Chemistry

Subject Code: CHM315114

2014 External Examination Information Sheet

Chemical Data and Constants

QUANTITY APPROXIMATE VALUE

Standard atmospheric pressure 1.000 atm

101.3 kPa
760.0 mm Hg

Absolute zero temperature (zero kelvin) −273˚C

Standard temperature & pressure (S.T.P.) 0˚C (273 K) and 101.3 kPa

Standard laboratory conditions (S.L.C.) 25˚C (298 K) and 101.3 kPa

Avogadro's constant (NA) 6.022 x 1023 mol−1

Ideal gas constant (R) 0.0821 L atm K−1 mol−1

8.31 J K−1 mol−1
8.31 L kPa K−1 mol−1
62.4 L mm Hg K−1 mol−1

Molar volume of an ideal gas (S.T.P.) 22.4 L mol−1

Molar volume of an ideal gas (S.L.C.) 24.5 L mol−1

Charge on the electron −1.602 x 10−19 C

Faraday’s constant (F) 96 500 C mol−1

Specific heat of water (cw) 4.184 J g−1 K−1

Density of liquid water 1.00 g mL−1

One litre (1.00 L) 1000 mL or 1000 cm3

3
One cubic metre (1.00 m ) 1000 L

Unit prefixes:
nano (n) micro (µ) milli (m) kilo (k) mega (M) giga (G) tera (T)
10−9 10−6 10−3 103 106 109 1012

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Chemical Information

m
n= n = amount of substance (mol)
M
m = mass (g)
M = molar mass (g mol−1)
N = n NA N = number of particles
NA = Avogadro's constant (see p.1)
n = cV c = concentration (mol L−1)
V = volume of solution (L)
P1V1 P2 V2
= Combined Gas Equation (n constant)
T1 T2
V = gas volume
P = gas pressure
PV = nRT T = temperature (K)
R = Ideal Gas Constant (see p.1)
n(e−) = amount of electrons (mol)
q It
n(e− ) = = q = electrical charge (C)
F F
F = Faraday Constant (see p.1)
E = energy change (J)
E = VIt V = potential difference (V)
I = electrical current (A)
t = time (s)
E = mcΔT c = specific heat capacity (J g−1 K−1)
E VIt
cf = = ΔT = temperature change (K)
ΔT ΔT
−1
c f = calibration factor (J K )

m
ρ= ρ = density (g mL−1 or g L−1)
V

Page 2 of 10
 COMMON POSITIVE IONS (CATIONS)
1+ 2+ 3+ 4+
+ 2+ 3+
ammonium NH 4 barium Ba aluminium Al tin (IV) Sn 4+
+
hydrogen H calcium Ca 2+ chromium (III) Cr 3+ lead (IV) Pb 4+
+
lithium Li copper (II) Cu 2+ iron (III) Fe 3+
+
potassium K iron (II) Fe 2+
+
silver Ag lead (II) Pb 2+
2+
sodium Na + mercury (II) Hg
2+
magnesium Mg
nickel (II) Ni 2+
tin (II) Sn 2+
2+
zinc Zn
COMMON NEGATIVE IONS (ANIONS)
1– 2– 3–
– 2– 3–
ethanoate (acetate) CH 3COO carbonate CO 3 nitride N
– 2– 3–
bromide Br chromate CrO 4 phosphate PO 4
2–
dichromate Cr2 O 7
2–
chloride Cl – hydrogen phosphate HPO 4 phosphide P 3–
–
dihydrogen phosphate H 2 PO 4 oxide O 2–
– 2–
fluoride F sulfate SO 4
–
hydrogen carbonate HCO 3 sulfide S2–
hydrogen sulfate HSO 4– sulfite SO 3
2–

2–
hydrogen sulfide HS– thiosulfate S2 O 3
– 2–
hydrogen sulfite HSO 3 oxalate C 2 O 4
hydroxide OH –
–
iodide I
–
nitrate NO 3
–
nitrite NO 2
–
permanganate MnO 4
–
hydride H
SOLUBILITY TABLE FOR COMMON IONIC COMPOUNDS
Negative Ions (anions) Solubility of Compounds
–
ethanoates (acetates) ( CH 3COO ) All soluble
–
nitrates (NO 3 ) All soluble
–
chlorides (Cl ) All soluble except AgCl, PbCl 2 , HgCl 2
–
bromides (Br ) All soluble except AgBr, PbBr2 , HgBr2
–
iodides (I ) All soluble except AgI, PbI 2 , HgI 2
2– All soluble except BaSO 4 , CaSO 4 , SrSO 4 , PbSO 4 , Ag 2 SO 4 , SnSO 4
sulfates (SO 4 )
–
hydroxides (OH ) All insoluble except LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, NH 4 OH, Sr(OH)2 , Ba(OH)2
2– All insoluble except Li 2 S, Na 2 S, K 2 S, Rb 2 S, (NH 4 )2 S, MgS, CaS, SrS, BaS
sulfides (S )
2– All insoluble except Li 2 CO 3, Na 2 CO 3, K 2 CO 3, Rb 2 CO 3, (NH 4 )2 CO 3
carbonates (CO 3 )
3– All insoluble except Li3PO 4 , Na 3PO 4 , K 3PO 4 , Rb 3PO 4 , (NH 4 )3PO 4
phosphates (PO 4 )
2– All insoluble except Li 2 SO 3, Na 2 SO 3, K 2 SO 3, Rb 2 SO 3 (NH 4 )2 SO 3
sulfites (SO 3 )

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 Chemical Equilibrium Formulae

For the equilibrium system:

xP + yQ zR + wS (where none of components P, Q, R or S is a solid)
z w

Kc =
[ R ] [S]
x y
[ P ] [Q ]
˚
K w = !"H +(aq) #$!"OH (aq)
– #
$ = 1.00 ×10
–14 –2
mol2 L at 25 C

pH = –log !"H +(aq) #$ NOTE: !H +(aq) # = !H 3O+(aq) #

" $ " $
!"H +(aq) #$ = 10 −pH

Common Coloured Aqueous Ions

COLOURED CATIONS COLOURED ANIONS
chromium (III) Cr3+ green chromate CrO42− yellow
cobalt (II) Co2+ pink dichromate Cr2O72− orange
copper (II) Cu2+ blue permanganate MnO4− purple
iron (II) Fe2+ pale green
iron (III) Fe3+ orange/brown (*most other non listed aqueous ions
manganese (II) Mn2+ pale pink are colourless in solution)
nickel (II) Ni2+ green

Organic Chemistry

Alkanes: C n H 2n+2 Benzene C 6 H 6

CH
Alkenes: C n H 2n CH CH
Alkynes: C n H 2n−2
CH CH
Cyclic Alkanes: C n H 2n CH
Cyclic Alkenes: C n H 2n−2

Stem Names
Carbon Atoms in Chain 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Stem Name meth- eth- prop- but- pent- hex- hept- oct- non- dec-

Side chains and substitutes

methyl –CH 3 bromo –Br
ethyl –C 2 H 5 chloro –Cl
propyl –C3H 7 fluoro –F
iodo –I
Prefixes
Atoms in molecule 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Prefix mono- di- tri- tetra- penta- hexa- hepta- octa- nona- deca-

Page 4 of 10
Functional Groups
class of functional group general formula example of
compound compound
H H H H
alcohols C n H 2n+2 O
R O H H C C C O

H H H
propan-1-ol
H O
O
aldehydes C n H 2n O
H C C
R C
H H
H
ethanal

O H H H O
carboxylic acids C n H 2n O 2
H C C C C
R C
H H H O H
O H butanoic acid

R O
ketones C n H 2n O
C O H C H
C C
' H H
R C H H
C
H H
H H
pentan-3-one

esters O C n H 2n O 2 H H O

H C C C H
R C
H H O C H
'
O R H
methyl propanoate
H H H H
alkyl halides R F C n H 2n+1X
H C C C C Cl
R Cl
H H H H
R Br
R l 1-chlorobutane

Page 5 of 10
 Some Organic Reactions of Aliphatic Compounds

Alkyl halide RX
(X is F, Cl, Br or I).

Alkane Alkoxide eg (RCH2O–…..Na+)

HX(g) + ½H2
Dilute. NaOH (aq)

H2 Active
metal(eg Na)
Loss of H2O
(use H2SO4(l))
[O] Ketone
Alkene Secondary
Alcohol RCHOHR' RCOR'
+H2O(g)
Addition
polymerisation
(Catalyst) Primary
RCH2OH

Polymer [O] using mild

oxidiser eg Conc H2SO4 Ester
[O] with excess
acidified stronger oxidiser RCOOR'
dichromate eg acidified
permanganate

Aldehyde Hydrolysis (in

RCHO presence of catalyst)

[O]

Salt (eg RCOO –…..Na+) + H 2O base eg NaOH Carboxylic acid

RCOOH Carboxylic acid +
Salt (eg RCOO–…..Na+ + ½H2 or active metal
alcohol
Salt (eg RCOO–…..Na+) + H 2O + CO2 or carbonate
RCOOH + R'OH

Page 6 of 10
 STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS
AQUEOUS IONS (1 mol/L and 25˚C)

REDUCTION HALF EQUATIONS

VERY VERY E˚(volts)
STRONG WEAK
OXIDISERS REDUCERS
– –
F2(g) + 2e 2F (aq) +2.87
+ –
H2O2(aq) + 2H (aq) + 2e 2H2O(l) +1.78
3+ –
Au (aq) + 3e Au(s) +1.50
– – 2+
MnO4 (aq) + 8H (aq)
+ + 5e Mn (aq) + 4H2O(l) +1.49
– –
Cl2(g) + 2e 2Cl (aq) +1.36
2- + – 3+
Cr2O7 (aq) + 14H (aq) + 6e 2Cr (aq) + 7H2O(l) +1.36
+ – 2+
MnO2(s) + 4H (aq) + 2e Mn (aq) + 2H2O(l) +1.28
+ –
O2(g) + 4H (aq) + 4e 2H2O(l) +1.23
– –
Br2(l) + 2e 2Br (aq) +1.09
– –
+
NO3 (aq) + 4H (aq) + 3e NO(g) + 2H2O(l) +0.96
+ –
Ag (aq) + e Ag(s) +0.80
2+ –
Hg (aq) + 2e Hg(l) +0.78
– –
NO3 (aq) + 2H (aq)
+ + e NO2(g) + H2O(l) +0.78
3+ – 2+
Fe (aq) + e Fe (aq) +0.77
+ –
O2(g) + 2H (aq) + 2e H2O2(aq) +0.68
– – INCREASING
I2(s) + 2e 2I (aq) +0.54
STRENGTH
– –
O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e 4OH (aq) AS +0.40
REDUCERS
2+ –
Cu (aq) + 2e Cu(s) +0.34
INCREASING 2- + –
SO4 (aq) + 4H (aq) + 2e SO2(g) + 2H2O(l) +0.17
STRENGTH 4+ – 2+
AS Sn (aq) + 2e Sn (aq) +0.15
OXIDISERS + –
S(s) + 2H (aq) + 2e H2S(g) +0.14
+ –
2H (aq) + 2e H2(g) 0.00
2+ –
Pb (aq) + 2e Pb(s) –0.13
2+ –
Sn (aq) + 2e Sn(s) –0.14
2+ –
Ni (aq) + 2e Ni(s) –0.25
2+ –
Co (aq) + 2e Co(s) –0.28
2+ –
Cd (aq) + 2e Cd(s) –0.40
2+ –
Fe (aq) + 2e Fe(s) –0.41
3+ –
Cr (aq) + 3e Cr(s) –0.74
2+ –
Zn (aq) + 2e Zn(s) –0.76
– –
2H2O(l) + 2e 2OH (aq) + H2(g) –0.83
2+ –
Mn (aq) + 2e Mn(s) –1.18
3+ –
Al (aq) + 3e Al(s) –1.71
2+ –
Mg (aq) + 2e Mg(s) –2.38
+ –
Na (aq) + e Na(s) –2.71
2+ –
Ca (aq) + 2e Ca(s) –2.87
2+ –
Sr (aq) + 2e Sr(s) –2.89
VERY + – VERY
WEAK K (aq) + e K(s) STRONG –2.92
OXIDISERS + – REDUCERS
Li (aq) + e Li(s) –3.05

OXIDATION HALF EQUATIONS

Page 7 of 10
 12
TABLE OF RELATIVE ATOMIC MASSES (BASED ON C = 12.00 )

Atomic Relative Atomic Relative

Name Symbol Atomic Name Symbol Atomic
Number Number
Mass Mass
actinium Ac 89 227.03 mercury Hg 80 200.6
aluminium Al 13 26.98 molybdenum Mo 42 95.94
americium Am 95 - neodymium Nd 60 144.2
antimony Sb 51 121.8 neon Ne 10 20.18
argon Ar 18 39.95 neptunium Np 93 -
arsenic As 33 74.92 nickel Ni 28 58.71
astatine At 85 - niobium Nb 41 92.91
barium Ba 56 137.3 nitrogen N 7 14.01
berkelium Bk 97 - nobelium No 102 -
beryllium Be 4 9.012 osmium Os 76 190.2
bismuth Bi 83 209.0 oxygen O 8 16.00
boron B 5 10.81 palladium Pd 46 106.4
bromine Br 35 79.90 phosphorus P 15 30.97
cadmium Cd 48 112.4 platinum Pt 78 195.1
caesium Cs 55 132.9 plutonium Pu 94 -
calcium Ca 20 40.08 polonium Po 84 -
californium Cf 98 - potassium K 19 39.10
carbon C 6 12.01 praseodymium Pr 59 140.9
cerium Ce 58 140.1 promethium Pm 61 -
chlorine Cl 17 35.45 protactinium Pa 91 -
chromium Cr 24 52.00 radium Ra 88 226.03
cobalt Co 27 58.93 radon Rn 86 -
copper Cu 29 63.54 rhenium Re 75 186.2
curium Cm 96 - rhodium Rh 45 102.9
dysprosium Dy 66 162.5 rubidium Rb 37 85.47
einsteinium Es 99 - ruthenium Ru 44 101.1
erbium Er 68 167.3 samarium Sm 62 150.4
europium Eu 63 152.0 scandium Sc 21 44.96
fermium Fm 100 - selenium Se 34 78.96
fluorine F 9 19.00 silicon Si 14 28.09
francium Fr 87 - silver Ag 47 107.9
gadolinium Gd 64 157.3 sodium Na 11 22.99
gallium Ga 31 69.72 strontium Sr 38 87.62
germanium Ge 32 72.59 sulfur S 16 32.06
gold Au 79 197.0 tantalum Ta 73 180.9
hafnium Hf 72 178.5 technetium Tc 43 -
helium He 2 4.002 tellurium Te 52 127.6
holmium Ho 67 164.9 terbium Tb 65 158.9
hydrogen H 1 1.008 thallium Tl 81 204.4
indium In 49 114.8 thorium Th 90 232.0
iodine I 53 126.9 thulium Tm 69 168.9
iridium Ir 77 192.2 tin Sn 50 118.7
iron Fe 26 55.85 titanium Ti 22 47.90
krypton Kr 36 83.80 tungsten W 74 183.9
lanthanum La 57 138.9 uranium U 92 238.0
lawrencium Lr 103 - vanadium V 23 50.94
lead Pb 82 207.2 xenon Xe 54 131.3
lithium Li 3 6.941 ytterbium Yb 70 173.0
lutetium Lu 71 175.0 yttrium Y 39 88.91
magnesium Mg 12 24.31 zinc Zn 30 65.37
manganese Mn 25 54.94 zirconium Zr 40 91.22
mendelevium Md 101 -

Page 8 of 10
 Atomic number Symbol

PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

5 B
Name Boron
10.81
Relative atomic mass

I II III IV V VI VII VIII

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 H 2 He
Hydrogen Helium
1.008 4.002

3 Li 4 Be 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
6.941 9.012 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18

11 Na 12 Mg 13 Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
22.99 24.31 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.06 35.45 39.95

19 K 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.90 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.71 63.54 65.37 69.72 72.59 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80

37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 I 54 Xe
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3

55 Cs 56 Ba 57 La 72 Hf 73 Ta 74 W 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
132.9 137.3 138.9 178.5 180.9 183.9 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0

87 Fr 88 Ra 89 Ac 104 Rf 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 Hs 109 Mt 110 Uun 111 Uun 112 Uub 113 114 115 116 117 118
Francium Radium Actinium

58 Ce 59 Pr 60 Nd 61 Pm 62 Sm 63 Eu 64 Gd 65 Tb 66 Dy 67 Ho 68 Er 69 Tm 70 Yb 71 Lu
58–71 Lanthanide Series Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
140.1 140.9 144.2 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0
90 Th 91 Pa 92 U 93 Np 94 Pu 95 Am 96 Cm 97 Bk 98 Cf 99 Es 100 Fm 101 Md 102 No 103 Lr
90–103 Actinide Series Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
232.0 238.0
 General Periodic Trends
Atomic radii decreases

Nuclear charge increases

Cation size decreases Anion size decreases

1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Shielding increases

Ionisation energy decreases

Electronegativity decreases
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Nuclear charge increases

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Atomic radii increases

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Ionic size increases

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88
Fr Ra

Shielding is constant

Ionisation energy increases

Electronegativity increases