COLLEGE OF GENERAL EDUCATION

MATH1020
Unit 5
Analytic Trigonometry

Review of Fundamental Trigonometric Identities …………………………………………………………………..3

Simplifying Expressions using Fundamental Identities. ………………………………………………………..…3
Sum and Difference Formulas.…………………………………………………………………………………………………5
Double-Angle Formulas. ………………………………………………………….…………………………………………..…7
Half-Angle Formulas.……………………………………………………….………………………………………………………8
Solving Trigonometric Equations in Linear Form.………………….………………………………………….……10
Solving Trigonometric Equations using Identities.…………………………………………………………….……13
Solving Trigonometric Equations of Higher Degree.………………………………………………………….……15
Unit 5 Review…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….18
Unit 5 Review Solutions.……………………………………………………………………………………………………..…24
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In this section, we will use algebra skills to simplify trigonometric expressions, verify identities
and solve trigonometric equations.

Fundamental Trigonometric Identities

1 1 1
sin 𝜃 = csc 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 = cot 𝜃
Reciprocal Identities
1 1 1
csc 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 sec 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 cot 𝜃 = tan 𝜃

sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
Quotient Identities tan 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃

Pythagorean Identities sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1 1 + tan2 𝜃 = sec 2 𝜃 1 + cot 2 𝜃 = csc 2 𝜃

Even and Odd sin(−𝑥) = − sin(𝑥) cos(−𝑥) = cos (𝑥) tan(−𝑥) = − tan(𝑥)

Identities
csc(−𝑥) = − csc(𝑥) sec(−𝑥) = sec(𝑥) cot(−𝑥) = − cot(𝑥)

*An alternate form of sin2 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃 = 1 is __________________________.

Simplify Trigonometric Expressions Using Fundamental Identities

1. Simplify the expression. Write the final form with no fractions.

sec 2 𝑥 cot 𝑥 cos 𝑥

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2. Simplify the expression. Write the final form with no fractions.

cos 𝜃
+ tan 𝜃 TIP: Your work should remain
1+sin 𝜃
in the variable given in the
problem. That means, for
example 2, use 𝜃 and not 𝑥.

3. Simplify the expression. Write the final form with no fractions.

tan2 𝑡−1
tan 𝑡 sin 𝑡+sin 𝑡

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Example:
sin(75°) = 0.7
sin(40°) = 0.64
sin(35°) = 0.57

But, sin(75°) ≠ sin(40°) + sin(35°)

because 0.7 ≠ 0.64 + 0.57.

How can we rewrite 𝑠𝑖𝑛(75°) as a sum? We need a Sum Formula for Trigonometry.

Sum and Difference Formulas for Trigonometry

Sum and Difference Formulas

sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + cos 𝑥 sin 𝑦

Sine Formulas
sin(𝑥 − 𝑦) = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑥 𝑥 sin 𝑦

cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) = cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 sin 𝑦

Cosine Formulas
cos(𝑥 − 𝑦) = cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 sin 𝑦

tan 𝑥+tan 𝑦 tan 𝑥−tan 𝑦

Tangent Formulas tan(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 1−tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦 tan(𝑥 − 𝑦) = 1+tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦

4. Find the exact value of cos(15°).

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 11𝜋
5. Find the exact value of sin ( 12 ).

6. Find the exact value of the expression sin(25°) cos(35°) + cos(25°) sin(35°).

7. Find the exact value of tan(255°).

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 4 5
8. Find the exact value of cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) given that sin 𝛼 = − 5 and cos 𝛽 = − 8 for 𝛼 in
Quadrant lll and 𝛽 in Quadrant ll.

Example:
sin(50°) = 0.77
sin(100°) = 0.98

But, sin(100°) ≠ 2 ∙ sin(50°)

because 0.98 ≠ 2(0.77).

How can we rewrite 𝑠𝑖𝑛(100°)? We need a Double-Angle Formula for Trigonometry.

Double-Angle Formulas for Trigonometry

Double-Angle Formulas

sin(2𝜃) = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 cos(2𝜃) = cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 2 tan 𝜃

tan(2𝜃) =
1 − tan2 𝜃
= 1 − 2 sin2 𝜃

= 2 cos2 𝜃 − 1

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 2
9. Given that sin 𝜃 = 3 for 𝜃 in Quadrant ll, find the exact function values.

a. sin(2𝜃) b. cos(2𝜃) c. tan(2𝜃)

Similarly,
sin(50°) = 0.77
sin(25°) = 0.42

sin(50°)
But, ≠ sin(25°)
2
0.77
because ≠ 0.42.
2

How can we rewrite 𝑠𝑖𝑛(50°)? We need a Half-Angle Formula for Trigonometry.

Half-Angle Formulas for Trigonometry

Half-Angle Formulas

𝜃 1 − cos 𝜃 𝜃 1 + cos 𝜃 𝜃 1 − cos 𝜃

sin = ±√ cos = ±√ tan = ±√
2 2 2 2 2 1 + cos 𝜃

1−cos 𝜃
=
sin 𝜃

sin 𝜃
=
1+cos 𝜃

𝜃
The sign + or – is determined by the quadrant in which the angle lies in.
2

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10. Use the half-angle formula to find the exact value of cos(157.5°).

4 3𝜋
11. If sin 𝑎 = − 5 and 𝜋 < 𝑎 < , find the exact values of each expression.
2

𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
a. sin (2) b. cos (2) c. tan (2)

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Solving Trigonometric Equations
We know that cos(𝜋) = −1.

That means, if you are asked to solve the equation cos 𝑥 = −1 for 𝑥, one of your answers
would be 𝑥 = 𝜋. That is the solution on the period [0,2𝜋).

However, cos(3𝜋) = −1, cos(5𝜋) = −1, cos(7𝜋) = −1, etc.

Similarly, cos(−𝜋) = −1, cos(−3𝜋) = −1, cos(−5𝜋) = −1, etc.

Because the cosine function is ______________, any integer multiple of ____ added to 𝑥 = 𝜋
also has a cosine value of -1.

There are ___________________ solutions to the equations.

We save the solutions to cos 𝑥 = −1 are ______________________.

The domain of sin 𝑥 and cos 𝑥 is ________________and the range is ________________

𝜋
Note that tan 𝑥 has asymptotes when 𝑥 = 2 + 𝜋𝑛.

The range of tan 𝑥 is __________________________.

Solving Trigonometric Equations in Linear Form

12. Solve 2 tan 𝑥 = √3 − tan 𝑥 Solution and

a. Over the interval [0,2𝜋). workings must
be in radians.

b. Over the set of real numbers.

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A technique we can try using reference angles from Unit 5 is to solve the equations for 𝜃̅
where 𝜃̅ is in quadrant I. Then, use the signs of quadrants and reference angles to solve for 𝜃
in Qll, Qlll, and QIV.

Given 𝜃̅ is in Ql, then the corresponding solutions in each quadrant are:

Qll: 𝜋 − 𝜃̅

Qlll: 𝜋 + 𝜃̅

QIV: 2𝜋 − 𝜃̅

Example:

1 1
To solve the equation cos 𝜃 = − 2, solve the equation cos 𝜃̅ = + 2 instead.

𝜋
We find that 𝜃̅ = in Ql.
3

1
Since cos 𝜃 is negative in Qll and Qlll, then the solutions to cos 𝜃 = − 2 must be

𝜋 2𝜋
𝜃 = 𝜋 − 𝜃̅ = 𝜋 − 3 = 3

and

𝜋 4𝜋
𝜃 = 𝜋 + 𝜃̅ = 𝜋 + 3 = .
3

1 2𝜋 4𝜋
Therefore, the solutions on the interval [0,2𝜋) to cos 𝜃 = − 2 are 𝜃 = and 𝜃 = .
3 3

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13. Solve 4 sin 𝑥 + 2√3 = 0
a. Over the interval [0,2𝜋).

b. Over the set of real numbers.

14. Solve 4√2 = 2 cos 𝑥 + 3√2

a. Over the interval [0,2𝜋).

b. Over the set of real numbers.

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Solving Trigonometric Equations Using Identities

15. Given 2 sin 2𝑥 − √3 = 0,

a. Write the solution set for the general solution.

b. Determine the solution set on the interval [0,2𝜋).

𝒏 𝒙= 𝒙=

−1

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 𝑥
16. Given −1 + sin 2 = 0,
a. Write the solution set for the general solution.

b. Determine the solution set on the interval [0,2𝜋).

𝜋 √2
17. Given cos(𝑥 − 3 ) = − ,
2
a. Write the solution set for the general solution.

b. Determine the solution set on the interval [0,2𝜋).

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Solving Trigonometric Equations of Higher Degree.

18. Solve the equation 2 sin2 𝑥 + 7 sin 𝑥 − 4 = 0 on the interval [0,2𝜋).

19. Solve the equation cot 2 𝑥 − 3 = 0 on the interval [0,2𝜋).

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20. Solve the equation 3 sec 2 𝑥 = 4 on the interval [0,2𝜋).

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21. Solve the equation tan 𝑥 sin2 𝑥 = tan 𝑥 on the interval [0,2𝜋).

How would your answer(s) change if you were asked to solve the equation in the
interval [0, 𝜋)?

How would your answer(s) change if you were asked to solve the equation in the
interval [0,4𝜋)?

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Unit 5 Review

1. Simplify the expression tan 𝑥 cos2 𝑥 sec 𝑥. Write the final form with no fractions.

1−sec2 𝑡
2. Simplify the expression tan 𝑡−tan 𝑡 sec 𝑡. Write the final form with no fractions.

3. Find the exact value of sin(195°) using trigonometric identities.

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 5𝜋
4. Find the exact value of cos ( 12 ).

5. Find the exact value of tan(165°).

5 5
6. Find the exact value of cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) given that sin 𝛼 = 13 and cos 𝛽 = 6 for 𝛼 in
Quadrant ll and 𝛽 in Quadrant lV.

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 4
7. Given that sin 𝜃 = 5 for 𝜃 in Quadrant ll, find the exact function values of sin (2𝜃),
cos (2𝜃), and tan (2𝜃).

8. Find the exact value of sin (165°). (Which formula will you use?)

9. Solve sin 𝑥 = √2 − sin 𝑥 over the interval [0,2𝜋) and over the set of real numbers.

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10. Solve the equation 1 + cos 3𝑥 = 0. Write the general solution set as well as the
solution set on the interval [0,2𝜋).

11. Given sin 𝑥 = √2 − sin 𝑥,

a. Determine the solution set on the interval [0,2𝜋).

b. Write the solution set for the general solution.

𝑥
12. Solve the equation 1 + 2 cos 2 = 0.
a. Write the solution set for the general solution.

b. Determine the solution set on the interval [0,2𝜋).

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 𝜋
13. Solve the equation cot (𝑥 − 4 ) = −1.
a. Write the solution set for the general solution.

b. Determine the solution set on the interval [0,2𝜋).

14. Solve the equation 2 cos2 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 − 3 = 0 on the interval [0,2𝜋).

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15. Solve the equation 4 cos2 𝑥 − 3 = 0 on the interval [0,2𝜋).

16. Solve the equation cot 𝑥 cos2 𝑥 = cot 𝑥 on the interval [0,2𝜋).

** Drop by the Math Help Center 05.01.62 if you ever have any questions. **

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Unit 5 Review (Solutions)

1. sin 𝑥

2. cos 𝑡 + csc 𝑡

√2−√6
3. 4

√6−√2
4. 4

5. √3 − 2

60+5√11
6. − 78

24 7 24
7. sin(2𝜃) = − 25 cos(2𝜃) = − 25 tan(2𝜃) = 7

√2−√3
8. 2

𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
9. 𝑥 = 4 , 𝑥 = 4 + 2𝜋𝑛 and 𝑥 = + 2𝜋𝑛
4 4

𝜋 2𝜋𝑛 𝜋 5𝜋
10. 𝑥 = 3 + 𝑥 = 3 , 𝜋,
3 3

𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
11. a. 4 , b. 𝑥 = 4 + 2𝜋𝑛 , 𝑥 = + 2𝜋𝑛
4 4

4𝜋 8𝜋 4𝜋
12. a. 𝑥 = + 4𝜋𝑛 , 𝑥 = + 4𝜋𝑛 b. 𝑥 =
3 3 3

13. a. 𝑥 = 0 + 𝜋𝑛 = 𝜋𝑛 b. 𝑥 = 0, 𝜋

14. 𝜋

𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋
15. 6 , , ,
6 6 6

𝜋 3𝜋
16. 2 , 2

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