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») Bosse Concefts of TNuanber Theory Onl
1,2, 3, bp, 6, 8,12 ond 21
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2 Tratstelily omd cluiuin all govt :
> tnclidean Sod rin sf
2 Modlon_ariQnchic_.
gygaggacer
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—— ___<@if
Dimebitihy an ns |
ben Abn 300 b dissides if o2mb 70
—| Wore om.) b Or h _- Thak" a5
bd op Bow sh om tessa 2
om diver 44
‘Notation | ous med. L.e_amneownwioy oa
b> divides 0. 1d Cam ale a
boi ao dunes ota ta
Cee Rech Nag
Biabusbes af disnclitiy
| Dp alt, Bm oe £4
| Ty} alb ond bla, thon 02h
APPA re py?
: 3 1 bo dasides oO ®
1)| Th olb omd bic, Bus ole “4
| ts tt 66 amd 66 2 ulia
«|
) ¢ blo ond blo Bien b| Cmatnt) fror «
oP[ @r2 ale ond 6124 Yn olay,
oe Oi eee
= alirnt3o0
= alo
(b) Srtombbe : TO = Cuexis ) +10
a= an+ Ww} Oren
——1
ee te & Ht FS
= duis, Seis skys: =
vOAd eax Fah 5 1
frat = (2x43) Red
Guides brett. o b. eg
x 4 lo o)=0
#1 Ocd. Ca,b)= ‘woe LK, puch Shab slo and wlb) a
Ord Cob)= acd Ca,-b) =acd (a,b)
d 7 0
= acd (—o -b)
: aed (lal, tbl) a
5 @ DA pra Jwikopers chimidle, {
_ 4a
On
= a
eS acd (19, 30) 1230
we Ob H 24
Bs
a. 2 6 Dr
ae £26) IQ >a
— G12
e= —
a bo :
> cm Hon 6 4% Geok
al. o
[Sar Ame! NESE Gn9 8
a)
tS,
is
Dewiding 0 amd ts beg ob yuig She
S oo areal
es ee b+4s of£%12¢b
C
°
ISR
PncA= Oy Anat Ran
To tind d
O4 Ane 4Ay
ged (ab) = ged (IIGUTISITA S1GSN250)
abs | MONISi7: ¥ BASE [ad = geal SISA,
oe 211983424)
bean tn | HOS + 1STNRG [ad = gedaTI9ESES,
1126)
ny Says > | 2D = 2 x TOESTRRG 2
Sante | WSLS UXT SIN [d= pe
Iss7s94)
r= quate S72 = TANI + 137984 [Ud = ged LANTOS,
137984)
r= dos * re |_USTOSS WX ISS o0TD <4(1379S5, 70070)
1 are 137984 = 1x TOOT + —_GTMNT [d= geaTOOTO.GTOLE)
t= hts he WwW = 1x CSS 2156 [a= gods, 2156)
T= Wah CMS NII + WI [= gedeIs. 1)
T= dw Th 256 2x WIS 0 [a = gcaqors.o) = 1078
Therefore. d = ged( NOTISITS, S1QS8250) = 17S
Dividend Dinisor Remainder
esnemsi |p snes | a= 3 | _=a00me
he 3eases0 [ny = 28M D
zee [r= 10taRte 2
wane | y= as
3 1SS79
t= SSI |= 1S
ne mH | = TOOT 7
7oro | n= ot
oou_| e286 .
ee eee ba
ma“Dagntn OLKhen) 4 =Lalu]
o. =[0-|n] xn + Coa med n>
> bawany Sporadic.
faz 414 eh 42
S41 od t 5 Ful |
aie Bleslp=ss)
ae Ke amork |
Compson onvedinls 1”
0. = b (nerd 1)
eee
baz Wa = 1, (red 2.8) \
23) 73(3 :
(a-b) is mulbbh dn bY i
EO IL 4 gn he
Noli: i 0. 0 Comed 23)no0Co17
_ mila. a2 |
7 sg
D ME -Glmealio) —'> PR
= 4 mad io “Axo = 4~
tue
: )| w= = a (md 4 ola ae op
——_ 21 0 = b6mednt b= De (rnved on ny i
——3)| Bs nl 9S CC n) ory
: etenaa oe Se
ans
: ot
: = Elma) o4 93-221 we = Ls Sh
ee ee ere Ss =16=28(-2) = mubbibhe ¢ 2 orf
= Zi = olmedaa) on BI- eae = mulfible Jo a2 OE
go
shacabhaarloppdelepoggeha
Medlulos Asuna Operdians
D | LC anedn + (bwnedn) Jone no Car) red 1
2) || Comedy = (banda) [medn = (ab) med y
L Ca moda) x Cbonedanl] medn = (ax b) anad ay
Cee danmedg=2 and \Smedg=7
—___ Dp = S
a = [3+a 1 mee
g)26 = 10 wed
ay Ei ae
2 Reo - (a+b) modn = (14 11s )qnede
Pa 2. = _ a6 md 8
8521 Bes = a
16 \6
S| s—/_h
(41-15) mede = a; toted b= y.
C Cu med g) - iS mate) mate =.
2| L Gs omeds) x (is mode) male = aim
CuxXIS) mek g = 165 mel eg = >
ww
ast = 44x tata
= 44x b eS = 132 met 13
= Qa a |
Prspesfles af medudor arian
D Commute five (Ws 2) med = Cx +0) med n |
(Wx) mod n = (x x W) mek 1
Pasgeciatie CCw+x) + +4 | mod = [we (ary sled -
Lew) x] ed we elie Crsy J) med n |
j2)432
oe]' eT
a
=
a
€
RAYS SY
4
Joe
lint)
Orard
Card
FA ead WEZ
wey Ath Strat “Wz
£04 n-th
Caxw) med = Women
ma [Wx (or +4 lmedn
Co+ tern
D
| drnirense (—wi) ”
(3) Addition modulo 8
1
(©) Additive and multiplicative
inverse modulo 8
3
(6) Mulipistion modulo &Feeuksaouly — of mbduufon —_anikBanelie
| TE Cath) = Care Yonedt nm Bn b = Cmedn)
ee
(S+asve (sz Xmede) —_-3= + (mod #)
QB SAgweds (23-4) = 16
! (Qg-19)= Lo = 89th 98 =—s
DDE Caxb) = (axle) Hon b = comed vw)
7 if, Din adafinrol ba fe Va
bce acd Cs5,92) =acd (22,55 med 29)
ged (2a 1a)
2.
=~ A
aSISS
oe
TH
Zuchidoon pla efin —
22 Vabrrs
Doe b mod At bag Ait ho
Ka = Ay med Ar Dz = 242+ AZ
Fine Snag Oty = Sinan Vpn thn
Aner 2 Anni Mad in =O Ana = Ines tO
,
:
:
B
, | _Calleslake Nha Colbie
: 91 = o.yned bb I
,
2
5
=
>
:
= gcdla,b) =
anome
“Recwrrie Lundin Se
= _ _«
7 fui Con, bd b) es
ik Ch at Hog Abit a;
— ip Chee fudlid Clo amedb)
ES
Ths inf at Liu
ie —tncsapffiien algo , “auch os RSA.
Crttendad Lihoon aac rrr mat _ent
Kablate
fake “, : ,
A0.% +b od = gcd Ca,b>.
Gch (ba, 30) = 6
O=zk2, b= 320
1.2% = aou
Gor =
=i ane ar ae ee et
a Ta
=i aise [ep a}
eS ;
1p =e [=p af ff ;
=e_[ a ef
=p este ef ml
=fa Algerie
Ohesowe Mthat oll embruis na. Dire
| Both 2 and 30 7 it
|G
_gnwuntbes__f at Use
= Me bon pax 43,
pole Sy aa a amb hcple_ +t oo
af =
=q ub+ As
be Yo Ks + Ko
Ky = ahr +Ag
R= ax at bya
N22 Or
bs
Ka =AX3 + bY
03
Guy ny = Fyony2n +O.
Extended Euclidean Algorithm
as = Lridrs
Calculate Which satisfies Calculate Which satisfies
aS axa + bya
De ax + by
7 =amodh a=abtn neater
4, = Lath}
be antn r= ay + byy
=r mod ne ant ry = any + bys
Fyet = Galva ty
iy = at, + by,
Tent = Invtfn +0
d= ged(a.b) = tm
XS) = Yn=a 1s
a 7
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SRERTaAaAR
\
g
\
©
—_ | _«
| Fund the gcd. al (h.2,20)_amd salsa dp
\ 7
Ig
. —
OS eee eel rae eae as YlY | «
diiuaiszo0liz{ilolalo 1-1
fem leeSOul aml ae of 1% al 14-143 «
é | 42") 6*) o | 1 -¥ 6 [-ad 34-3 &
[eK o* =a|_5€ 3h -#4 &
v Tv ay &
Sed — 4 ce
: : ts
Verilccatuan &
Qx thas gcd Co, b) X=2%,-QyY, ee
(uaa) 4 Goya) = 6 {24=8y4, &
724 +%0 =6 =
626 e.
= «
Sind he gcd fb @ (ei 28) (b) (459,550) ©
tf = : “es
aD
acd Bare Aor say ee
PROeine Coe les Alen, al bai
Fuike_ ate A t : e
| Curoufs Rings omd idles, Sanike folds
At Gre jeden GE fe) Pauime mule, ©
Fomot's “and Sulon's :
nL wr, Owedede
Dale weciataenc
0. (b-c)2Ca-b)-¢ jr DL 2,b,c ambr.
UITAaAsaaaysCAL AS) Ris tn alli ges ays
= —te_addibin thot ix_"R sche,
rn :
Our2i D2 tr oll o sin BR.
(M6) Ne apne dlimisens *_ oR
oe
aR ad aso Fin elas
7 020 2 bo _ a IE
didlds ee AL
~All SE Heed Toy Se ED 7
ns
ie
ie
, SEAFIELD
(AL) Closure under additior Ifa and b belong to S, then a +b is also in $
(A2) Associativity of addition: «a +(b +e) = (a+b) +c for alla. b.cinS
(A3) Additive identity: There is an clement 0 in R such that
a40=0+u=a forallainS
(AA) Additive inverse: For each a in S there is an element —a in $
such thata + (a) = (a) +a=0
Integral Domain
(A5) Commnutativity of addition: =a+b=b+aforalla, bin S
Commutative Ring
{M1) Closure under multiplication: If a and b belong to S, then ab is also in S$
(M2) Assosiativity of multiplication: a(be) = (ab)e for all a, bc in S
(M3) Distributive laws: a(h+¢)= ab +ae for alla, b. cin S
(a= Ble =ac + be for all a. b, cin S
Ring
(M4} Commutativity of multiplication: ab = ba for all a, bin S
Abelian Group
(M5) Multiplicative identity: There is an element 1 in S such that
al =la=aforallainS
(M6) No zero divisors: Ifa, bin § and ab =0, then either
a=00rb=0
Group
(M7) Multiplicative inverse: Ifa belongs to Sand a 40, there is. an
sia element a=) in Such thease~ Gnde Tidds of Wo rom GE CPD.
Fields suuth conn |
Do mo a
p : .
\ hitters Rourctiane — Urn «
Rhat hea fain fiekds rauth > 4, ia
—The__himflnt frase Loe in GEC2).
stwnohas povahioy 9 easly 8
:
epeed ee !
[onan w|-w w
O| 0 0 Oo \o
feds 4 a a
‘= Mahe “Drwenres
= =| Aldite 5 epee Lo %OR of enabin
3 —Mutiplicabion iy equinntend te AND opencitaion
> eee mE fae i aeea
= *| Get Zn nn sack of inthgens 40,4, ..00-4f
= | Arad Anabager. win Zin Svar aot Lcplictiiane
oO 1
3. iaewene at ood comb if Bok
2 As Sabdsuly Pauane fen.
ea #{| Te mis pawvind Men oll of £0 mon.
= $p70 _sifapers im Xr one A
> [tesa ond therehene —ecaunks oom Ls
Mulhat Nicctive “> Fr cosh wWEZp, wo Shore
dowarse (W*) eons a ZEZp Auch at
WZ = 4 (med >.
O Caxb) = Coxe) (med 6) Man bac Comal 2 :
x heb "2 (CKD x A xc) (ed D
b= c Cwed PY
el
E
be |*
// i «@
@
seaESEE @
—t + oo 1 2 as a
(PrP P rere ——
——— ) pee pete ate
22h ts fe pet
— 3st pe Pee gg
7 ee ee ae ao
s tebe te te te 2
}___ «6 Pepe pr pe ps te ps @
|. (2) Addition modulo ee
xo 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ez
Poe ole ope ez
1
Susnest Ssnarsal ia
: @
joa 3 =
4 7
‘ ste
(© Additive nd mpicative a
(b) Multiplication modulo? inverses modulo 7
q : . :
Ron i: Dror a ruled
Amedulo Tae re € MAAN ne
if gcd Co, b)= b Ros (a. aa lax: amodl 4 “Coy wodt_0.) mod ord ore.
EE O + Coty mod2.)_ mado =
by awod_o._= a
if, by vmed_o_2 4, Bron “he bee
|G ne 1454 b=ss0__ —
Prinae ‘Number =
1454%_ +550 = a
{= 335 ond bts 336
SS0 x 355 med 1759 = 145950 wed 1959
= a
Poinne ue 4
# uihign pri is 0 baie number |
Lak: only ub its ely dinisers one
ae rah +p : J
Ps Asn, iilegen OA Lom Ne faclinect e 0.
Ausatd te —a40u4 0.8
a: 8p 2 pote s.- ® bet I
Wihene Pi < bee. Cot dh Aencdues wn
ya yep ee 2s4 eA
+ a
G7aliaiaet| Sean aca aca ese ee T=$1- ot ©
) u ta a res =
Seoul Passa a
2 [as [1 2 i 2 [5s roe
4 ir —_|-— {| a
a 2 4 =2 eS. oz e
Po ee 7 =
: = ee
Z 2 4: fot s | -z[a¢ aa
= = =
ear ste =
ell a fil
a ee =
2 — 6 719 =
jMabbibiet —iauna G44 an Zag =
| Ts amen =
| UX19 2 Armed2¢ 4
| 204 = | mA 2b =]
| wy