Grade: 9 - 12 CCSS, NGSS
LECTURE
Week 6-7 Fluid Mechanics-I
(ME-2302)
Elementary Fluid Dynamics
Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab
Department of Mechanical Engineering
DHA Suffa University
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab
Fluid Mechanics
Elementary Fluid Dynamics
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 2
Learning Objectives
❖ DiscussWright
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Specific the application of Newton’s second law to fluid flows.
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❖ Explain the development, uses, and limitations of the Bernoulli equation.
❖ Use the Bernoulli equation (stand-alone or in combination with the continuity equation) to
solve simple flow problems.
Absolute Pressure, P
❖ Apply the concepts of static, stagnation, dynamic, and total pressures.
❖ Discuss the concepts of energy and hydraulic grade lines.
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 3
Usefulness
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Absolute Pressure, P
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 4
Bernoulli’s Theorem
Bernoulli’s
Biological theorem which is also known as Bernoulli’s principle, states that an
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Specific Wright
increase in the speed of a flowing fluid is accompanied by a decrease in fluid’s
pressure
OR
Sum of the kinetic (velocity head), pressure(static head) and potential (elevation
head) energies of the fluid at any point remains constant, providedAbsolute
that the Pressure,
flow is P
steady, irrotational, frictionless and incompressible.
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 5
Streamlines
The lines that are tangent to the velocity vectors throughout the flow
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field are called streamlines.
Absolute Pressure, P
The particle motion is described in terms of its distance , s=s(t) , along the streamline from some
convenient origin and the local radius of curvature of the streamline R=R(s), The distance along the
streamline is related to the particle’s speed by V=ds/dt and the radius of curvature is related to the
shape of the streamline.
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 6
Particle’s Motion (Newton’s Second Law of Motion)
As a fluid particle moves from one location to another, it usually experiences an
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acceleration
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force acting on the fluid particle under consideration must equal its mass times its
acceleration
❖ Inviscid fluid flow is governed by pressure and gravity forces
❖ Viscosity effects are considered negligible (remind Reynold’s Number)
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 + 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒
= (particle mass) × (𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒
Absolute Pressure,𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
P
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 7
Acceleration Components in Streamline Coordinates
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In general there is acceleration along the streamline (because the particle speed changes along
its path, ∂V/ ∂s ≠ 0) and acceleration normal to the streamline (because the particle does not
flow in a straight line, R ≠ ∞
Spacing between streamlines is inversely
Absolute Pressure, P
proportional to the velocity gain
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 8
F=ma along a streamline
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Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 9
F=ma along a streamline
❖ consider a small rectangular element of fluid along the streamline.
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❖ There are no shearing stresses, the only external forces acting on the
rectangular element are due to the pressure (Surface Forces) and the
weight (Body Forces).
❖ Pressure at surfaces: Taylor’s series expansion of the pressure at the
element center to approximate the pressures a short distance away and
neglecting higher order terms
❖ The resultant surface force in y-direction
2 2
𝜕𝑃 𝛿𝑠 1 𝜕 𝑃 𝛿𝑠 𝜕𝑝 𝛿𝑠 𝜕𝑝 𝛿𝑠 𝜕𝑝
𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 =𝑃+ + +⋯ 𝛿𝐹𝑠 = 𝑝 − 𝛿𝑠𝛿𝑦 − 𝑝 + 𝛿𝑠𝛿𝑦 = − 𝛿𝑠𝛿𝑛𝛿𝑦
𝜕𝑠 2 2! 𝜕𝑠 2 2 𝜕𝑠 2 𝜕𝑠 2 𝜕𝑠
𝜕𝑝
2 2 𝛿𝐹𝑠 = − 𝛿𝑠𝛿𝑛𝛿𝑦
𝜕𝑃 𝛿𝑠 1 𝜕 𝑃 𝛿𝑠 𝜕𝑠
𝑃𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 =𝑃− + −⋯
𝜕𝑦 2 2! 𝜕𝑦 2 2
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 10
Equation of Motion (σ 𝑭𝒔 = 𝒎𝒂𝒔 ) along a streamline
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After simplification we can write
𝛿𝑧
sin 𝜃 =
𝛿𝑠
𝑑𝑉 1 𝑑 𝑉 2
𝑉 =
𝑑𝑠 2 𝑑𝑠
𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑝
and 𝑑𝑝 = 𝑑𝑠 + 𝑑𝑛
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑛
∴ 𝑑𝑛 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃 𝑠, 𝑛 = 𝑃 𝑠
𝑑𝑝 𝜕𝑝
=
𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝑠
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 11
Equation of Motion (σ 𝑭𝒔 = 𝒎𝒂𝒔 ) along a streamline
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Physical Interpretation: change in fluid particle speed is
accomplished by the appropriate combination of pressure
gradient and particle weight along the streamline
❖ For steady, inviscid flow the sum of certain pressure, velocity, and
elevation effects is constant along a streamline
❖ In addition for incompressible flows
Bernoulli Equation
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 12
Equation of Motion (σ 𝑭𝒏 = 𝒎𝒂𝒏 ) normal to a streamline
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Physical Interpretation: The physical interpretation is that a
change in the direction of flow of a fluid particle (i.e., a curved
path, 𝑅 < ∞) is accomplished by the appropriate combination
of pressure gradient and particle weight normal to the streamline
❖ For steady, inviscid flow the sum of certain pressure, velocity,
and elevation effects is constant across streamline
❖ In addition for incompressible flows
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 13
Bernoulli’s Theorem
Bernoulli’s
Biological theorem which is also known as Bernoulli’s principle, states that an
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increase in the speed of a flowing fluid is accompanied by a decrease in fluid’s
pressure
OR
Absolute Pressure, P
Sum of the kinetic (velocity head), pressure(static head) and potential (elevation
head) energies of the fluid at any point remains constant, provided that the flow is
steady, irrotational, frictionless and incompressible.
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 14
Bernoulli’s Theorem
Sum of the kinetic (velocity head), pressure(static head) and potential (elevation
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Wright
head) energies of the fluid at any point remains constant, provided that the flow is
steady, irrotational, frictionless and incompressible.
Absolute Pressure, P
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 15
Bernoulli Equation
1 2
𝑝+
Biological 𝜌𝑉 + 𝛾 𝑧 = constant along streamline
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2
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𝐵𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑖 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠
1 2 1 2
𝑝1 + 𝜌𝑉1 + 𝛾 𝑧1 = 𝑝2 + 𝜌𝑉2 + 𝛾 𝑧2
2 2
Absolute Pressure, P
Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease
in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy. It is a very powerful tool in fluid mechanics and it
is named after Daniel Bernoulli who published it in his book Hydrodynamica in 1738. To use it correctly
we must constantly remember the basic assumptions used in its derivation:
❖ Viscous effects are assumed negligible
❖ The flow is assumed to be steady
❖ The flow is assumed to be incompressible
❖ The equation is applicable along a streamline.
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 16
Static, Dynamic, Stagnation and Total Pressure
1 2
Biological Sciences 𝑝 + 𝜌𝑉 + 𝛾 𝑧 = constant along streamline
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Each term in the Bernoulli equation can be interpreted as a form of pressure
Static Pressure
Actual thermodynamic pressure of the fluid
Dynamic Pressure
Pressure effects associated with kinetic energy of the particle Absolute Pressure, P
Stagnation Pressure
If the elevation effects are neglected, the stagnation pressure is the largest pressure obtainable along a
given streamline
Total Pressure
The sum of the static pressure, hydrostatic pressure, and dynamic pressure
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 17
Static, Dynamic, Stagnation and Total Pressure
Pitot-Static
Biological Tube
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Pitot-static tubes measure fluid velocity by
converting velocity into pressure.
1 2
𝑃2 = 𝑃 + 𝜌𝑉 𝑃1 = 𝑃
2
Therefore Absolute Pressure, P
1 2
𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = 𝜌𝑉
2
𝑉= 2(𝑃2 − 𝑃1 )/𝜌
OR
𝑉= 2(𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 )/𝜌
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 18
Static, Dynamic, Stagnation and Total Pressure
Pitot-Static
Biological Tube
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Pitot-static tubes measure fluid velocity by converting velocity into pressure.
Absolute Pressure, P
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 19
Illustrations of Region for Validity and Invalidity of Bernoulli Equation
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Absolute Pressure, P
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 20
Example of Use of Bernoulli Equation
Example 1
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Consider the flow of air around a bicyclist moving through still air with velocity as is
shown in Fig. Determine the difference in the pressure between points 1 and 2.
Absolute Pressure, P
1 1
𝑝1 + 𝜌𝑉1 + 𝛾 𝑧1 = 𝑝2 + 𝜌𝑉2 2 + 𝛾 𝑧2
2
2 2
1 2
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 : 𝑝2 − 𝑝1 = 𝜌𝑉1
2
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 21
Boundary Conditions for Solving Bernoulli Equation Problems
Subsonic JetSciences
Biological Exit Pressure Equals Atmospheric Pressure
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When a subsonic jet of liquid or gas exits from a duct into the free atmosphere, it immediately takes on the
pressure of that atmosphere. The interior of the free jet will also be atmospheric, except for small effects
due to surface tension and streamline curvature (𝑃𝑗𝑒𝑡,𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 )
Large Reservoir
When the reservoir is large the flow at the surface is almost have a zero velocity 𝑉 ≅ 0, if the tank diameter is large compared to
jet diameter
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 22
Example of Use of Bernoulli Equation
Example 2
Biological Sciences A nozzle is a device shaped to accelerate a fluid
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Energy Type
Point Kinetic (𝜌𝑉 2 /2) Potential (𝛾𝑧) Pressure (𝑃)
1 Small Zero Large
2 Large Small Zero
3 Zero Large Zero
Absolute Pressure, P
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 23
Example of Use of Bernoulli Equation
Free Jets
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Large Reservoir 𝑉1 ≅ 0, z1 = h, z2 = 0
Reservoir open to atmosphere 𝑃1 = 0
Free Jet 𝑃2 = 0 Absolute Pressure, P
Velocity at Point 2
Velocity at Point 5
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 24
Example of Use of Bernoulli Equation
Horizontal
BiologicalFlow From a Tank
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Absolute Pressure, P
Vena Contracta Effect
Vena Contracta Effect is a result of the inability
of the fluid to turn the sharp 90 degree as a
result of which the diameter of the jet will be
less than the diameter of the hole
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 25
Example of Use of Bernoulli Equation
Contraction
BiologicalCoefficient
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The vena contracta effect is a function of the
geometry of the outlet. Some typical configurations
are shown below along with typical values of the
experimentally obtained contraction coefficient, 𝐶𝑐 = Absolute Pressure, P
𝐴𝑗 /𝐴ℎ , where 𝐴𝑗 and 𝐴ℎ are the areas of the jet at the
vena contracta and the area of the hole, respectively.
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 26
Example of Use of Bernoulli Equation
Pipe Flow Meters
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❖ Common devices used to measure the instantaneous flowrate in pipes are
the orifice meter, the nozzle meter, and the Venturi meter.
❖ Orifice, nozzle, and Venturi meters involve the concept “high velocity gives
low pressure.”
❖ The nozzle meter is more efficient than the orifice meter. The resulting flow
pattern for the nozzle meter is closer to ideal than the orifice meter flow. Absolute Pressure, P
There is only a slight vena contracta and the secondary flow separation is
less severe.
❖ The most precise and most expensive of the three obstruction-type
flowmeters is the Venturi Meter. Although the operating principle for this
device is the same as for the orifice or nozzle meters, the geometry of the
Venturi meter is designed to reduce head losses to a minimum.
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = (𝐶𝑜 , 𝐶𝑛 , 𝐶𝑣 ) 𝑄𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 27
Example of Use of Bernoulli Equation
Pipe Flow Meters
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Large pressure drop (less than vapor pressure) results in Cavitation
❖ Cavitation occurs when the pressure is reduced to the Absolute Pressure, P
vapor pressure.
❖ Cavitation can cause damage to equipment due to
dynamic imploding of the bubbles near (close) to a
physical boundary
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 28
Example of
Bernoulli Equation
Use of Bernoulli Equation
Pipe Flow Meters
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Simplified Bernoulli’s Equation
Continuity Equation
Absolute Pressure, P
Flow Rate in pipe
**The actual measured flow rate, will be smaller than the
theoretical result because of various differences between
The flowrate varies as the square root of the
the “real world” and the assumptions used in the pressure difference across the flowmeter
derivation of Bernoulli Equation
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 29
Example of
Bernoulli Equation
Use of Bernoulli Equation
Water flows through a pipe reducer as is shown in given
Flow in a Variable Area Pipe
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Wright figure. The static pressures at (1) and (2) are measured by
Determine the inverted U-tube manometer containing oil of specific
a) Pressure Difference gravity, SG, less than one.
b) Manometer reading h
Bernoulli Equation
Absolute Pressure, P
Manometer Reading ‘h’
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 30
Example of Use of Bernoulli Equation
Confined Flows
Biological (Flow from a Tank—Pressure Driven)
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Determine
a) the flowrate
b) the pressure in the hose
Density of the airAbsolute
in the tank Pressure, P
Velocity at the exit of Nozzle
If 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 101𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 = 15℃
Flow Rate
Continuity Equation or Conservation of
Mass Principle
Pressure at point 2 The continuity equation states that mass cannot
be created or destroyed.
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 31
Example of
Bernoulli Equation
Use of Bernoulli Equation
Open Channel Flows Determine
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Specific Wright a) Flow Rate
Bernoulli Equation
Area of Interest
Absolute
The flowrate under a sluicePressure, P on
gate depends
Pressure at both sides the water depths on either side of the gate
Vena Contracta results with a contraction
Flowrate from Bernoulli equation coefficient 𝐶𝑐 , less than 1
𝐶𝑐 is typically 0.61 over the depth range of
𝑎
0 < < 0.2
𝑧1
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 32
Example of
Bernoulli Equation
Use of Bernoulli Equation
Open Channel Flows (Problem) Determine
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Specific Wright a) Flow Rate
Bernoulli Equation
Absolute Pressure, P
Thus
Flowrate from Bernoulli equation
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 33
Energy Line
Bernoulli Equation
and Hydraulic Grade Line
The hydraulic grade line and energy line are graphical forms of the Bernoulli
Biological
equation.Sciences
Absolute Pressure, P
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 34
Energy Line
Bernoulli Equation
and Hydraulic Grade Line
Energy Line
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The Bernoulli equation states that the sum of the pressure head, the velocity head, and the elevation
head is constant along a streamline. This constant is called the total head, H. The energy line is a
line that represents the total head available to the fluid
Hydraulic Grade Line
𝑽𝟐
The hydraulic grade line lies a distance of one velocity head , below the energy line
𝟐𝒈
Bernoulli Assumptions
Under the assumptions of the Bernoulli equation, the energy line is horizontal. If the fluid velocity
changes along the streamline, the hydraulic grade line will not be horizontal.
Real Flow
If viscous effects are important, the total head does not remain constant due to a loss in energy as
the fluid flows along its streamline. This means that the energy line is no longer horizontal
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 35
Energy Line
Bernoulli Equation
and Hydraulic Grade Line
Biological Sciences
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 36
Energy Line and Hydraulic Grade Line (Example)
Water flows out of the large tank and through the pipeline shown in given
figure. Construct the energy and hydraulic grade lines for the pipe.
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EGL We will take the gravitational datum through DE. At 𝐴 the velocity and pressure
heads are both zero, and so the total head is equal to the gravitational head
𝑃𝐴 𝑉𝐴2
𝐻= + + 𝑧𝐴 = 0 + 0 + 9 = 9𝑚
𝛾 2𝑔
HGL 𝑃𝐴 𝑉𝐴2 𝑃𝐸 𝑉𝐸2
+ + 𝑧𝐴 = + + 𝑧𝐸
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
𝑉𝐸2
𝑉𝐸2 = 9𝑚
0+0+9=0+ +0 𝑉𝐸 = 13.29𝑚/𝑠 2𝑔
2𝑔
𝑉𝐵 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑉𝐸 𝐴𝐸
2 2
𝜋 0.2 𝜋 0.1 𝑉𝐵2
𝑉𝐵 = 13.29 = 0.5625𝑚
4 4 𝑉𝐵 = 3.322𝑚/𝑠 2𝑔
𝑉𝐵2
For pipe segment BC the HGL is maintained at = 𝐻𝐺𝐿 = 𝐻 − = 9 − 0.5625 = 8.44𝑚
2𝑔
𝑉𝐸2
For pipe segment CDE the HGL is maintained at = 𝐻𝐺𝐿 = 𝐻 − = 9 − 9 = 0𝑚
2𝑔
Along 𝐶𝐷, 𝑧 is always positive, and therefore a corresponding negative pressure head −𝑝/𝛾 must be developed within
𝑝
the now to maintain a zero hydraulic bead, i.e., + 𝑧 = 0. Also along DE, 𝑧 = 0 and also 𝑝𝐷 = 𝑝𝐸 = 0.
𝛾
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 37
Property Tables
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 38
Property Tables
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 39
Problem 1
Water flows from a pressurized tank, through a 6-in.- diameter pipe, exits from a
2-in.-diameter nozzle, and rises 20 ft above the nozzle as shown in given figure.
Determine the pressure in the tank if the flow is steady, frictionless, and
incompressible.
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 40
Problem 1 Solution
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 41
Problem 2
A liquid can be siphoned from a container as shown given figure, provided that the end of
the tube, point (3), is below the free surface in the container, point (1), and the maximum
elevation of the tube, point (2), is “not too great.” Consider water at 60 °F being siphoned
from a large tank through a constant-diameter hose as shown in figure. The end of the siphon
is 5 ft below the bottom of the tank, and the atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psia. Determine the
maximum height of the hill, H, over which the water can be siphoned without cavitation
occurring.
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 42
Problem 2 Solution
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 43
Problem 3
Water flows steadily from a large, closed tank as shown in given figure. The deflection
in the mercury manometer is 1 in. and viscous effects are negligible.
(a) Determine the volume flowrate.
(b) Determine the air pressure in the space above the surface of the water in the tank.
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 44
Problem 3 Solution
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 45
Problem 4
Determine the flowrate through the submerged orifice shown in figure below, if the
contraction coefficient is Cc =0.63.
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 46
Problem 4 Solution
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 47
Problem 5
Water flows around the vertical two-dimensional bend with circular streamlines and
constant velocity as shown in figure. If the pressure is 40 𝑘𝑃𝑎 at point (1), determine
the pressures at points (2) and (3). Assume that the velocity profile is uniform as
indicated.
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 48
Problem 5 Solution
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 49
Additional Notes
Streamline Coordinate
System
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 50
Additional Notes
Material Derivative
Material Derivative is used to describe time rates of change for a given particle
𝐷 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
≡ +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Acceleration Field
𝐷𝑽 𝜕𝑽 𝜕𝑽 𝜕𝑽 𝜕𝑽
𝑎= ≡ +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Acceleration Field 𝑉 = 𝑉(𝑠, 𝑛)
𝑽 = 𝑉 𝑠Ƹ
𝑠Ƹ = 𝑠(𝑠,
Ƹ 𝑛)
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 51
Additional Notes
Acceleration Field 𝑽 = 𝑉 𝑠Ƹ
𝑉 = 𝑉(𝑠, 𝑛)
𝑠Ƹ = 𝑠(𝑠,
Ƹ 𝑛)
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑠Ƹ
= 0, =0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑦 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝑑𝑛
=0 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑑𝑡
𝜕𝑠Ƹ 𝜕𝑠Ƹ 𝑛ො 𝜕𝑠Ƹ
The quantity represents the
= lim = 𝜕𝑠
𝜕𝑠 𝛿𝑠→0 𝜕𝑠 𝑅
limit 𝛿𝑠 → 0 as of the change in
the unit vector along the
streamline, 𝛿 𝑠Ƹ per change in
distance along the streamline, 𝛿𝑠
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 52
