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Fluid Kinematics

The document discusses key concepts in fluid kinematics including: 1) It describes Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions of fluid flow as well as types of flow like circulation and vorticity. 2) Stream functions and velocity potentials are introduced as scalar functions that relate to fluid velocity. 3) Continuity equations are examined for both compressible and incompressible fluid flow in various coordinate systems. 4) The relationships between fluid velocity, acceleration, and time are defined. 5) Potential flow and velocity potential are defined and their relationships to fluid velocity are shown mathematically.

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Lovely Singh
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162 views42 pages

Fluid Kinematics

The document discusses key concepts in fluid kinematics including: 1) It describes Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions of fluid flow as well as types of flow like circulation and vorticity. 2) Stream functions and velocity potentials are introduced as scalar functions that relate to fluid velocity. 3) Continuity equations are examined for both compressible and incompressible fluid flow in various coordinate systems. 4) The relationships between fluid velocity, acceleration, and time are defined. 5) Potential flow and velocity potential are defined and their relationships to fluid velocity are shown mathematically.

Uploaded by

Lovely Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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KINEMATICS OF FLUID FLOW

. Lagrangian Description & Eulerian Description,


. Types of Flow,
. Circulation And Vorticity,
. Stream Functions,
. Velocity Potential And Potential Flow
. Flow Nets

~By:
~ SATAYU
TRAVADI
FLUID KINEMATICS :
• Fluid Kinematics is a Branch of fluid deals with response of fluids in motion without
considering forces and energies in them.
FLUID FLOW
L X
CONTINUITY EQUATION
• The equation based on the principle of conservation of mass is called as Continuity Equation.
• A fluid flowing through the pipe at all cross-section,
• The quantity of fluid per second is constant.
• consider two cross section of a pipe as shown in figure
• V1 & V2 = Average velocity at cross section 1-1 & section 2-2
• ρ1 & ρ2 = Density at section 1-1 & section 2-2
• A1 & A2 = Area of pipe at section 1-1 & section 2-2
• Then rate of flow at section 1-1 = ρ1 A1 V1 & at section 2-2 = ρ2 A2 V2
• According to the law of conservation of mass rate of flow at section section 1-1 = rate of flow at section 2-2
• ρ1 A1 V1 = ρ2 A2 V2
• Equation applicable compressible as well as incompressible fluid and is called continuity equation.
• If the fluid is incompressible then ρ1 = ρ2 and equation reduces to A1 V1 = A2 V2
CONTINUITY EQUATION IN THREE- DIMENSIONS
Z

D H

E
A
dz
w
u G
C X
v
B dy
F
dx
Y
CONTINUITY EQUATION IN THREE-
DIMENSIONS
•

a ss
m
e in nce
a n g ista
Ch t to d
wr
•
•
•
CONTINUITY EQUATION
IN
CYLINDRICAL POLAR CO-ORDINATES…

• Polar co ordinates ( r, θ and z )


• Consider two dimensional incompressible flow field.
• The two dimensional polar co ordinates are ordinates ( r, and θ )
• Consider a fluid element ABCD between the Radii of r and r + dr
• The angle subtended by the element at the centre is dθ.
• The velocity components ur in radial direction and tangential direction uθ
• The sides of the element are having the lengths are as
• Side AB = rdθ
• Side BC = dr
• Side CD = (r+dr ) dθ
• Side DA = dr
D

d r ) dθ
(r +
A
rdθ
C
Ur dr
B
dθ d r Uθ
r r +
CONSIDER THE RADIAL FLOW DIRECTION
CONSIDER THE FLOW IN Θ - DIRECTION
VELOCITY & ACCELERATION
The velocity components are the function of space co ordinates and time .
So, V is the resultant velocity and Let u, v and w are its components in x, y and z
directions.
Mathematically, Y

Resultant Velocity u X
w

Z
ACCELERATION

u X
w

Z
ACCELERATION

But for steady flow ,

and

Acceleration Vector,

and
ACCELERATION
Local Acceleration : The rate of increase of velocity with respect to time at a
given point in a flow field.

Convective Acceleration : The rate of increase of velocity due to change of


position of fluid particles in a fluid flow.
VELOCITY POTENTIAL AND POTENTIAL
FLOW Φ
It is defined as a scalar function of space and time such that its Negative
Derivative with respect to any direction gives the fluid velocity in that direction.
It is defined by Φ
Mathematically, the velocity potential Φ = f (x, y, z) for steady flow

Where, u,v and w are the components of


velocity in x,y and z directions resptively.

The velocity components in cylindrical polar co ordinates in terms of velocity


potential functions are
Where, u = Velocity component in radial direction
r
uθ = Velocity component in Tangential direction
VELOCITY POTENTIAL AND POTENTIAL
FLOW Φ
VELOCITY POTENTIAL AND POTENTIAL
FLOW
TYPES OF MOTION

Linear Motion: Movement of the fluid element from one position to another
d’
position.
d a’ b’
i.e. a-b-c-d changes to a’ b’ c’d’
c’
a b

c
Linear Deformation: fluid element deform in Linear direction. Axes might be
changed in position or not but their lengths change. d

d’
a bb
a’ b’

c c’
TYPES OF MOTION

d’

d b’

a’
a b
c’

c
TYPES OF MOTION

d’

d b’

a b
a’
c’

c
EQUIPOTENTIAL LINE
LINE OF CONSTANT STREAM
FUNCTION

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