V  13 ha 2
1x  y2  x  2 xy  y
2 2 2

1x  y23  x 3  3x 2 y  3xy 2  y 3
1x  y23  x 3  3x 2 y  3xy 2  y 3
h
h
a
FACTORING FORMULAS b a

x 2  y 2  1x  y21x  y2 Circle Sphere

x 2  2xy  y 2  1x  y22 A  r 2
V  43  r 3
x 2  2xy  y 2  1x  y22 C  2 r A  4 r 2
x 3  y 3  1x  y21x 2  xy  y 2 2

x 3  y 3  1x  y21x 2  xy  y 2 2 r r

QUADRATIC FORMULA

If ax 2  bx  c  0, then Cylinder Cone

b b
2

 4ac V   r 2h V  13  r 2h
x  
2a
r

INEQUALITIES AND ABSOLUTE VALUE

h h

If a  b and b  c, then a  c. r
If a  b, then a  c  b  c.
If a  b and c  0, then ca  cb.
If a  b and c  0, then ca  cb. HERON’S FORMULA
If a  0, then B
⏐x⏐  a means x  a or x  a. s 1 s
Area   21 s
a 21 s
b c2
c a
⏐x⏐  a means a  x  a. abc
where s  
⏐x⏐  a means x  a or x  a. 2 A C
b
DISTANCE AND MIDPOINT FORMULAS GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS

Distance between P11x1 , y12 and P2 1x 2 , y2 2 : Linear functions: f1x2  mx  b

1x
d   2 12 
x 1
2  y2 12 
y 2
y y
x1  x2. y1  y2.
Midpoint of P1P2: a , b b
2 2
b
LINES
x x
y2  y1
Slope of line through m   Ï=b Ï=mx+b
P11x1 , y12 and P2 1x 2 , y2 2
x 2  x1
Power functions: f1x2  x n
Point-slope equation of line y  y1  m 1x  x12
through P11x1, y12 with slope m
y y

Slope-intercept equation of y  mx  b
line with slope m and y-intercept b x
Two-intercept equation of line x y x
    1
with x-intercept a and y-intercept b a b Ï=≈ Ï=x£

f 1x2  x
n
LOGARITHMS Root functions:

y  log a x means a y  x y y

log a a x  x a log a x  x
log a 1  0 log a a  1 x x
log x  log10 x ln x  log e x

log a xy  log a x  log a y log a axb  log a x  log a y Ï=œ∑

x Ï=£œx
∑
y

f 1x2  1/x n
log a x
log a x b  b log a x log b x  Reciprocal functions:
log a b
y y
EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

y y x x
y=a˛ y=a˛
a>1 0<a<1
1 1
1 Ï= Ï=
1 x ≈

0 x 0 x Absolute value function Greatest integer function

y y
y y=log a x y y=log a x
a>1 0<a<1
1

1 x
0 x 0 x x
1 1
Ï=|x | Ï=“x ‘
COMPLEX NUMBERS CONIC SECTIONS
y
For the complex number z  a  bi Circles
r
the conjugate is z  a  bi 1x  h2 2  1y  k2 2  r 2
C(h, k)
the modulus is ⏐z⏐  a
2
 b2
the argument is , where tan  b/a 0 x
Im
Parabolas
bi a+bi
x 2  4py y 2  4px
| z|
y y

¨ p>0 p<0 p>0

0 a Re p

x p x
Polar form of a complex number p<0
For z  a  bi, the polar form is
Focus 10, p2, directrix y  p Focus 1p, 02, directrix x  p
z  r 1cos  i sin 2
y y
where r  ⏐z⏐ is the modulus of z and is the argument of z (h, k)

De Moivre’s Theorem
z n  r 1cos  i sin 2 n  r n 1cos n  i sin n 2
0 x
(h, k)
0
z  r 1cos  i sin 2 1n
n x

y  a 1x  h2  k, 2
y  a1x  h2  k, 2
 2k  2k
 r 1n acos   i sin b a  0, h  0, k  0 a  0, h  0, k  0
n n
where k  0, 1, 2, . . . , n  1 Ellipses
x2 y2 x2 y2
ROTATION OF AXES 2  2  1 2  2  1
a b b a
y y y
Y P (x, y) Rotation of axes a a>b
P (X, Y ) formulas b a>b c
x  X cos  Y sin
X _a _c c a x _b b x
y  X sin  Y cos
_c
_b
ƒ _a

Foci 1 c, 02, c 2  a 2  b 2 Foci 10,

0 x
c2, c 2  a 2  b 2

Angle-of-rotation formula for conic sections Hyperbolas

x2 y2 x2 y2
To eliminate the xy-term in the equation 2  2  1  2  2  1
a b b a
Ax2  Bxy  Cy2  Dx  Ey  F  0 y y
a c
rotate the axis by the angle that satisfies
b
AC
cot 2   _c c
B _a a _b b
x x

POLAR COORDINATES _b
_a _c

Foci 1 c, 02 , c 2  a 2  b 2 Foci 10,

y
x  r cos c2, c 2  a 2  b 2
P (x, y)
P (r, ¨) y  r sin
r r2  x 2  y 2
y
y
¨ tan  
x
0 x x
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THIRD EDITION

ALGEBRA AND
TRIGONOMETRY
 ABOUT THE AUT HOR S

J AMES S TEWART received his MS LOTHAR R EDLIN grew up on Van- S ALEEM WATSON received his
from Stanford University and his PhD couver Island, received a Bachelor of Bachelor of Science degree from
from the University of Toronto. He did Science degree from the University of Andrews University in Michigan. He
research at the University of London Victoria, and received a PhD from did graduate studies at Dalhousie
and was influenced by the famous McMaster University in 1978. He sub- University and McMaster University,
mathematician George Polya at Stan- sequently did research and taught at where he received his PhD in 1978.
ford University. Stewart is Professor the University of Washington, the Uni- He subsequently did research at the
Emeritus at McMaster University and is versity of Waterloo, and California Mathematics Institute of the University
currently Professor of Mathematics at State University, Long Beach. He is of Warsaw in Poland. He also taught at
the University of Toronto. His research currently Professor of Mathematics at The Pennsylvania State University. He
field is harmonic analysis and the con- The Pennsylvania State University, is currently Professor of Mathematics
nections between mathematics and Abington Campus. His research field is at California State University, Long
music. James Stewart is the author of a topology. Beach. His research field is functional
bestselling calculus textbook series analysis.
published by Brooks/Cole, Cengage
Learning, including Calculus, Calculus:
Early Transcendentals, and Calculus:
Concepts and Contexts; a series of pre-
calculus texts; and a series of high-
school mathematics textbooks.

Stewart, Redlin, and Watson have also published Precalculus: Mathematics for Calculus, College Algebra, Trigonometry, and
(with Phyllis Panman) College Algebra: Concepts and Contexts.

A BOUT THE COVER

The cover photograph shows the Science Museum in the City of three-dimensional objects in two dimensions. Trained as both an
Arts and Sciences in Valencia, Spain. Built from 1991 to 1996, it was engineer and an architect, he wrote a doctoral thesis in 1981
designed by Santiago Calatrava, a Spanish architect. Calatrava has entitled “On the Foldability of Space Frames,” which is filled with
always been very interested in how mathematics can help him mathematics, especially geometric transformations. His strength
realize the buildings he imagines. As a young student, he taught as an engineer enables him to be daring in his architecture.
himself descriptive geometry from books in order to represent
THIRD EDITION

ALGEBRA AND
TRIGONOMETRY
J AMES S TEWART
M C MASTER UNIVERSIT Y AND UNIVERSIT Y OF TORONTO

LOTHAR R EDLIN
THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSIT Y

S ALEEM W ATSON
C ALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSIT Y, LONG BEACH

Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
 Algebra and Trigonometry, Third Edition © 2012, 2007 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
James Stewart, Lothar Redlin, Saleem Watson
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Print Buyer: Karen Hunt Library of Congress Control Number: 2010935412
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